Mhinduro Yakakurumidza Kuitwa: Kuvaka Chivako Chitsva Chechengeteko

Kudenha kwaSeptember 11, 2001, kwakachinja zvikuru kurongwa kweukama hwemarudzi ose uye utungamiriri hwemhuri. Muvhiki shomanene, United States Congress yakapfuudza Chibvumikiso Chokushandisa Mauto Ehondo (AMF), ichipa chiremera chapamutemo chakafara nokuda kwenhimbe yokurwisana neAl-Qaeda nenhengo dzayo. Iyi nzvero isina kunyorwa yehondo yakaenzaniswa nokuchinja kukuru kwedzimba. Kufamba kweUSA PATRIOTTT Act kwakakudza zvikuru masimba okuongorora emitemo nemasangano ouchenjeri, kusunungura ganhuriro pawairira runhare, kuunganidzwa kwemirayiridzo yemirayiridzo yenhau, uye kuongorora mari.

Kurongwazve kukurusa kwehurumende yeUnited States chifo cheNational Security Act ya1947 kwakaparira Department of Homeland Security (DHS), kubatanidza masangano 22 akaparadzana kuva sangano rimwe retebhurobhu rakanangidzira pakudzivisa denho, kuderedza kuderera kwokuvadziko, uye kubatsira mukunaya. Mumarudzi ose, NATAO yakakumbirwa Chikamu 5 kwenguva yokutanga munhau yayo, ichizivisa kuti kudenha paU.S. kwakanga kuri kudenha pahurumende dzose dziri mutezo, kuchitungamirira kukuvhozhozhozhokera kwemisasa yokurovedza yeAl-Qaeda. Uku kuvaka kwenheyo kwenheyo, kwakagadzirwa nokuda kwechimbidzo nepakati penhau, kwakatanga gadziriro mukati budiriro nokundikano mukati mamakumi maviri amakore anotevera kwaizoitika.

Nyaya ino inopa nzvero yakakomba yenzvero huru dzokudzivisa ugandanga dzakaitwa chifo cha 9 / 11, ichinzvera miuyo yahwo younyanzvi pamiuyo yavo refu yenhambo. Vavariro ndeyokubvisa zvidzidzo zvisingachinjiki nokuda kwenhambo umo rudzi rwetyisidziro rwakabva mugadziriro dzamagandanga dzehorical kuti dziparadzire pfungwa, vatambi vemajeri, uye vatambi vezviito zvechibharo.

Kukunda Kwounyanzvi: Zviito Zvakakwirira Zvoungwaru Nezvakananga

Pamwero wazvinongoshanda bedzi, pashure penhambo ya9/11 yakabudisa nhevedzano yorukundo rwounyanzvi husingarambiki. Wedzero huru muzviratidzo ungwaru (SIGINT), ungwaru hwavanhu (HUMINT), uye ukama hwakabatana hwamarudzi ose zvakapa mibayiro yapakarepo mukudzongonyedza denho dziri pedyo uye kuputsa zvimiro zvesangano.

Kurambwa Kwezvirongwa Zvikuru Zvenyika Yose

Musi wa2006 Transatlantic Aircraft Plot inobuda sebudiriro huru yebatira pamwe yemarudzi akawanda. British nePakistani ungwaru, vachishanda pedyo neFBI neCIA, vakawana gadziriro yokubvisa zvimbambaira zvemvura mundege dzakawanda kubva kuLondon kuenda kuNorth America. Gadziriro yacho yakadzongonyedzwa isati yagona kuitwa, zvichitungamirira kukuwedzera chinjo mumitemo yekotsekano yendege munyika yose. Nenzira yakafanana, chirongwa cha2009 chaNajibullah Zazi kuti ibhombe mubatanidzwa wezvitima zvepasi pevhu nepasi pevhu zvakadzokororwa kupfurikidza nemubatanidzwa weSGISITIN nePUPFBU, zvinodzokororwa neMauto ePGBFG. Zviiti izvi zvakabvumira kutengeswa kwemari mumibatanidzwa yendege munyika yose.

Kuparadza Kwevatungamiriri Uye Kuwanda Kwezvirongwa Zvinosarudzwa Nevanhu

Zvichida chiratidzo chaioneka zvikurusa chebudiriro yemazano chakanga chiri kuuraya obini Laden neU.S. Navy SERLS musi waMay 2, 2011. Microll Neptune Spearry yakanga iri mugumo wemakore ebasa rouchenjeri, kumirira kusimbiswa kwokupedzisira kwe "fin, conment" nzira. Kubviswa kwaBina Laden kwakapa denho huru yendangariro kuAl-Qeda ndokusimbisa rutsamiro rwakawedzerwa pamauto chaiwo ebasa nehondo yedrone. Ikoku kwakateverwa nokupfuudzira utungamiriri kwaAl-Qaeda kwaida kwaidzo mumaruwa ePakistan neYemen, kunoshatisa zvikuru mano esangano kuronga nokuuraya, kuvhozhozhokera kwakapararira mukurwisana naMadokero okuMadokero.

Nzira yokubvisa utungamiriri yakapfuurira nokubudirira mukurwisana neNyika yeISSIS (ISSIS). Kuurawa kwomutungamiriri weISSIS Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi muvhozhokero chaiyo yeU.S. muna 2019 yakaratidzira kusvika kunopfuurira kweU.C. ungwaru namano ehondo. Kurasikirwa neal-Baghdadi, kwakabatanidzwa nokukundwa kweISSIS capitate muIraq neS, yakaputsa chivako chetsika chesangano. Kwenguva yakati, uku kuuraya kwakakomba kwakagovera budiriro yakajeka yebudiriro ingagona kuratidzirwa nomutemo navagadziri vamakurukota sechibvumikiso chokukunda kweISSIS muIS caishcia neS, chirevo.

Chivako Chemari Chenyika Yose Nokunzvera Mari

Pashure penhambo ya9/11 yakavawo mwero usingaenzaniswi webatira pamwe yamarudzi ose. Kuumbwa kweGlobal Coalition to Defitat ISIS, ine mitezo inopfuura 80, kwakaratidzira simba remibatanidzwa yokubatanidza marudzi akasiyana - siyana mungozi yakarovedzeka. Kupfuura chiito chehondo, kunyorwa kwemari yemagandanga kwakava chishandiso chakakomba. Department yeTreasure reU. U.S., kushandisa zviremera pasi pePUNICEF, zvakapiwa pasi pePATIOT Act nemiraumbirwe, zvakatungamirira nhamburiko dzenyika yose kuisa mudhuzero, kuranga kwefactaliator, uye kudzongonyedza mibatanidzwa yemibatanidzwa yemari (hakala) inoshandiswa namapoka amagandanga anoshanda zvishoma nezvishoma, apo inosimudzira miuyo yokushanda nokuda kwemasangano ezvemari uye kuzviisa mungozi zvikuru mumitengo.

Zvinetso Zvacho: Migumisiro Yaisatarisirwa Yesimba

Nepo mutungamiriri wemazano achiratidza kukunda kwakajeka, pepa redzikamo inorema zvikuru kumativi okukundikana. Chidzidzo chikuru chenhambo yapashure pe9/11 ndechokuti rukundo rwamanomano harungoerekani rwaita kuti pave nokubudirira. Muzvinoitika zvizhinji, mitoo inoshandiswa kuwana kuhwina kwenguva pfupi yakaparira ndyiko refu dzinopfuura betsero dzokutanga.

Hondo yeIraq: Njodzi Yakakosha Yokurwisa Ugandanga

Chisarudzo chokupinda muIraq muna 2003 chinomira sekundikano yenhau hurusa yeshure penhambo ino-9/11. Kuvhozhokera, kunoruramiswa noungwaru husina kusimba pamusoro pezvombo zvinoparadza kukuru nebatano dzinopanikirika pakati paSaddam Hussein naAl-Qaeda, kwakavhura bhokisi rePandorasting. Kubviswa kweuto reIraq nede-Batatiation zvakaparira gadziriro huru yechengeteko nedziva rede redefanchizero, varwi vanodzidzira. Al-Qeda muIraq, boka risina kuvapo pamberi pokuvhozhotera, rakabuda munyongano iyi uye rakava rakaitwa chikwata cheSulum. Yakaziviswa ne [FLDBN] Nheswo yehondo yakagadzirirwa hondo yeIS, rakashandiswazve nehondo yehondo, rakabuda musimba guru, richibvumira , kuti rishandukire nokuda kwechipo yehondo.

Hondo Yakanaka Nokusikwa Kwemabhii Matsva

Kutsamira kukuru pamotokari dzomundege dzisina kuenzana (drones) nokuda kwedenho dzechirongwa, zvikurukuru muudzori hweObama, kunoenzanisira zvakakwana kusawirirana pakati pekubudirira kwemitoo yenzira nehosha. Droness dzakabvumira U.S. kurova zvipfuro munharaunda dziri kure dzePakistan, Yemen, uye Somalia ine ngozi shoma kuvashandi veAmerica. Zvisinei, purogiramu yakaitwa munzvimbo yachena neyakashata. Zvikuvadziko zvechipunganwa, nepo zvichikakavadzwa namanyuko akasiyana- siyana, zvakaparira chigumbu chakakomba chomunzvimbomo nemirangariro inorwisana neAmerica. Kufunda kwakaitwa ne kuBrown University paInity , kuchiva chirongwa chapamutemo chenyika yesimba guru.

Kunyanyowandisa Mumba Nokuderera Kwekusunungurwa Kwevagari Vemo

Pamberi pemusha, kutsanangurwa kukuru kwechiremera chinotungamirira namasimba okunzvera kwakatungamirira kukuderera kukuru kwerusununguko rwavagari vemo. Kuziviswa kwemitemo mizhinji neNational Security Agency (NSA, yakaziviswa naEdward Snowden muna 2013, kwakamutsa kurukurirano yenyika yose pamusoro pezvakavanzika nechengeteko. Programu dzakadai sePRISM uye kuunganidzwa kwemitemo yemametameta yapachivande zvakatenderwa nematare epachivande pasi peFernern Surveillance Act (FA), ichishanda noungwariro kana kuti kujeka. Nepo vatsigiri vai vai vai vepurogiramu idzi vakapikisa kuti purogiramu dzinokosha kurwisana nehurumende, vatsoropote kudzodzo dzinodzorwa kwemadzoronze nzanga dzezviito zvechienzi dzechienzi nedzero. Hurumende yeFBIBI yakaparirawo kusha maruramiro okusa.

Kuparadza Kusingadzoreki: Kuchinjira Kune Vavengi Vatsva

Zvisinei, kutyisidzira kwacho kwakakura nokukurumidza kupfuura zvaigona kuitwa nehurumende yeIslam muna 2014. Kumuka kweHurumende yechiIslam kwakaratidza kukundikana kukuru kufungidzira migumisiro yeHondo yeIraq uye kusagadzikana kwehondo yevagari vemo yeSiriya.

Kubva kuCore Al-Qaeda Kuenda kuISSIS Calip Sutence

ISSIS yakashandisa nharaunda yevhu muSyria neIraq, yakapamba nzvimbo huru, ndokuzivisa mutungamiriri wemauto. Kusafanana neAl-Qaeda, iyo yakanangidzira pakurova "muvengi mukuru" (Western), ISSIS yakanangidzira ngwariro pakuvaka nyika nenharaunda inodzora. Ikoku kwakakuita rudzi rwakasiana rwetyisidziro, ichida kuti kushaikwa kwakasiana--kudzora kunobatanidza mauto ehondo echiuto echinyakare (Iraqi Security Forces, Kurdish Pesh Peshgga) uye shamwari dzomunzvimbomo. Kukundwa kweIsiscistata yesimba mu 2019 kwakanga kuri kukunda kukuru kwehondo, asi hakuna kuparadza pfungwa. ISSIS yakashandura kuva mauto enyika yose, uye kupfurikidza nenzvimbo dzehondo dzakapoteredza Africa (Stalia, Mozambique) uye Aspenan (An-An Asciest) achipfuura nomumhea.

Kuchinja Kuchienda Kukurwisana Kwechisimba Nekurwisana Mudzimba

Kushanduka - shanduka kwainyanya kukosha kwave kuri kuchinja kubva pakurwisa kwoga kwakananga kunzvimbo dzine chisimba. Kurwisa muSan Bernardo, Orlando, Nice, uye Berlin kwakaratidza kuti zvinenge zvisingabviri kuti masangano akangwara amise munhu wose anenge akurudzirwa nepfungwa. Internet yakava chinhu chikuru chinokonzera kukurumidza kurwisa, kubvisa zvivako zvesangano. Kutyisidzira uku kunonyadzisa kunoita kuti midziyo yokuongorora paposi post-9/11 ishande nesimba, sezvo munhu wose asingakwanisi kana kudiwa munzanga yakasununguka.

Nhasi, tyisidziro yamagandanga inouraya zvikurusa muUnited States inobva muvanyanyisi vamasimba masimba vomumba. Mukuwirirana ne FBI[FLT], FOT , mudzinza kana kuti dzinza ramasimba masimba anokurudzira masimba (REMVE), zvikurukuru ukuru hwechichena, inoumba tyisidziro zhinji dzougandanga dzomumusha uye yave ine mutoro wedenho hurusa U.S. ivhu mumakore achangobva kupfuura aya. Kupfura kweWalmart muEl Paso, Texas (209), kudenha Muti weVhonago roupenyu muPittsburgh (208), uye kubhomba paDorobhatal Federal Builmation (19959) pamberi pe 9/11 inotsigirwa nokushatiswa kwemhuri yomumba) zvose izvi. Kudzorwa kwetsika dzinovarambwa muruwa rwenyika dzenzanga dzakava nedzi dzomunyika dzinodzorwa kusha dzinodzorwa kurwisana nevorwa navanhu voruzhinji.

Kufunga Zvakaita Basa Racho Rokugadzira: Zvidzidzo Zvakaoma Zvenguva Itsva

Kunzverwa kwapachokwadi kwamakumi maviri amakore kwezvougandanga kunozivisa dikanwo huru yokufungazve mamiriro ezvinhu makuru. Muenzaniso wakashongedzwa weGlobal War on Terror wasvika pamiganhu yayo ine mufungo. Sezvo Council on Foreign Relations[ inotambira mabhirioni amadhora okurwisa ugandanga kubva pa 9/11, bva vatyairi vakaderera vamasimba masimba ezvematongerwe enyika vanoramba vachingova vasina mitoro. Nguva yemberi inoda kuchinjwa kubva painjini, giramupidhi, , dziviriro, uye miraudzo.

Miganhu Yesimba Rehondo

Chidzidzo chikuru ndechokuti simba rehondo rakapera panzvimbo pokuda kurwisa pfungwa. Kuuraya magandanga kuri nyore kupfuura kungorapa pfungwa. Kurapa kwechisimba kunongorapa zviratidzo, kwete zvinoparira. Kunoparira mhirizhonga nenyunyuto zvinopfuudzira kusagadzikana. Chizvarwa chinotevera chezano rinofanira kuziva kuti simba rehondo ibasa rinofanira kushandiswa zvishoma, kwete nhindi kuti rishandiswe zvakafara.

Kudikanwa Kwechisakiso Chikuru

Kudzivisa ugandanga kunoshanda kunoda "kusvika kwose kwenzanga". Ikoku kunoreva kuisa mari mudzidzo, tarisiro yezvoutano, uye kukura kwezvemari munyika dzisina kusimba. Kunoreva kutsigira masangano enzanga avagari vemo anogona kurwisa nhauro dzekunyanyisa nokutenda kuti hakuna simba rokunze rinogona kuwirirana. Programu dzinonangidzira ngwariro pa kuvimbisana nokutsiva dzidzo yetsika [ inokosha. Danian Aarhus, somuenzaniso, dzinopa purogiramu yokudzorera yakakwana nokuda kwokudzosera varwi vokumwe, kuisa ngwariro panzvimbo pokungoranga nokurongedzerwa. Iyi rondedzero idiro yorumano rwokudzivisa kubetsera nzanga, kwete kungodaidza chinetso chinoda kupindura mapurisa.

Nenzira yakafanana, United States inofanira kuisa mari mu kugona kurava nokubudisa mashoko nokuzvidzora kuti ibetsere vagari vemo kuziva nokuramba paradzirwo yenhau inonyanyisa paIndaneti. Ikoku kunoda kubatira pamwe nekambani dzeruzivo kuti dzitarisire kusimbisa kuvengana kwemashoko nepo dzichiremekedza dziviriro dzakasununguka dzokutaura. Ichi chiito chakaoma kudzikamisa ndangariro, asi chinotsigirwa zvikuru kupfuura nhambo isingagumi yokunzvera nokudzokoroka.

Kudzosera Chengeteko Nekusunungurwa Kwavagari Vemo

Nzira yokudzivisa ugandanga yakura inofanira kugamuchira mwero wakati wengozi. Hakubviri kuwana chengeteko ye100% pasina kuisa musengwa wedemokrati unorondedzera nzanga dzokuMadokero. Chimiro chinodzokera zvikuru kuchengeteko pashure pa 9/11 chinofanira kuiswazve kurusununguko nokuva voga. Zvitsama zvezuva pamusoro pamasimba anonzvera, kudzorwa kukuru kwemibato yedare reSangano rePUSTA, uye kujeka kukuru kuri madikanwa kuvakazve chivimbo chavose. Kana hurumende inobata vagari vayo yayo vamene setyisidziro dzinoda kungwarira zvikuru, yakaunza rukundo runokosha kumagandangaridzo: kukuvadziko rwenzanga yakazaruka. Nguva inotevera inofanira kuisa [[FLG:] kujeka, kujeka, uye mutemo unopesana nomutemo.[FLD:]

Mugumisiro: Kunzira Yokuzvininipisa, Yetsika, uye Yenheyo

Nhambo yapashure pe9/11 ifundo ine simba mumutemo wemiuyo isingakarirwa. Chishuvo chokutanga chokupindura kudenho inoparadza nesimba guru chakanga chinonzwisisika, asi kushandiswa kwegadziriro yakafara neyoutsinye yehondo kuchinetso chakaoma chezvamatongerwe enyika nepfungwa kwakaparira zvinetso zvakawanda sezvayakapera. Takadzidza kuti nyika dzinovhozhokera panyengedzo imhosho ine ngwavaira. Takadzidza kuti kurovanya, nepo kuchiita nenzira yemanomano, kunoparira ndyiko huru. Takadzidza kuti kungwarira kukuru kune muuyo unoparadza pakodzero dzatinotsvaka kudzivirira.

Kupfuurira mberi, nzira inobudirira yokurwisa nayo ugandanga inofanira kurondedzerwa ne kudzora, kururama, uye kuzvininipisa. Kunofanira kutsaura zvakajeka pakati petyisidziro dzemagandanga, dzinoda kuisa pfungwa panzvimbo dzinotevedzerwa, uye zvinetso zvemagariro enyika, zvinoda kukurukurirana nokuronga zvinhu. Zvinofanira kudzivirira kupindira kwechiuto, kukunda hondo yehondo yehurumende inodzorwa nehurumende inodzorwa nehurumende. Zviwanikwa zvakawanda zvinogoverwa kuHondo yeNyika yose paRwerzheitzhea pamakumi maviri emakore apfuura zvakatenga nguva, asi kwete kukunda. Chizvarwa chinotevera chokutungamirira chinofanira kushandisa pfuma mukuvaka zvakatsigika, uye kudzorwa kwapa nyika yose. Rukukunda ruchawana pakurwisana nougandangakurira vanhu munzanga, asi haruchakudzoreri munzanga dzehondo.