Kutanga: Simba Rehurumende Inosarudzwa Navanhu

Referendendims dzakamira sechimwe chezvishandiso zvikuru zvokutonga kwehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu, dzichipa vagari vemo mutoo wakarongwa wokuvhota pazvikarakadzo zvakati zvemitemo panzvimbo pokungosarudza bedzi vamiririri. Nepo pfungwa yokurega vanhu vachisarudza panhau huru inovambira shure kuAtene yakare, madatendimendi azvino uno akachinja kuva chishandiso chakaoma zvikuru icho dare ravose rinoumba mupasi rose. Zvinopa nzira yokuputsa nayo mutemo, kusarudza pamibvunzo yemitemo, uye kuyera pfungwa dzavose pamisoro inokakavarakanwa. Kunzwisisa kuti mashandireendums (marudzi avo, mano, mano, mano, uye utera) zvinokosha nokuda kwomunhu upi noupi anofunda sayenzi yezvamatongerwe enyika, anotora rutivi muupenyu hwehurumende, kana kuti kunzvera nzira umo murangariro unoshandura mutemo kuvanhu pachena.

Nyaya ino inogovera nzvero yakadzama yemaheadersendum, kubva pamavambo awo enhau kusvikira kunzvero dzenhau dzenguva ino, uye inonzvera basa radzo mumuitiro wokuumba. Inonanganawo netsoropodzo nedenho zvinomuka apo vhoti iri nyore zvikuru inofanira kubata revo yenhau yakaoma.

Mavambo Enhau Ereferendendom

Nhevedzano yazvino uno ine mavambo ayo muSwiss cantons yeMiddle Ages, umo vagari vemo vaizoungana munzvimbo dzavose kuti vavhote pamitemo yomunzvimbomo kupfurikidza nokuratidzwa kwamaoko. Uyu muitiro, unozivikanwa se Landsgemeinde, wakaisa nheyo yetsika yakatanhamara yehurumende yehurumende yegutsa yeSwitzerland. Panosvika zana ramakore rechi19, Switzerland yakanga yaita kuti kunyoreswa kwemitemo pamwero yehurumende, ichibvumiravhozhokerwa kupfuudzwa neparamendi uye kukarakadza kugadziriswa kwemitemo. Nhasi, Switzerland inoenda kuzvokuvhotera nguva dzinoverengeka panhau dzakafara, kubva pamuitiro wokutama kumitero.

MuUnited States, metapendum yakawana kudzorwa mukati meNguva inofambira mberi (11890s-1920) senzira yokudzivisa nayo simba remichina yezvamatongerwe enyika ndokupa vagariwo zvavo udzori hukuru pamitemo. Nyika dzakafanana neOregon, California, uye Colorado dzakagamuchira nhano nemuitiro wetepiyuta, kuchigonesa vavhoti kukarakadza ndokubvumira mitemo zvakananga. Uku kuchinja kwakapararira kune dzimwe nyika dzakawanda uye kunoramba kuri rutivi runokosha rwehurumende yeAmerica inosarudzwa nehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu.

United Kingdom, mukupesana, yakatsamira munhau pauchangamire hweparamende, namapareji akashandiswa zvishoma. Kokutanga munyika yose yeUK metaderendamu yakaitika muna 1975 pamusoro pokuti icharamba iri muEuropen Community. Chifo chenguva iyeyo, metapenduro huru padenderum padevoration, vrudzuro, uye Brexit dzakaumba mugariro wenyika wezvamatongerwe enyika. Nhoroondo idzi dzakasiyana - siyana dzinoratidza kuti basa neuwanduru hunosimbwa zvinosiyana zvikuru zvichitsamira pamagamuchidzanwa emitemo yenyika.

Kugadzira Kwazvinoita Basa: Maitiro Acho Anonyatsoitwa

Kupinza Referendendum

Anongedzero inogona kutangwa munzira dzakawanda. Mumativi akawanda, hurumende kana kuti paramende ingasarudza kuva nenongedzero panhau chaiyo − iyi inonzi nhevedzo yemasvom[. Nenzira idikanw, vagari vanogona kumanikidza vhoti kupfurikidza nokuunganidza nhamba yakakwana yesiginiti pachikumbiro, muitiro unozivikanwa sechi [ kutungamirira kana kuti [FLT:]] regin transfermum. Muzvimwe zviitiko, kunongedzera kurongwa kunodikanwa nokuda kwemarudzi akati echisaruso, zvakadai sechibvumirano chenyika yose.

Kuparadzira Mashoko Nokuparadzanisa

Kana dherendimu yangonzi, nguva yenhimbe inovamba. Mapoka okuvhota, mapato ezvamatongerwe enyika, uye masangano enzanga avagari vemo anogadzirira kunyengetedza vavhoti. Mishandirapamwe inowanzobatanidza kushambadzira, nharo dzavose, uye kufukidza zvinobudisa nhau. Kubetsera vavhoti kuumba pfungwa dzakaziviswa, nyika zhinji dzinogovera nhungamiro dzavavhoti vapamutemo dzinopfupikisa nharo uye dzinorwisana nezvikarakadzo, kazhinji kazhinji kazhinji kubatanidza kunzvera kunobvira. Somuenzaniso, Switzerland inobudisa kabhukwana kakakwana kemichina yose yehurumende, ichitsanangura nhau yacho mumutauro wakajeka.

Kupenya Nenzvimbo

Kuvhura munhevedzo kunowanzotevera miitiro imwe cheteyo sasarudzo dzavose: vagari vemo vanokanda chivhoti pachiteshi chokuvhota kana kuti neposi. Muuyo wacho unowanzosarudzwa nevoruzhinjiwo zvavo vevhoti, kunyange zvazvo mamwe mavhoti achida voruzhinji kaviri, mativi ose ari maviri evhoti dzakakurumbira neruzhinji rwezvikamu kana kuti nharaunda (sezvomuAustralian reparamendendi yehurumende nebumbiro remitemo reSwitzerland). Kuvharatout kunogona kusiana zvikuru, uye kutora rutivi rwakaderera kunogona kumutsa mibvunzo pamusoro porumano echinongerweso.

Marudzi Ezvirwere: Kusanonzvera

Kunzwisisa mapoka akasiyana - siyana emapareshoni kunobetsera kujekesa chinangwa chawo chakarongwa uye ukoshi hwapamutemo.

Kuvhara mav. Advisory Referendendums

.Binding rendendiums zviri pamutemo kumanikidza hurumende kuita muuyo. Somuenzaniso, apo vavhoti vanotendera kugadziriswa kwebumbiro remitemo, hurumende inofanira kurishandisa. Advisory remendiums[ [inonziwo aexate rendition endendiums] --ainoshandiswa kuedza murangariro wavose asi haisati ine musengwara wepamutemo. UK 2011 inonongedzera kutsika inotsiva Vote inotsiva, kunyange zvazvo hurumende yakanga yakavimbisa kukudza muuyo. Muitiro, kuwanda wezvo kunyora kwezvamatongerwe enyika kunodzo inodzorwa kubatira.

Mitemo Inorambidza Kushanda Kwemitemo

Constialigation endems dzinotaura chinjo kumutemo mukuru wenyika. Vanowanzoda masuo etendero makuru (zvakadai semukurumbira mukuru) uye vakaitirwa kudzivirira nheyo dzinokosha kubva kuzvinhu zvikuru zvezvamatongerwe enyika zvinopfupikisa. Somuenzaniso, 2018 recounterum yeIrland rendendition kuti idzorere muganhu weSendment dikanthiro yeruzhinji, asi kugadziriswa kwacho pachakwo kwakanga kwada mavambo makurusa kuti apfuure muna 1983. [[FLT:]]

Madandero. Mareferendendo anosarudzwa

Mamwe mabumbiro emitemo anoraira sumo nokuda kwezvimwe zvisarudzo, zvakadai sokuita kuti bumbiro remitemo idzva kana kuti kukumbanira sangano ramarudzi ose. Izvozvi idzokuendesa [. Musiano, mhedziso dzinodavirwa dzinoitika bedzi apo kutangwa nechikumbiro kana kuti chisarudzo chemitemo. MuU.S., kunongedzera kwemaumbirwe kunobvumira vagari vemo kumisa mutemo unopfuudzwa nedare kusvikira vhoti yavose yaitwa.

Basa Rezvirongwa Zvokudzorera

Referendoms dzinogona kuva netapuro huru pamuitiro munzira dzinoverengeka. Dzinowanzoputsa zvibvumirano panhau umo vamiririri vakasarudzwa vakakamuraniswa zvikuru. Somuenzaniso, muchato weIrish neIrish wevatano yakafanana wakabva mukutadza kwehurumende kuwana bvumirano, uye vhoti yakakurumbira yakagovera pachena pamutemo nokuda kwokuchinja kwebumbiro remitemo. Nenzira yakafanana, muCalifornia, muitiro wokutanga wakaita mitemo yechiratidzo yakatanhamara yakadai seProcement 13 (1978) inoganhurira mitero yezvinhu, iyo yakavandudzazve nzvimbo yehurumende yenzvimbo yehurumende kwemakumi amakore.

Referendoms dzinobatirawo sechenjero pasimba remitemo. Apo hurumende inoita mutemo usingadikanwi, mumiririri wevagari vemo anogona kumanikidza kudzokera. Iyi nzira yakashandiswa muSwitzerland kuputsa mitemo pachinhu chiri chose kubva pamuitiro wenzvimbo yehuvanze kusvikira kukuputsika kwemitero yesangano. MuColombia, 2016 arendendium pamusoro pebatano neboka ravapanduki veFARC, kunyange zvazvo rakarambwa pakutanga, pakupedzisira rakatungamirira kubvumirano yakahwirudzurwa, inoratidzira kuti mareverendendium anogona kumanikidza sei kudzorwa nokubvumirana.

Zvisinei, migumisiro yemahendemu haiwirirani nguva dzose nemaonero enyanzvi kana kuti kugadzikana kwenguva refu. Brexit tarentendum 2016, umo 51.9% yeUK vhotation yakasarudza kubva muEuropean Union, yakatanga makore okusawirirana kwezvamatongerwe enyika uye kusagadzikana kwezvemari. Muenzaniso uyu unosimbisa zvose zviri zviviri simba nenjodzi dzehurumende inosarudzwa nomunhu wakananga: vhoti imwe panhau yakaoma inogona kugadza nyika panzira itsva zvikuru ine migumisiro yakaoma kufungidzira.

Kuongorora Zvakaitika Pamabumbiro Anozivikanwa

Brexit Referendem (2016)

Kuparwa kwemasangano eUK pamusoro pemitezo yeEU kunoramba kuri kumwe kwokushandiswa kukurusa kwehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu munhau yazvino uno. Nhimbe yacho yairatidzirwa nenharo huru pamusoro pokutama, uchangamire, uye tapuro dzemari. Muuyo muduku wakafumura mapoka makuru enzanga nenzvimbo munyika. Kunyange zvazvo mendidum yakanga iri advisory, hurumende yakasundwa kushandisa Bretit, kuchitungamirira kumuitiro wokurega, sarudzo yakakomba, uye kurukurirano dzinopfuurira pamusoro pokutengeserana neukama. Muuyo wezvokubatanidza kwapanguva yapamberi yakatangazve kurukurirano pamusoro pokuti zvakaoma here, voruzhinji vanofanira kusarudzwa nevhotanuroro.

Kuzvimirira kweScotland (2014)

Muna September 2014, Scotland yakavhota 55% kusvika 45% vachirwisana nokuzvimirira kubva kuUnited Kingdom. Chapupu chakakurumbira nokuda kwokuva kwacho kwakakwirira (panongei 33: 4) uye kuisa kwacho ngwariro panhau dzokuzivikanwa, kufambika kwoupfumi, uye mitezo yeEU. Nhimbe yacho yakabatanidza vimbiso yezvikamu zvokupedzisira kubva kuUK kuvatungamiriri veboka kuti vape Scotland mamwe masimba akasarudzirwa kana akavhota “No.” Chipikirwa ichi, nepo chisingasungirwi zviri pamutemo, chinoratidzira kuti masangano anogona sei kuchinja mamiriro ezvinhu ezvo mune zvemari, pasina kuvhotera kwakananga. Mugumisiro wacho hauna kupedza mubvunzo webumbiro remitemo; nzvimbo yeScotland mukati Scotland inoramba iri nhau ipenyu yezvamatongerwe enyika, zvikurukuru muchiedza cheBrtimount.

Kurooranazve Kwevane Muviri Vane Chinetso Chokuberekana: Ireland uye Kupfuura

Muchato mumwe cheteyo weIreland wakaona 62% yavavhoti vachitendera kubvumira bumbiro remitemo kuti ribvumire roorano. Nhimbe yacho yaizivikanwa nokuda kwemidzi yayo youswa, kutaura zvakanaka, kubudisa nhau dzomunhu oga panzvimbo pokuisa madhaka. Mugumisiro wacho wakabatanidza ndokutungamirira kuroorano dzechinyakare dzakazivikanwa napamutemo muIreland. Nenzira yakafanana, muna 2013, Croatia yakava necherongedzero parondedzero yemitemo yeroorano yakaguma nokurambidzwa kweroorano inorwisana nedzisina kubatana. Izvi zvibereko zvinopesana zvinoratidza kuti kuratidzira kufambirana mberi nokuganhurira maruramiro mashoma, zvichitsamira pamigariro yenzanga nezvamatongerwe enyika.

Chile inoongorora Bumbiro Romutemo (2010 - 2022)

Chile chinogovera muenzaniso wemisi ichangobva kupfuura iyi wenzira iyo materesum anogona kuita nayo chinjo yesangano. Muna 2020, vavhoti veChile vanotenderwa zvikuru (78%) muitiro wokuita bumbiro remitemo idzva kutsiva Pinochet-era Charmet. Ruteshi rwapashure muna 2022 parugwaro rutsva rwakarambwa nechero huru, kuzivisa kusagutsikana kwavanhu nezviri mukati. Voruzhinji vanoramba vakapinzwa, uye kokorodzano itsva yebumbiro remitemo yakasarudzwa kuti ipedze chikarakadzo chakasiana. Uyu muitiro unopfuurira unoratidzira kuti zvinodavirwa zvakakurumbira nokuda kwechinjo yegadziriro yegadziriro apo vanoratidzawo kuoma kwebvumirano.

Betsero Netsoropodzo Zvekutsiva

Betsero Dzokugoverana Chaiko Mugariro womunyika

Vatsigiri vemasangano anotaura kuti vanowedzera kuva vapamutemo kwehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu kupfurikidza nokubatanidza vagari vemo zvakananga muzvisarudzo zvinotapura upenyu hwavo. Referendendim dzinogona kuwedzera kuvimbisana kwevagari vemo, kudzidzisa vanhu pamusoro penhau dzakaoma, uye kuita kuti hurumende dzizvidavirire pakati pesarudzo. Dzinopa murairo wakajeka, wakajeka unogona kugumisa. Munzanga dzine chivimbo chakakwirira mumasangano, masangano anogona kuvaka bvumirano uye kusimbisa nzanga.

Kutsoropodza Kukuru: Kuoma Kunzwisisa, Kubudisa Mashoko, uye Kodzero Dzouduku

Vatsoropodzi vanonongedzera kumipinduro minoverengeka yakakomba. Chokutanga, kutsiva muitiro wakarongwa nechisarudzo chemiviri (yes/no) chinogona kuvhura nhau. Vadzori vangakumbirwa kutendera kana kuti kuramba mutemo une mativi akawanda, pasina chisarudzo chokuchinja udzame hwawo. Chechipiri, mamepus angatapurwa nenhimbe dzinosanoshambadzirwa dzinoshandisa kuzivisa kunotsausa, kukurudzira kwemirangariro, uye kunyange kubvisa. Kumuka kwevezenyuko kwenzanga kwakawedzera ngozi idzi, sezvinoonekwa munhimbe dzeBrexit apo kutaura pamusoro pokudzora nokutsigira nokutsigira Hurumende yeUtano hweNational Servity kwakashoorwa gare gare gare.

Chechitatu, madatendimendi anogona kutyisidzira kodzero dzezvishoma apo zvivhoti zvikuru zvinoganhurira dziviriro. California Proposition 8, iyo yakarambidza roorano yevatano yakafanana, muenzaniso wakatanhamara. Kunyange zvazvo gare gare yakadzorwa nematare, yakaratidza kuti hurumende yeruzhinji inogona kushandiswa zvakananga sei kumapoka ane ngozi. Chokupedzisira, muvhoti wakaderera anogona kusekesa kumirira mugumisiro. Chisarudzo chinotapura munhu ari wose chingaitwa nechikamu chiduku bedzi chevavhoti.

Miitiro Yakanakisisa Yokuitisa Mitambo

Kuti vaderedze idzi ngozi, masayendisiti ezvamatongerwe enyika namasangano ehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu vakagadzira nhungamiro nokuda kwezvikamu zvakanaka nezvinobudirira:

  • Shona, kubvunza kusina kutora rutivi: Mubvunzo unofanira kuva wakapfava uye kudzivisa kuisa mashoko panzvimbo yakasiana. Komishoni yeIndependent inowanzoedza mibvunzo namapoka akatanhamara.
  • Nhimbe dzamashoko dzinodzorwa: Zvikamu zvamashoko zvinofanira kugamuchira zvinhu zvakadzikama, zvinocherekedzwa zvinotsanangura chikarakadzo nemiuyo yazvo inobvira. “Manotsi eSangano” muenzaniso.
  • [ Mari yenhimbe ine ratidzirwo:[[FLT: 1] Miganhu pamipiro nokuziviswa kwemari inoshandiswa zvinodzivisa fariro dzakapfuma kudzora mhepo.
  • Kubvisa nhambo nezvinobvisa: Dzimwe nyika dzinoda nguva duku pakati pedhiraivhoti nevhoti, uye dzingabatanidza magungano evagari vemo kuti vazvisarudzire pamberi pevhoti.
  • Ukuru husingakarirwi nokuda kwechinjo huru: Kutsiva zvose zviri zviviri ruzhinji rwakakurumbira nezhinjisa dzenharaunda kana kuti nyika kunogona kudzivirira udzvinyiriri hwevoruzhinji.

Nokuda kwemiitiro yakanakisisa, ona International Republican Institute’s Guide on Initivetives and Referendendims. Swissuit inforactal pademocracy yakananga[ inopa nzwisiso mukugona kugona kunoita gadziriro yezvisakiso zveSwitzerland. Uye nokuda kwemurangariro wedzidzo, [[FLT:]] Brooking Inthitions paresexsum nedemocracy inoyera bhizimisi rezvokutengeserana.

Mugumisiro: Kugamuchirwa Kusingaperi Kwemaruva

Referendendims hadzisi mushonga unorapa utongi hunosarudzwa nevanhu kana kuti mudziyo une ngozi usingafaniri kudziviswa. Zvishandiso zvine simba izvo, kana zvikashandiswa nokufunga uye nedziviriro dzakakodzera, zvinogona kusimudzira kutora rutivi kwevagari vemo, kupedza mavhiri ezvamatongerwe enyika, uye kuisa pamutemo pamiganhu yazvo inokosha. Chinokosha chiri mugadziriro yazvo: mibvunzo yakajeka, kutsigira kwakananga, uye dziviriro nokuda kwekodzero dzechiduku. Sezvo nzanga dzinotarisana nedenho dzinooma zvikuru dzemamiriro enzvimbo okunze kugadziridzama kodzero dzemitemo yemitemo yemitemo yehurumende yeko.