Chitanga: Chinetso Chokutonga

Sangano resimba rezvamatongerwe enyika rinopa denho inopfuurira kurusununguko rwomunhu. Hurumende inoshanda iri madikanwa kugovera chengeteko, kumanikidza mitemo, uye kuvaka. Pasina iyo, nzanga inozviisa mungozi kupinda munyongano. Bva hurumende yakapiwa simba rokuita zvinhu inopiwawo simba rokudzvinyirira. Nhau huru yebumbiro remitemo ndeyokupa sei simba rakakwana rokuita mabasa ayo nepo ichiidzivirira kuva tyisidziro kuvanhu chaivo vanodikanwa kubatira. Nhau iyi inoda gadziriro yesimba, inowanwa kupfurikidza nemiganhuro yevhu, uye kuva mugari wemo, inoshanda segadziriro huru yokudzivirira maruramiro avanhu vakasununguka uye kuchengeta nzanga yakasununguka. Kunzwisisa kuti iyi miganhuro inoshanda sei inoshanda sei kuvanhu vamene inoredzero inodzorwa kudzora.

Mavambo Ehurumende Yakaganhurirwa

Pfungwa yokuganhurira simba rehurumende haina kubuda munhambo imwe chete kana kuti murugwaro.

Vatungamiriri Vekare NeveMiddle Ages

Nyika yapakuvamba yakagovera nzwisiso mungozi dzesimba rakaganhurirwa. Aristotle, mufundo yake yehurumende yehurumende yehurumende yega yega yetene nemimwe misha yeGirisi, akanyevera kuti chimiro chimwe nechimwe chehurumende chinogona kuva choudzvinyiriri, chirevo chemhomho. Akareverera hurumende yakavhengana, kubatanidza zvinhu zveimwe neimwe kuti iite kugadzikana. Romendi yeRoma yakatanga tsika yakaoma yemagungano, maconuls, uye imwe yedare yakagadzirirwa kuparadzira chiremera ndokudzivisa dare ripi neripi neripi rinodzorwa kudzora. Chipocro chaipikisana chireve nokuda kwe chirevo chehurumende yakaitwa nemitemo panzvimbo pezvo navatongi. Chibvumirano cheMagna chaMagna mugwaro yeProme segwaracracy chinosimbiswa napamutemo kuti chizivikanwa kusimba redare rehurumende kuti kupfurikidza nemazana chamazana chamazana chamazana chamakore.

Kujekeswa Kwekodzero Dzevanhu uye Kuparadzana

Gadziriro yazvino uno yehurumende yakaganhurirwa yakatangwa mukati meKuvhenekerwa. John Locke akapikisa kuti vanhu vane maruramiro omuzvarirwo kuupenyu, rusununguko, uye zvinhu zviripo pamberi pehurumende. Hurumende, mumurangariro wake, ibvumirano yenzanga inoumbwa nemvumo yehurumende kudzivirira idzi maruramiro. Kana hurumende ichiputsa chivimbo ichi, vanhu vane maruramiro okudzivisa nokuchitsiva. Pfungwa dzorumano rwomuzvarirwo dzakadenha zvakananga maruramiro oumwari amadzimambo uye dzakaisa uchangamire mumaoko avanhu. Baron de Montensquieu, mu Mudzimu woMutemo [FLT] [FG] [FG:1], dzakaita fundo huru yemiitiro yezvamatongerwe enyika uye dzakagumisa kuti nzira bedzi yokudzivisa nayo udzvinyiririve yakaparadza mabasa ehurumende. Iye akaziviswa kuva nesimba rakasiana namasimba matatu.

Kuchinja Kunoita Mamiriro Ezvinhu muAmerica

Vatangi veAmerica vakabatanidza iyi mifungo yeNjereso kuva gadziriro inoshanda yehurumende. James Madison, achikwevera zvikuru paMontesquieu naLocke, akapikisa muFederalist Papers kuti gadziriro yehurumende yakanga iri dziviriro yayo huru mukurwisana noudzvinyiriri. MuFederal Christ5, Madison akanyora nenzira yakakurumbira kuti kana vanhu vaiva ngirozi, hapana hurumende yaizova iri madikanwa. Sezvo ivo vasati, [[FLT:] kudzivirira kunofanira kuitwa kuti kurwisa chinzvimbo chayo [. Dare reMitemo rakasika rhinji yenyika ine masimba anorondedzero, kuparadza kwakananga pakati pamapazuta matatu, uye gadziriro yakakomba yemitengo. Kuwedzera kwaBill yekodzero dzinogoverwa pamutemo dzinopesana nehurumende. Iyi yakanga iri nheyo huru yehurumende yokutanga kuidzo inoumbwa nehurumende kupfurikidza nehurumende.

Zvivako zveHurumende yeBumbiro reMitemo

Kuganhurira simba rehurumende hakungorevi kuzvipira kwouzivi chete, asi kunoda kuti pave nemashandiro chaiwo ari mugadziriro yokudzora.

Kutevedzerwa kweBumbiro Romutemo Nokutonga Kwomutemo

Bumbiro remitemo rakanyorwa rinobatira somutemo mukurusa wenyika, rinobatanidza vatambi vose vehurumende. Rinorondedzera ukuru hwechiremera chehurumende, rinogadza miitiro yokuita mitemo, uye rinorambidza zviito zvakati zvehurumende. Nheyo yemitemo inoreva kuti munhu ari wose, kubatanidza vakuru vakuru vehurumende, ari pasi pomutemo. Hapana munhu ari pamusoro payo. Ikoku kunodzivisa kushandiswa kwoutongi. matare eehurumende anokosha nokuda kwokusimbisa iyi ganhuriro. Simba redare redare rinodzokororwa, rakasimbiswa mumashoko eAmerica ne Marbury v. Madison[FL:1], rinobvumira matare kurova mitemo inoputsa mutemo.

Kuparadzana Kwesimba

Kukamukana kwehurumende kuva vatongi vemapazu emitemo, ehurumende, uye edare rinotonga idziviriro huru muudzvinyiriri. Mugadziri wemitemo anoita mitemo, mutungamiriri anoigombedzera, uye mutongi anoidudzira. Nokugovera aya mabasa akasiyana kumitumbi inoparadzanisa, tsika inodzivisa chinhu chipi nechipi kushandisa simba rakazara rehurumende. Dare harigoni kudzikamisa mitemo yarinopfuudza; Purezidhendi haagoni kuita mitemo; matare anotsamira pamamwe mapazu okuchengetwa kwemitemo yavo. Uku kuparadzana kwezvivako kunovimbisa kuti simba rinogoverwa uye kuti bazu rimwe nerimwe rinofanira kubatirana navamwe kuti rizadzike nharidzano dzaro.

Makepi Nedzikamo Zvinoshandiswa

Kupfuura paradzano yakapfava, gadziriro yeAmerica inogovera bazu rimwe nerimwe maturusi chaiwo kuganhurira masimba avamwe. Purezidhendi anogona kuisa mutemo unopfuudzwa neCongress, asi Congress anogona kukurira izvozvo nemukurumbira mukuru. Purezidhendi anogadza vatongi navakuru vakuru, asi Dare rinofanira kuvasimbisa. Dare rinodzora bhajeti uye rinozivisa hondo, kugovera nzvero ine simba pamubato wehurumende. Matare ehurumende anogona kuzivisa zviito zvavakuru vakuru vehurumende kana kuti mitemo isingawiriraniswi. Imba inogona kubvisa vakuru vakuru vakuru vomuhurumende, uye Dare rinogona kuvabvisa panzvimbo. Iyi gadziriro yechiremera chinopfuudzaniswa nemasimba okuzvidavirira. Inoita kuti ive yakaoma kuti mamiriro ezvinhu omutemo ashandukire mberi aidzwe.

Kushanda Nesimba: Kuganhurirwa Kwakakwirira Pasimba

Mukuwedzera kukukamuranisa simba mukufara pakati pamapazu, hurumende dzinoganhurira simba kusiana pakati pehurumende dzorudzi nehurumende dzenyika. Hurumende yenyika inopiwa simba chairo, masimba anoverengwa. Mamwe masimba ose anochengetwa kuhurumende kana kuti kuvanhu, sezvinosimbiswa neTenth Amendment. Uku kudzorwa kwechiremera kunopawo kunzvera kukuru kwesimba rapakati. Hurumende dzinobatira se "Masangano ehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu," kuedza mitemo yakasiana. Vagari vemo vanogona kuvhota netsoka dzavo, vachitama kuti vagova nemitemo inowirirana zviri nani nemipimo yavo. Hurumende dzinogoverawo kuva nechiremera chokudzikamisa kutsika, kudzokera shure kusimba rinodzorwa kupfurikidza nokuzvidzwa, batira pamwe chete, uye chiito chakazvimirira.

Vimbiso Dzapamutemo Dzorusununguko Rumwe Norumwe

Gadziriro huru yorusununguko inoda ziviso dzakananga dzapamutemo idzo dzinodzivirira vanhu pakuvhozhokera kwehurumende.

Bhuku Rekodzero Dzevanhu Pakurambidza

Bill of Rights inogadza nzvimbo yavanhu vanozvitonga iyo hurumende isingagoni kupindira. Gameterment yeFirst inorambidza mitemo pamusoro pokutangwa kworudzidziso kana kuti kurambidzwa kwarwo. Inodzivirira rusununguko rwokutaura, rwokubudisa, rwokuungana, uye rwokukumbira. Iyi dziviriro dzinova nechokwadi chokuti vagari vemo vanogona kutsoropodza hurumende yavo, kuronga chishoro, uye kutsigira chinjo pasina kutya kutsiva. Gamende Refu Refurence inodzivirira pakutsvaka kusina mufungo nehosha, ichida zvibvumikiso zvinobva pachisakiso chakati. Gamende yeFind Remeter inovimbisa muitiro wakafanira womutemo, inodzivirira kuzvidzivirira paincicenditura, uye inorambidza kutora zvinhu zvakavanzika nokuda kwokushandisa pachena pasina kubhadhara mubhadharo. Izvi zvinorambidza zvakajeka zvinoumba muganhu unodzivirira kusvika kwehurumende.

Kugadzirira Kwakafanira uye Kudzivirirwa Kwakaenzana

Dare reChinei reMitemo reMitemo rechina rinotambanudza dzakawanda dzedzidzi dziviriro pahurumende nehurumende dzomunzvimbomo kupfurikidza nomuitiro wokubatanidza. Vimbiso yadzo yedziviriro yakaenzana yomutemo inoda hurumende kubata vanhu vose nenzira isina ruramisiro uye pasina rusaruro rusina kururama. Dare Gurusa rakashandisa iyi murairo kurovanya mitemo iyo inoita kuti dzinza risave norusaruro, kuramba maruramiro okuvhota, uye kusarura kwakavakirwa pakodzero dzechirume. Muitiro wakafanira unodzivirira zvose zviri zviviri ruramisiro yomutemo namaruramiro makurusa . Izvi zvinovimbisa kuti hurumende haigoni kungobata munhu pasina ruramisiro uye kuti inofanira kubata vanhu vose zvakaenzana pasi pomutemo.

Mutemo Unodzora Nokuzvidavirira Kweagency

Munhambo yazvino uno, basa guru rehurumende rinoitwa namasangano anodzora. Aya masangano anobatanidza mitemo, zviremera, uye mabasa okutonga, achiparira tyisidziro inobvira kudzikamo yesimba. Mutemo weHofisi unoshanda secherekedzo pamasangano aya. Administrative Procedure Act inoda masangano kupa ziviso yavose yemitemo inokarakadzwa, kugamuchira tsinhiro dzavose, uye kubudisa tsinhiro dzinofungwa nokuda kwezvisarudzo zvavo. Zviito zveAgency zvinodzorwa kuhwirudzura, kubvumira matare kurova mitemo inopesana, kana kuti kupfuudza zviremera zvesangano. Idzi dzino dzinodzorwa dzoukurusa mumugariro wokuvara.

Vanhu Vanogara Munyika: Vanhu Senzvero Yokupedzisira

Sangano revagari vomunyika, rinoumbwa nesonganiro dzokuzvidira, mapoka okuzvidira, zvinobudisa nhau, uye vagari vemo vanobatanidzwa, zvinopa chinhu chinokosha chokuzvidavirira.

Mapepanhau Akasununguka uye Anozvimirira

Chinyorwa chePentagon Papers chakazivisa kunyengera kwehurumende. Kunzvera kweWatergate kwakatungamirira kukuwanwa kwapurezidhendi. Mutengi wakasununguka unokosha zvikuru kudzikamisa simba zvokuti unowanzonzi Wechinati Resident. Apo kutsikirira rusununguko runotyisidzirwa nokutyisidzirwa nehurumende, kuongororwa, kana kuti kunzvera, imwe yenzvero dzinobudirira zvikurusa pamusoro pesimba rinoremadzwa. Kudzivirira kuzvimirira kwavatori venhau namasangano enhau kunokosha zvikuru kukudzikamiswa kwesimba zvokuti kunowanzonzi Chipomende cheChina.

Masangano Okuva Mudzori Nokuzvidavirira Kwapamutemo

Mapoka echimbadzo namasangano asiri ehurumende anoita basa rinokosha mukuisa mitemo inozvidavirira. Sangano dzakafanana neAmerican Civil Libereus Union (ACLU) dzinounza matare okudenha zviito zvehurumende zvinoputsa kodzero dzebumbiro remitemo. Mapoka ehurumende akanaka anotora nzira yokupinda, mari yenhimbe, uye kuputsa mitemo. Masangano emhoteredzo anobudisira pasi mitemo yokushatisa. Masangano aya anoronga mibato yehurumende yaizova yakaoma kudenha munhu upi noupi paari oga. Anoita samagweta mukuru mukuru, achiisa miganhuro yemitemo yehurumende, achiisa miganhu yepamutemo pasimba rehurumende.

Mabhero Ane Midzi uye Kubatanidzwa Pachena

Nhau inoratidza kuti vagari vemo vakarongwa vanogona kururamisa kusadzikama kwesimba. Sangano rekodzero dzavagari vemo rinoshandisa kutsutsumwa kusina masimba, denho dzapamutemo, uye gadziriro yezvamatongerwe enyika kuputsa gadziriro yaJim Crow reconfix ndokudzivirira dziviriro yehurumende nokuda kwamaruramiro okuvhota. Sangano ravakadzi rinopedza makumi amakore richitsigira kodzero yokuvhota. Masangano avashandi akawana dziviriro nokuda kwavashandi. Masangano aya anoratidzira kuti apo masangano ehurumende anokundikana kudzivirira kodzero, vagari vemo vanogona kuronga kuraira chinjo. Kutora rutivi kwavose muhoro dzetaundi, kunzwiwa pachena, Sarudzo, uye masangano ehurumende anogovera manyuko enguva dzose esimba rehurumende inochengeta kudavira nero.

Zvinetso Zvazvino Uno Zvinoita Kuti Tisanyanya Kuda Simba

Pasinei nokuti zvinhu zvakanga zvakasimba kwemazana emakore, kuenzana kwesimba kunotarisana nokuparara kukuru kwesimba mazuva ano.

Kuderera Kwesimba Rine Simba Rinodzora

Bazu guru rakawedzera zvinoshamisa chifo chenhambo yakagadzwa. Mapurezidhendi anowedzera kutsamira pamirairo yavakuru vakuru kuti vasvitse nharidzano dzemiitiro pasina bvumirano. Hurumende yehurumende yakura muukuru noukuru, ichishandisa simba guru pamusoro pemari, tarisiro yezveutano, uye mhoteredzo. Kushandiswa kwezvibvumirano zvevakuru vakuru kwakatsiva zvibvumirano zvepamutemo. Uku kukura kwesimba rehurumende kunotyisidzira dzikamo kupfurikidza nokunetesa basa rebazu rewisclear somugadziri wemitemo. Dare rave richizengurira kazhinji kazhinji kusimbisa chiremera charo, kugovera simba rakafara kumasangano uye kukundikana kutungamirira.

Kuchinja Kwezvamatongerwe Enyika Nesangano

Kuparadzana kukuru kwezvamatongerwe enyika kwakashatisa mipimo mizhinji yamasanga iyo yakaita kuti gadziriro ishande. Partisan gerymanider yaita maruwa akakotsekana, ichideredza kuzvidavirira kwedare. Kushandiswa kunowedzera kwemonilbuster muDare kwakakuita kuti kuve kwakaoma kupfuudza mutemo, kuchitungamirira kukurongera. Iyi giradhi inochengetwa pane dzimwe nguva sorutivi rwetsika, asi inodzivisawo hurumende kupedza zvinetso zvinonetsa, izvo zvinogona kusekesa kutenda kwavose mumasangano edemocracy. Kudzorwa kwemitemo kunogonawo kutungamirira kukuputsika mubatira pamwe chete pakati pamapazu, naPuerrente inobata mumwe nomumwe sevavengi panzvimbo pezviwi zvehurumende.

Kutyisidzira Kurusununguko Rwokutonga

Dare remitemo rakasununguka rinokosha kuti ripedze miganhu pasimba rehurumende. Apo matare anorangarirwa savatambi vezvamatongerwe enyika vanosarura panzvimbo pokuva vapisi vemitemo, chiremera chawo chinoderera. Kudenha pamutemo wematare, kukundikana kuwirirana nemirairo yedare, uye zvikarakadzo zvokuwedzera kana kuti kuvakazve matare ezvamatongerwe enyika nokuda kwebetsero yose inotyisidzira kuzvitonga. Pasina dare redare rakasimba uye rinoremekedzwa, mamwe mapazu ane kurudziro duku yokuremekedza kuremekedza ganhuriro dzapamutemo. Kudzivirira kuzvimirira kwedare redare rehurumende inzvimbo yokutanga inokosha yokuchengeta chiyero kwesimba rose.

Kunyengedzwa Nokupesana Kwechokwadi

Democracy inoshanda inoda kuva nevagari vemo vanobvumirana pamaidi makuru. Kukura kwezvinobudisa nhau, kuitirwa kusatenderwa, uye manyuko enhau anotora nhau kwakaputsa nzvimbo yavose. Hurumende dzokunze navatambi vemo vanogona kuparadzira mashoko enhema kushatsa kuvhotera, kudzvinyirira vhotera, uye kuderedza chivimbo mumasangano. Apo vagari vemo vasingagoni kubvumirana pamaidi makuru, kunova kwakaoma kuva nemhosva kuhurumende. Voruzhinji vasingavimbi nezvinobudisa nhau, gadziriro yezvisakiso, kana kuti unyanzvi hwesayenzi vanogona kubatwa zvisina ngozi navatambi vane simba. Kurwisa kuvhotera nokuvakazve chivimbo mumasangano idenho huru yehurumende dzazvino unotonga mahurumende.

Mupeto: Basa Rinopfuurira Rorusununguko

Simba harisi muchina unoshandira woga. Igadziriro mhenyu inoda kuchengetwa nguva dzose, ngwariro, uye nhamburiko. Dziviriro dzinovakwa mubumbiro remitemo, kusimbiswa kwekodzero dzevanhu vehurumende, uye kubatanidzwa kwesimba renzanga yevagari vemo zvose zvinokosha munzanga yakasununguka. Chizvarwa chimwe nechimwe chinotarisana nebasa rokudzivirira masangano aya patyisidziro matsva uye kuagadziridza kumamiriro ezvinhu matsva. Miganhu yehurumende inodzivirira rusununguko rwedu haisi yechigarire. Inogona kuparadzwa nokuregeredzwa, kusaitira hanya, kana kuti kurwisa. Kuchengetera muganhu wesimba kunoda kunzwisiswa noukoshingi hwarwo uye kunoda kuidzivirira. Basa rorusununguko harwutongorina kupedzwa.