Chinodzikama chesimba pakati pechiremera chehurumende nerusununguko rwomunhu chimwe chinetso chikuru chezvamatongerwe enyika chenzanga ipi neipi yakasununguka. Hurumende inofanira kuva nesimba rakakwana kuti ichengetedze nhevedzano, igovere zvinhu zvavose, uye idzivirire chengeteko yenyika. Asi, simba rimwe chetero, kana rikasadzorwa, rinogona kushandiswa kudzvinyirira vanhu chaivoivo vaivo vanorehwa kubatira. Kubvisa uku kunetseka kunoda kuvakwa kwemiganhu yakaoma uye chivimbwa chavanhu vose. Kunzwisisa kuti masangano aya anoshandira pamwe chete hachisi chinhu chedzidzo chetero; ibasa rokuva mugari wemo akadzidza uye akadzidza.

Kuumbwa Kune Mufungo kweHurumende Yakaganhurirwa

Pfungwa yakavakirwa pahurumende yakaganhurirwa ndeyokuti simba rezvamatongerwe enyika harifaniri kuiswa mumunhu upi noupi kana kuti sangano.Asi, rinofanira kuparadzirwa mumativi akawanda nemwero yehurumende, imwe neimwe ichinzvera mimwe. iyi zvivako yakavakirwa panheyo dzokuparadzana kwemasimba, kunzvera uye ganhuriro, uye unani hwehurumende.

Kuparadzana Kwesimba: Kuparadza Changamire

Rondedzero yazvino uno yokuparadzaniswa kwamasimba yakabatanidzwa zvikurusa nomuzivi weFurwa weNjereso Montesquieu, uyo akapikisana mu [FLT]] Mudzimu weMitemo [ kuti rusununguko runochengetwa zvakanakisisa apo chibvumirano, mutungamiriri, uye masimba okutonga ehurumende zvinochengetwa namasangano akasiana. Uyu muenzaniso wakagamuchirwa noungwaru navaAmerica Vatangi, avo vaizviona sedziviriro inokosha mukurwisana noudzvinyiriri. Bazu reChibvumirano (Confervet) rinoita kuti mitemo ive yapamutemo, dare rinotonga (sarudzo) rizviite kuti zvive. Kupfurikidza nokugovera aya mabasa kumapazu akasiana, gadziriro inovimbisa kuti vatsigiriki vose vari vaviri havagoni kunyora.

Kunokosha kucherekedza kuti paradzano yapachokwadi inowanwa mumiitiro yapurezidhendi kufanana neUnited States inopesana ne yamasimba inowanwa mumibatanidzwa yeparamende seUnited Kingdom. Mugadziriro yeparamende, mukuru mukuru anotorwa zvakananga kubva kudare, achiumba ukama hwapedyo pakati pamapazu maviri. Nepo ikoku kuchibvumira kugadzirwa kwomutemo kwakaisvonaka zvikuru, kunoderedzawo kupesana kwesangano uko kunobatira secherekedzo pasimba repamusoro. Mitezo yose iri miviri ine simba noutera, asi inogoverana nharidzano imwe cheteyo: kudzivirira kuunganidzwa kusingadzorwi kwechiremera.

Makepi Nedzikamo: Kubatira Pamwe Kunowirirana

Nepo kuparadzana kwamasimba kuchigovera mabasa akasiyana- siyana kumapazu, mipimo nechiyero [ zvinovimbisa kuti bazu rimwe nerimwe rine mwero wepesvedzero padzimwe, rinozvimanikidzira kubatira pamwe uye kukwikwidzana. Dare reMitemo rinopa mienzaniso yakatanhamara. Mutungamiriri weProfesi anogona kupfuudzwa neChibvumirano, asi Congress anogona kudzora mativi ose. Mutengi mukuru mukuru webazu ane vatongi navakuru vakuru, asi Dare rinofanira kuvasimbisa. [v:][5]

Kushanda Munzvimbo Yakapoteredza: Nzvero Yenzvimbo Yoga Yesimba

Miganhu yesimba haisati iri bedzi yakakwirira asiwo yakatwasuka. Federalism inokamuranisa simba pakati pehurumende yehurumende yemoga yoga nehurumende dzomunharaunda kana kuti dzeruwa. Ikoku kunoparira nzvero ine simba pachiremera chapakati. Vagari vanodzorwa nembiru mbiri dzinochinjika, imwe neimwe inogona kushanda secherekedzo pane imwe. Mitemo inogona kushanda se " masangano ehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu [," kunzvera nemiitiro yakasiana patarisiro youtano, dzidzo, uye miraudzo yemhoteredzo. Ichi chimiro chakafanira chinodzivisa kudzorwa kwehurumende yorudzi pakudzorwa kwoupenyu hwose uye chinogovera mapfundo akawanda okupinda nokuda kwavagari vemo kuti vabatane nehurumende yavo.

Zvishandiso Zveganhuriro Yehurumende

Miganhu yepamutemo neyesangano inorondedzera miganhu chaiyo yechiito chehurumende uye inogovera mikana yokugadzirisa kana miganhu iyoyo yadarika.

Kutevedzerwa kweBumbiro Romutemo Nokutonga Kwomutemo

Chishandiso chinokosha zvikurusa ndi bumbiro remitemo rakanyorwa. Iro ndiro rinosimbisa kubatira kwo "mutemo wakakwirira" pamapazu ose ehurumende. Tsiginanisisme inheyo yokuti chiremera chehurumende chinorondedzerwa ndokuganhurirwa nouyu mutemo mukuru. Hapana mutemo kana kuti chiito choutungamiriri chinogona kuputsa bumbiro remitemo, kunyange kana rakakurumbira. Iri ndiro divi re romutemo [: pfungwa yokuti munhu ari wose, kubatanidza vakuru vakuru vehurumende, anozviisa pasi pomutemo. Mabumbiro emitemo anowanzobatanidza gadziriro nokuda kwokuzvidzora kwavo vamene, asi kazhinji kazhinji kodzero dzinokosha idzo dzisingagoni kuchinjwa noruzhinji rwemitenzi.

Mabhiriyoni Ekodzero Dzevanhu Nemitemo Yekodzero Dzevanhu

Kuzivisa kwapamutemo kwamaruramiro avanhu kwakagadzirirwa kubudisa nzvimbo yekodzero yomunhu oga iyo hurumende isingagoni kupinda. Idzi maruramiro anobatanidza rusununguko rwavagari vemo rwakakurumbira rwakadai sorusununguko rwokutaura, rudzidziso, uye gungano, pamwe chete nedziviriro dzemipimo yakafanana nekodzero kumuedzo wakarurama nedziviriro. Zvikwereti zvazvino uno zvekodzero, zvakadai se Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms kana kuti [[FLT:] Bill yeSouth African yekodzero dzekodzero dzekodzero dzemunhu nemhete. , zvinobatanidzawo kodzero dzakanaka dzedzidzo, dzimba, uye utano, zvinoisa basa pamugariro wokuita chiito. Kupfurikidza nekodzero idzi pamutemo, zvinoparira kudzorwa kudzorwa kwapamutemo, kupesana nokutongwa nemitemo.

Kuchengetedza Uswa uye Kufambira Mberi Kunofanira Kuitwa

Muitiro unokosha, asi ndowezve. Munhau, dziviriro yerusununguko yave ichitsamira paudzame hwemiitiro yapamutemo. Muitiro unodikanwa kuti hurumende itevere miitiro yakarurama uye yakagadzwa isati yanyima munhu upenyu, rusununguko, kana kuti chinhu. Icho chinobatanidza maruramiro okucherekedza pomero, maruramiro kumiitiro yapamutemo, uye maruramiro okukwirira. Dzimwe dziviriro dzeprocrate zinobatanidza [[FLT:] mitemo yemitemo [[5], iyo inoparira kupera nhambo nenhambo yemitemo yakagadzwa. [FFF]

Kuvimba Nevanhu: Mari Inokosha Yokutonga Kwehurumende Dzechidhimoni

Kuvimba kwevanhu ndiko kunokosha munzanga kunobvumira hurumende uye vagari vemo kuti vadzore mutemo nokuzvidira, kunyange kana vasingabvumirani nezvisarudzo zvakati.

Mativi Maviri Echivimbo: Kushandira Pamwe uye Kuperera

Chivimbo chezvamatongerwe enyika hachisati chiri chinhu chimwe. Chinovakirwa pambiru mbiri dzakasiana: [[FT:1] ne] kuvimbika. Vagari vemo vanovimba nehurumende yavo kuti vape mabasa makuru (akadai sechengeteko, mamiriro ezvinhu, uye utano hwavanhu vose). Izvozvi zvinovimba [[[FLT:] na[FLT:]. Hurumende inokundikana kutungamirira upfumi, kuita chimwe chinhu kunjodzi yomusikirwo, kana kuti inogovera chengeteko yavose icharasikirwa nechivimbo chavanhu vayo, pasinei zvapo nevavariro dzahwo dzakanaka.

Chinokosha zvakaenzana kuvimba .

Kutsigira Munzanga Sehwaro Hwechivimbo

Ruramisiro youzivi youhu ukama inowanwa murondedzero yenzanga. Vafungi vakaita saThomas Hobbes, John Locke, naJean-Jacques Rousseau vakatsvaka kutsanangura chikonzero nei vanhu vanorangarira vaizobvuma kupa rumwe rusununguko rwavo kuchiremera chinodzora. Muchibvumirano chavanhu, vanhu vanobvumirana zvikurukuru kudzivirira kodzero dzavo dzokuzvarwa nadzo dzoupenyu, rusununguko, uye zvinhu. Uku kubvumirana kunotsamira pachinhu. Kana hurumende iputsa rutivi rwayo rwechibvumirano, vanhu vane kodzero yokudzivisa ndokutsiva. Chibvumirano ichi ibvumirano chokuvimba navanhu vose.[FLT] [FFF:3] Vanoda kuteerera mutemo uye vanodavira mutero nemhaka yokuti vanotenda muhurumende.

Kuwedzera Kwechivimbo: Kuyera Muitiro Wenyika Yose

Mumakumi maviri amakore apfuura, kuvimba nehurumende kwakaderera zvikuru munenge muhurumende dzose dzazvino uno. Nzvero dzakadai se Edelman Trust Barometer nefundo ne Nzvero dzePwero yePurcending] nguva dzose dzinoratidza kuti vanhu vashomanene nhasi vanodavira hurumende yavo kuti yakatendeseka, inoshanda, kana kuti inogamuchira zvinodikanwa zvavo. Uku kuderera kunosundwa nezvidimbudzo zvakawanda: kusaenzana kwemari, mari inokamura, mibairo inokamura, inokamura uye kazhinji kazhinji inoparadzanisa mhoteredzo yemapepanhau, uye kundika kunofungidzirwa kwamasangano ezvamatongerwe enyika kupedza zvinetso zvenguva refu kufanana nokuchinja kwemidyandiro. Kuvimbwa uku kunoita kuti pave nokubudirira kune ngozi. Kana kuchengeteka kutyira kwavagari vemo kunenge kunenge kubatira pamwe chete nokutsigira utano hwavose, uye kutsigira nokuzvidzo zvikuru, zvichida kutsigira kuvimbisa kupfurikidza nokutsigira zvinangwa zvematongedzero.

Zvinokosha Munhau Mukudzikamisa Simba

Nhau yakazadzwa nenguva dzakaoma apo nzanga dzakaedza nenzira inobudirira (kana kuti pasina kubudirira) kudzvinyirira chiremera choudzvinyiriri.

Chirwere Chirefu Chinobva kuMagna Carta Chichienda Kuchinjo Ine Mbiri

Chinotangira chakakomba chakanga chiri chisimbiso cha Magna Carta muna 1215. Kunyange zvazvo chikawanzoitwa kuti chive chibvumirano chezvamatongerwe enyika chaichibatira icho chakamanikidzira Mambo John kubvuma kuti simba rake rakanga riri pasi pomutemo. Yakatanga nheyo yokuti mambo aisagona kubvisa mitero pasina kubvumira kwemitero yake uye kuti hapana munhu akasununguka angasungwa nomutemo wezera rake kana kuti nomutemo wenyika. Chinyorwa chapashure ichi chirevo kutsika dzazvino uno. [[FLT:]] Murunguriki wamaruramiro ekodzero [[FLT:]] wa89, anotevera Glovalcia, akatowezve nokurambidza mitemo yehurumende kana kuti kumira kwemauto kwehurumende.

Kuedza kweAmerica: Chiganhuriro Chebumbiro reMitemo Chisingapiwi

United Constitution yeUnited States ya 1787 yakanga iri kuedza kwokutanga kwazvino uno kugadzira hurumende yenyika yakavakirwa chose chose pagadziriro yakanyorwa yamasimba akaganhurirwa uye akaverengwa. Vavambi vakanyumwira zvikuru simba rakarongwa. Vakasika gadziriro yamasangano akaparadzana anogoverana simba, negadziriro yakasanorongwa yechekedzo nedzikamo. Kuchinjanya kwokutanga kwehurumende itsva, kunozivikanwa se BILY yekodzero dzekodzero dzekodzero [ (1791), yakawedzerwa zvakananga kutaura nezvefunganyo dzeAnti-Fedarist avo vakatya hurumende itsva yorudzi yaizotsika pamutemo. Iyi gadziriro yakabvumikisa kuva inobatira semuenzaniso wamarudzi akawanda.

Kutevedzerwa kweBumbiro reMitemo rapashure peHondo Nokuwedzera Kwamaruramiro Avanhu

Zvinotyisa zveHondo Yenyika Yechipiri nehurumende dzoudzvinyiriri dzeNazi Germany neItaly yeFascist zvakatungamirira kukufungazve kukuru kwoukama pakati pehurumende nomunhu. Universal Declaration of Human Rights [ (1948) yakatanga mupimo wenyika yose wechiremera chavanhu. [MuEurope, kuumbwa kwe [FLT:]] Dare reEukran rekodzero dzavanhu [ rakapa vagari vemo vagari vemo vagari vemo vadzorwi chibvumirano chekodzero dzavanhu kuti varambe vane mhaka yokutyorwa kwekodzero dzavo. [FLT] Mutemo wesimba rechiGerman [FLD:] (199]) wakaisa pachena chiremera pakati peredhi yemitemo yemitemo yemitemo yemitemo yehurumende yehurumende yehurumende ne"idzoseromedzo yehurumende yehurumende yehurumende yehurumende yehurumende. [FGromesvosvosments , inodzoratidzorongedzedzedzedzerose , Hurumende.

Zvinetso Zvenguva Ino Kuchinoitika

Kudzikama kwesimba kuri kuramba kuchiedzwa nguva dzose neruzivo rutsva rwekugadzirwa kwezvinhu zvitsva, kuchinja kwematongerwe enyika, uye kuora kwematongerwe enyika.

Nyika Inodhinda: Kuwedzera Kwesimba Remitemo

Chinjo yemichina yakava nemhiko dzisati dzamboitwa nehurumende dzemifungo yokunzvera uye kuunganidzwa kwemashoko. Zvakazarurwa pamusoro pepurogiramu dzokuongorora kukuru dzinoitwa neNational Security Agency (NSA) uye mamwe masangano enjere zvakasimbisa mukaha mukuru pakati pomutemo pamabhuku namano oruzivo rwemichina. Simba rokuongorora kurukurirano, mafambiro, uye kuongorora mashoko omunhu oga rinoparira kusadzikama kukuru pakati pomuganhu nehurumende. Kupfuurirazve, kushandiswa kwe [[FLT: 0]] artrims[ kutungamirira kana kuti kutungamirira hurumende munharaunda dzakadai semutongo woutsotsi, kufambidzana, uye kukwirira pamutemo kunosimudzira itiro huru pamusoro pomuitiro wapamutemo. Kana mari yemitemo inodzivisa kubatsira kana kuti kunzvera mumwe munhu, zvingava sei chisarudzo kana kuti kukanganisa kukanganisa kuchenjera?

Kutsigira Kwedemocratic uye Kutungamirira

Zvichida denho hurusa nhasi kuderera kwapashoma napashoma kwetsika dzedemocracy namasangano kubva mukati. Ichi chinoitika, chinowanzonzi kudzokera shure kwedemocracy , kashoma nakashoma kunobatanidza kumukira kwehondo kwakamwe kamwe. Panzvimbo pezvo, kunoitika zvishoma nezvishoma, sezvo vatungamiriri vakasarudzwa nenzira inoitwa inonetesa kunzvera simba ravo. Vangapa matare navatsigiri vehurumende vakavimbika, dzvinyiriro kuvatsigiri, kuderedza basa rehurumende, kunyora mitemo yehurumende yavagari vemo, kuzviita vazvidaviridzira vamene, uye kuderedza vatsororori vemapoka anoshora. Munyika dzakadai seHungary, Poland, uye Turkey, miganhuro yemitemo inodzoro inodzorwa inoshanda zvakanaka apo zvinenge zvichiramba zviripo munzvimbo ino. Iyi "irceodentiricrority" kana kuti ivedzero yetsika dzinozivikanwa zvikuru mutsika dzehurumende ino.

Kutonga Kwenyika Yose Nechinetso Chouchangamire

Zvizhinji zvedenho dzakakomba zvikurusa dzenguva yedu(danho renyika yose). Zvingaratidzika kuva zvisina kujeka, zvisingaverengeki, mirau yemari, uye utsotsi hwamarudzi ose. Kuhubvisa kunoda batira pamwe kupfurikidza namasangano enyika yose nezvibvumirano. Zvisinei, izvi zvirongwa zvokudzora zvenyika yose zvinowanzoshanda pakubviswa kwegadziriro dzenyika dzechekedzo nedzinodzikamo dzinodzorwa nedzinodzikamisa. Kukangaidzika pakati pezviito zvenyika yose zvinoshanda zvakanaka uye kuchengetedzwa kwouchangamire hwenyika yose nokuchengetedzwa kwehurumende yehurumende yehurumende yehurumende yemogariro yenyika yose kurwisana nehondo yehurumende yemoredhia. Izvi zvinoumba [[FTLT:0]

Kusimbisa Kuganhurirwa Nokuvimbwa

Hurumende inoganhurira simba rayo imene zvakajeka inovaka chivimbo chikuru kupfuura chayo chinotsamira pamunhu.

Kuvaka Kuvimba Kunoita Miganhu

Iyi ndiyo mhesano huru yehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu yakasununguka: kusunga maoko ako umene kunokuita kuti ubudirire zvikuru. Kupfurikidza nokuita kunamato yebumbiro remitemo, mutemo, uye kuremekedza maruramiro, hurumende inotumira chiratidzo chine simba chokuti inogona kuvimbwa nesimba. Ikoku kunoparira mhoteredzo yakatsiga neinodeya kuvimbwa nayo nokuda kwavagari vemo namabhizimisi zvakafanana. Vanoziva kuti mitemo haisati ichizochinjirwa. Vanoziva kuti vane maruramiro kana vakatapurwa. Uku kufanova nheyo yokukura kwezvemari, tsigadziko yenzanga, uye rudzi rwakadzama, chivimbo chakasimba icho chinobvumira hurumende kukumbira nokuda kwezvibairo mukati me njodzi. Sezvinoreva musayendisiti wezvamatongerwe enyika Francis Fukuyama, mugariro unofanira kuva nesimba zvakakwana kuti uteere mitemo yawo, asi unofanirawo kudzorwa nomutemo womutemo womutemo uye kuzvidavirira kuvanhu.

Kutsigira Kunoita Kuvimbana

Nenzira inopesana, kuvimba kukuru kwavanhu kunopa mhepo yokufema yezvamatongerwe enyika inodikanwa kuti irambe iripo. Apo vagari vemo vanovimba nehurumende yavo, vanodisa zvikuru kugamuchira "mufungo wechipiri" wedare risingasarudzirwi rinoputsa mutemo wakakurumbira. Vanoda zvikuru kugamuchira kunonozetswa kwemiitiro yehurumende kunodikanwa negadziriro yakafanira. Vangada zvikuru kugutsikana nokuchinja kwetsinhirano panzvimbo pokuraira munhu ane simba kuti agadzirise zvinhu kupfurikidza nokupfuudza mikoto yenguva dzose. Kana ruvimbo rwekudzo rwechiito ruchiderera. Vanhu vangada kutengesa kusununguka, kana kuti kutsigira chipikirwa chokutengesa ne "grick" uye "tepi yechekero". Chitsakiso chebumbiro chemitemo chinodzongodzosongana.

Mugumisiro: Mutoro Unotsungirira

Dzikamo yesimba haisati iri chiitwa chechigarire kana kuti muchina unogona kugadzirwa nokukanganwika. Idzikamo huru inoda kungwarira kwenguva dzose, kugadziridzwa, uye kuvandudzwa. Zvivako zvakaiswa munzvimbo nezvizvarwa zvakapfuura. "Magariro, matare, uye kodzero) zvinopa gadziriro inokosha, asi zvakasimba bedzi setsika yechivimbo uye mutoro wehurumende unovatsigira. Kuderera kwechivimbo chavose ndiko tyisidziro hurusa kuiyi migariro. Kuvakazve kunoda hurumende kuratidzira zvose zviri zviviri kukwanete neperero, uye kunoda vagari vemo kubatanidzwa nokushingaira muupenyu hwavo. Kudzivirirwa kwehurumende yakaganhurirwa uye kudzorerwa kwechivimbo chavose hakuparadzaniswi; iwo mabasa anoparadza uye mamwe. Ibasa rinotsungirira kusimba rose kusimbisa simba, kwete mushandiri wenzanga.