Kudzikama pakati pechengeteko nekodzero dzebumbiro remitemo inhau inokosha munzanga yepanguva ino. Sezvo nyika dzichitarisana netyisidziro dzinowedzera dzinobva kuugandanga, kurwiswa kwemakombiyuta, zvirwere, uye kusagadzikana kwemagariro enyika, kusagadzikana kwekuvimbisa kuchengeteka kwevanhu uye kudzivirira rusununguko kunowedzera. Nyaya ino inoongorora mashoko enhau, mamiriro ezvinhu anokosha epamutemo, nharo dzinopfuurira, uye zviitiko zvenhau zvinoumba musoro uyu unokosha. Kunzwisisa kuti democracy iwirirane sei iyi inova inova inokosha nokuda kwougarikidzani hunozivikanwa uye udzo hunosimba.

Nhoroondo

Munhau yose, nzanga dzakarwisana nokudikanwa kwechengeteko mukutarisana nevhozhokero dzokunze, kupandukira kwomukati, uye dzimwe tyisidziro dzinovapo. Nheyo dzapakuvamba dzekodzero dzebumbiro remitemo dzakaiswa zvakananga mukupindura kushatiswa kwesimba navatongi avo vakaisa nhevedzano parusununguko. iyi mienzaniso yakavamba nheyo dzinogara dzinopfuurira kupesvedzera utongi hwazvino uno.

  • Magna Carta (1215) — yakamanikidzirwa pana Mambo John weEngland, yakasimbisa nheyo dzemuitiro wakafanira, dzakadai sekodzero yokutongwa kwakarurama nedziviriro pakuiswa mutorongo kwokuzvidira. Claus 39 anotaura nenzira yakakurumbira kuti hapana munhu akasununguka achabatwa kana kuti kuiswa mutorongo “kunze kworutongeso rwapamutemo rwavaenzani vake kana kuti nomutemo wenyika.”
  • Kukumbira Kurudyi (1628) — Yakaraira kuti mambo aisagona kuisa mutemo wehondo, varwi vana mumisha yavanhu, kana kuti mitero yelevy pasina kubvumirana neparamende. Yakasimbisa mutemo mukurwisana nechiremera choumambo.
  • Bhii reEngland rekodzero [1689)[[FL:1] — Dziviriro dzakabatanidzwa pakuranga kwoutsinye uye kwechienzi, bherodhi yakanyanyisa, uye mauto akamira munguva yorugare pasina kutendera. Yakasimbisawo maruramiro okukumbira mambo.
  • Bumbiro reMitemo reU.S. (1787) uye Bill of Rights (1791) — Bumbiro reMitemo rakaumba gadziriro yehurumende yakaganhurirwa, nepo bvumirano gumi dzokutanga dzakanatsidzirwa zvakananga: maruramiro makuru okutaura, rudzidziso, pepanhau, gungano, dziviriro mukurwisana nokunzvera kusina mufungo nehosha (Fourth Amendmentment), maruramiro okutakura zvombo (Sanit), uye muitiro wakafanira (Fort).
  • Zimbabwe Dzekodzero Dzevanhu Dzenyika Yose — Universal Declaration of Human Rights (1948) nesungano dzakatevera dzakatanga bvumirano yamarudzi ose pakodzero dzevagari vemo, dzezvamatongerwe enyika, dzemari, uye dzetsika idzo pasina hurumende ingaputsa kunyange nokuda kwezvikonzero zvochengeteko.

Izvi zvinhu zvinokosha zvinoenzanisira muitiro unoramba uchiitika: njodzi huru dzokuchengetedza kazhinji kazhinji dzinowedzera simba rehurumende, asi kuchinja kwemitemo kwakatevera kunowanzoita kuti masimba iwayo achengetedze rusununguko.

Mabhuku Anokosha Ezvepamutemo

Kunzwisisa zvinhu izvi kunokosha pakuongorora kushanda kwazvo uye kushanda kwazvinoita.

Tsamba Nemagungano Enyika Dzakawanda

Zvibvumirano zvenyika dzakawanda zvinobatsira chaizvo pakuumba mitemo yenyika yechengeteko asi zvichitsigira kodzero dzevanhu.

  • Universal Declaration of Human Rights (1948) — Chikamu 12 chinodzivirira padzongonyedzo dzinodzorwa nenzira youne nechivande, mhuri, musha, kana kuti nyorerana. Chikamu 29 chinobvuma kuti kodzero dzingaganhurirwa nemitemo inodikanwa bedzi kuchengetedza kuziva kodzero dzavamwe nezvinodikanwa zvetsika, nhevedzano yavose, uye garikanowo zvayo.
  • Sungano yaMarudzi paChivil uye Hurumende (1966) — Chikamu 4 chinobvumira kutaura kuti kubviswe mumisengwa yakati mukati me “njodzi yavose iyo inotyisidzira upenyu hworudzi,” inogovera matanho anodikanirwa chose chose nemipimo yezvibvumirano uye kwete inopesana nemimwe misengwa yomutemo wamarudzi ose. Iyi rugwaro rwakakumbirwa mukati menjodzi dzougandanga nemhirizhonga.
  • European Convention on Human Rights (1950) — Chikamu 15 nenzira yakafanana chinobvumira kubviswa kwemagweta asi chinoda nyika kuzivisa Dare reEurope. Dare reEurope rekodzero dzevanhu rakatanga kudzikamiswa kukuru kwemitemo pamatanho okuchengetedza.

Mitemo Yorudzi

Bumbiro remitemo renyika imwe neimwe rinoronga dzikamo pakati pemipimo yechengeteko nedziviriro yerusununguko rwevagari vemo.

  • United States — Findment yechina inodzivirira kunzvera kusina mufungo nepfari; Find mendment inovimbisa muitiro wakafanira; First Amendment inodzivirira kutaura negungano. Dare rapamusoro kazhinji kazhinji rinoyera fariro dzinogombedzera dzehurumende pakodzero dzomunhu oga, richishandisa kunzvera kwakakomba nokuda kwekodzero dzinokosha.
  • Eupan Union[[FLT: 1] — Charter of Fundamental Rights enshrines (Article 7), dziviriro yemashoko (Article 8), uye rusununguko rwokutaura (Mashita). Dare reRuramisiro reEuropean Union rakaputsa miraudzo yemitengo nokuda kwokukundikana kuremekedza wirirano.
  • Indiya — Chikamu 21 chinovimbisa maruramiro kuupenyu norusununguko rwomunhu oga, icho Dare Rapamusorosoro rakadudzira zvikuru kubatanidza kuva woga sekodzero huru (Justice K.S. Putlawamy v. Union of India, 2017). Mitemo yechengeteko yehurumende inofanira kupfuura muedzo wenhatu: kuva pamutemo, vavariro yapamutemo, uye nhevedzano.
  • Canada — Chikamu 1 cheCanadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms chinobvumira “miganhu ine mufungo yakadaro inogoverwa nomutemo sezvingaruramiswa nenzira inoruramiswa munzanga yakasununguka neyamadhimoni.” Kuedza kweOakes kunoda kuti ganhuriro dzive dzinoganhurirwa uye dzinokuvadza zvishoma.

Nharo Dzazvino

Mumakore achangopfuura, kupokana pamusoro pekodzero dzekuchengeteka uye kodzero dzebumbiro remitemo kwakawedzera, kunyanya nemhaka yougandanga, kutyisidzirwa nevepaIndaneti, uye matambudziko eutano.

  • Kuwana mari yakawanda uye kodzero dzokuva woga
  • Kurwisa magandanga uye rusununguko rwevanhu
  • Utano hwevanhu hunorayira uye hunopa munhu rusununguko
  • Magetsi anoshandiswa pakombiyuta anoratidza mashoko uye kuchengeteka kwemashoko

Kuziva Nekodzero Dzemunhu Oga

Kukura kwemichina yemakombiyuta kwakatungamirira kumano okunzvera asina kumboitika. Hurumende zvino dzinogona kuunganidza zvitsama zvikuru zvemitemo, kuzivikanwa kwechiso, kushandisa maatomu anodeya kutaura echisaririra chezvinobudisa nhau. Ikoku kunomutsa mibvunzo inokosha pamusoro poukuru uhwo hurumende dzinogona kutarira vagari vemo muzita rechengeteko pasina kudzongonyedza pakodzero dzavo dzomunhu oga.

Gadziriro dzokunzverwa kukuru-kuru dzezvipo zvakaziviswa naEdward Snowden muna 2013. Kudanidzira kwakatevera kwavanhu kwakaparira chinjo, kubatanidza USA Freebust Act (2015) iyo yakagumisa muunganidzwa mukuru pasi pePORTIOT Act uye kujeka kwakawedzerwa. Zvisinei, masangano akangwara anopfuurira kutungamirira gadziriro huru dzokunzvera pasi pezviremera zvikuru zvakadai seGavhura org 12333 neChikamu 702 zveFiSA Amendments Act, izvo zvinobvumira vanhu vari kunze kwenyika kudzorwa nezvisiri pamutemo kunyange apo vanokurukura navaAmerica. Vatsoropotedzi vanopesana neiyi gadziriro dzinopesana neDramendedzero yeChina uye kushaiwa kutarisirwa kwakakwana.

Matare aita magariro akasiana. Dare reEurope reChiratidzo Schrems II chisarudzo chakabvisa dare rePsybility Shield resciation (2020) rakabvisa kuvadziko rePrimendi yePrimes nemhaka yefunganyo pamusoro peU.S.[FLT:][8] Dare rePromension reU.[U.S.S. .S. Dare rapamusoro reU.S.] mu [FLT:] right [F] right] berformation , inobvuma kuti mas mendicelm nesero yenhau yewerefax]

Mamwe majee anobatanidza kushandiswa kwekuzivikanwa kwechiso nemitemo. Maguta anoverengeka (San Francisco, Boston, Portland) akarambidza kushandiswa kwawo, achidudza fungidziro yedzinza nokushaikwa kwemitemo. Gakava rinoparira betsero dzekotsekano yavose.) zvakadai sokuzivisa njodzi dzokunyumwirwa kwezviso nengozi dzinotyisa pagungano ravose.

Mitanho Yokurwisa Ugandanga

Vatsigiri vanopikisa mitemo yougandanga yehurumende vanowanzowedzera simba rehurumende, vachiitira hanya kubatwa zvisina kufanira kungangoitwa.

Pasi peAustralia, Canada, uye muEurope. Iyi mitongo yakawedzerwa, kusungwa pasina kutongwa (g., mirayiro inodzora, kudzivirira kuiswa mutorongo) uye kuronga mumapoka amagandanga. Vatsoropodzi vanopikisa matanho akadaro anodenha vaMuslim, vanoputsa muitiro wakafanira, uye vanogona kushandiswa mukurwisana nevezvematongerwe enyika.

Chibvumirano cheUK’S Investigation Powers Act 2016 2016, chakarova “Chati yeSnooper" [1] Makambani eInternet kuti achengete zvinyorwa zvokutsvaka kwemwedzi 12 uye anopa masimba akafara emutemo kuti azvisvike. UN Special Rapporteur pakodzero yokuva woga yakaratidza kunetseka kwakakomba pamusoro pokuwirirana kwawo nomutemo wekodzero dzevanhu wamarudzi ose.

Chinomanikidzira chapamutemo inheyo yetsika yetsika: matanho echengeteko anofanira kuva mutoo unoganhurira zvishoma kuti usvike donzo rapamutemo. Madare muGermany, Canada, uye Dare reEurope rekodzero dzavanhu rakaputsa kana kuti kupfupikisa gadziriro dzakakundikana muedzo uyu. Somuenzaniso, Dare reEurope rekodzero dzevanhu mu Szabó naVisy v. Hungary (20) rakadavira kuti kunzvera kwakavanzika kunofanira kuvakirwa pa “kunyumwiro ine mufungo” uye kuzviisa pasi poutariri hwakazvimirira.

Utano Hwavose uye Rusununguko Rwomunhu Mumwe Nomumwe

Pazvinonetsa kurapwa nevanhu, zvakadai sezvirwere zvinouraya, hurumende dzingaisa mitemo inokanganisa rusununguko rwemunhu oga, zvinorayirwa nezvinovhara mabhakitiriya, zvinodiwa nenhomba, kuvhara, uye kuongorora mashandiro anoitwa vanhu.

ZVINHU zvakawanda zvinovimba nemitemo yezveutano yavose nemasimba enjodzi. Matare mumativi anoverengeka akatsigira zvirango zvakafanana nezvinenge zvaiswa pasi pe “simba rehurumende” zvinozivikanwa mutsika nenhau, asi zvakaparadza ganhuriro dzakanyanyisa kana kuti dzakadzika mifungo. Somuenzaniso, Dare Gurusa reU.S. mu Katurike Diocese yeBrooklyn. Cuomo v[FLT1] [20]

Vaccine imirairo yavashandi vezvoutano, vashandi vehurumende, kana kuti vanhu vose yakamutsa hondo dzapamutemo dzakakomba. Nepo Dare Rapamusorosoro rakatsigira nhomba dzebasa dzinoraira mu Biden v. Missouri [2022] nokuda kwenzvimbo dzezvoutano, yakarovanya mupimo wekurumidziro weOSHA wavashandirwi vakuru mu [FLT] National Federation of Independent Business v. OSTA [202]) pazvikonzero zvokuti sangano racho rinopfuura chiremera charo. Kunyandukanduka kwapamhika pakati poutano hwavanhu vose neHAMBA zvinoramba zvisingagadziriswi.

Michina inoongorora mashoko yakamutsa zvinetso zvemunhu oga, nyanzvi dzichinyevera kuti kuchengetedzwa kwemashoko ane hosha kungagona kugadzirirwa kuongororwazve. Nyika dzakadai seSingapore neSouth Korea dzakashandisa kuongorora kwemichina kwakapararira, nepo marudzi eEurope aiwanzoshandisa mapurogiramu okuzvidira akakodzera, ane zvitsama zvemashoko okunyura kwezuva. Chidzidzo ndechokuti matanho outano hwevanhu anofanira kuva anooneka, akaenzana, uye nguva inoganhurirwa kuti achengete chivimbo chavose.

Kuzivikanwa Kwemadhigirii uye Kuchengetedzwa Kwemashoko

Sezvo nyika dzinovaka gadziriro dzemitemo yezvizivikanwo nokuda kwe Dare reProtofaunt I [[FLT:] chikaro chamanyuko, uye chengeteko yenyika, kusawirirana pakati pebetsero, chengeteko, uye kuva woga zvinorodza. Gadziriro yeIndia, gadziriro hurusa yemibato yemashandiro emari, yakadenhwa muDare Rapamusorosoro. Dare mu Postwamy I [ [2017]) yakatsigira chirongwa chacho asi yakaganhurira chose chose chose chose, ichitonga kuti makambani ehurumende ehurumende haadhaar nokuda kwemabasa.

Kuitira hanya ibasa rinoitika: rinotanga segadziriro yokuzvidira yokuzivisa nokuda kwebetsero dzegarikano rinogona kuva rinomanikidzirwa nokuda kwoupenyu hwezuva nezuva, kuchiita kuti vagari vemo vave vakatapurwa nokunzverwa kukuru, kuputswa kwemashoko, uye kubiwa kwezivikanwo. Chirongwa chapamutemo chakasimba (netarisiro yokuzvimirira, mashoko anorerutswa, kunyorwa kwemashoko, uye sarudza gadziriro dzinodiwa nejekero).

Kuongorora Vara

Kuongorora nyaya dzakaitika kunotibatsira kunzwisisa kuti kuchengeteka nekodzero zvakashandiswa sei.

Chiito cheUSA PTRIOTT

Pachinopfuudzwa pashure pekudenha kwaSeptember 11, USA PARITIOT Act yakakudza mano ehurumende okuongorora. Gadziriro huru dzakabatanidza kuwedzerwa kwemichina inofambisa magetsi, kunonoka kunzvera mashoko (sneak̆andāpeak), kusvika kuzvinyorwa zvebhizimisi kubatanidza raibhurari nezvinyorwa zvezvokurapa zvezvokurapa, uye kukudza tsamba dzechengeteko dzenyika nemirairo yegasi. Nepo vatsigiri vakaidza kuti yakakudziridza chengeteko yenyika kupfurikidza nokubvisa “masvingo ouchenjeri nemitemo, vatsoropo vakaidza kuti yaiboora kodzero dzokutanga nedzeyamupidhisisa pamutemo, kazhinji kacho pasina kutungamirira kune rechina.

Zvinetso zvinozivikanwa zvemitemo: Mu Doe v. Ashcroft [2004], dare rehurumende rakarova NSL gag zviratidzo sezvisingawiriraniswi; USA INFUX Act ya2015 yakachinjwa Chikamu 215 kupfurikidza nokuda kuti hurumende iratidzire “zvikonzero zvine mufungo” izvo zvinorekodha kumumiriri wesimba rokumwe kana kuti boka remagandanga. Zvisinei, purogiramu yemiunganidzwa yakapakwa yakanga yatotofumurwa kuti iende mberi. Musiano unoenderera mberi unopfuurira nokunyorwazve kwezviremera zveFISA.

Purogiramu Yezvirongwa zveNSA

Purogiramu yeNational Security Agency, yakaziviswa muna 2013 nomupfuri weriva Edward Snowden, yakaratidza kuti hurumende yeUnited States yaiunganidza mitauro yemitauro parunhare dzose (marekodhi efoni, nguva, nhamba) ichidudzirwa pachivande muchikamu 215. Yaibatanidzawo PRISM, iyo yakamanikidza makambani makuru eInternet kupa mashoko evashandi vevanhu vasiri vaGUS. Purogiramu yacho yakatarisana nokuchema kukuru uye zvinetso zvepamutemo, ichisimbisa kurwisa kudzikamisa kuchengeteka nezvinodiwa nemitemo.

Zvisarudzo zviviri zvikuru zvedare: Mu ACLU v. Clapper (2015), Nhambo Yechipiri yaidavira kuti purogiramu yemetadata haina kubvumirwa neChikamu 215. Nokukurumidza pashure, Congress yapfuvura USA INCONDURAtion Act. Nemhaka yakapesana, Kosheromendi yeLibertes Overst Board yakagumisa kuti purogiramu yakanga isina hwaro hwapamutemo uye yakanga isingashandi. Dare reEurope reRumbiso reSahlulero reI Schrem I chisarudzo chapa USAUSAUSA , chakava nera risingatyiki nemhaka yokunzvera kukuru kweUS.

Chidzidzo chacho: Kana mutemo ukatanga, kuongorora kunogona kukanganisa kuchengeteka uye rusununguko.

United Kingdom: Kudzora Urongwa Hwokudzivirira Ugandanga

Pashure pokunge Human Rights Act 1998 yabatanidza ECHR mumutemo wemhuri, matanho eUK anorwisana nougandanga akashorwa adzorwazve. Mirayiro yokudzorwa kwedzorororo.(5) inorambidza kufamba, uye ganhuriro pasangano() yakaiswa paugandanga inofungidzirwa kuti haizoitwi. Imba yaMadokeri mu . Hurumende yakatsiva zvirango zveHurumende nokuda kweBato reHome. AF[F [2009] yakatonga kuti mashoko anofungidzirwa anofanira kupiwa kuti apikire mhaka yacho, zvimwe kudzora kudzora chikamu 5 neChikamu 6 cheECHrorigists. Hurumende yakatsiva kudzora nokudzivirira kweGURGUSTIS(PM) muna 2011, izvo zvichiri kutsoropodza kusinganyanyi kunzi kunzi kunzikashatsa.

Iyi nzvero inoratidza muitiro wokuderedza: matare anomanikidza hurumende kugadziridza matanho kuti dzisvitse mipimo yekodzero dzavanhu, asi kusawirirana kukuru kunoramba kuripo.

Matambudziko Ari Kuzouya

Kuchengetedza kodzero dzebumbiro remitemo kuchatonyanya kuoma kunzwisisa mumakore ari kuuya.

  • KUNZWISISA ZVINOTAURWA [ — Purofesa inodeya kuonekwa, kuongorora pfungwa, uye kuzivikanwa kwechiso kunomutsa funganyo pamusoro perusaruro, mhosho, uye kusaona. Dare reEuropean Union rinokarakadza AI Act rinoisa mamwe mashandiro se “ngozi huru” inoda kunzvera kwakaenzana, asi mutemo unoramba usina chokwadi.
  • Kupfinda mashoko apamberi peimba — kuchengetwa kwomutemo kunoda kunyorwa kwamashoko kwakaneta kuti kusvike kurukurirano nokuda kwechengeteko yenyika inorwisana nokudikanwa kwechengeteko yemichina. Nyanzvi dzinonyevera kuti kuderera kwouzivi hwe “zvakanaka” kunoparira zvisakiso izvo vatambi vanochetura vachashandisa.
  • Neuro_rights — mativi ouropi anovharika uye kuvhara uropi zvingagona kushandiswa kuzivisa nhema, kuongorora, kana kuti kudzorwa kwemanzwire. Chile yakava nyika yokutanga kugadziridza bumbiro remitemo kudzivirira mashoko ouropi muna 2021, asi marudzi mazhinjisa haana gadziriro yapamutemo.
  • Kunzvera kukuru munzvimbo dzavose — Maguta akafanana neLondon neShanghai anotoshandisa zviuru zvemakamera zvinozivikanwa chaizvoizvo neso. Zvinetso zvapamutemo zviri kumira, uye matare achada kusarudza kana ikoku kuchiumba “nzvero” inoda mabhii.

Nheyo yokuwirirana, kutonga kwomutemo, uye utarisiri hwokuzvimirira zvinofanira kutungamirira zvisarudzo zvemiitiro.

mhedziso

Kudzikama pakati pechengeteko nekodzero dzebumbiro remitemo kunoramba kuri nhau inoshamisa uye inokakavadzana. Nhau inodzidzisa kuti kuwedzera kwechinguvana kwesimba rehurumende mukati menjodzi kunowanzova kwechigarire, nepo rusununguko rwevagari vemo rwakaoma zvikuru kudzorera pashure pehurumende dzinoda kukurumidzira. Sezvo tyisidziro dzinochinja(kubva kuugandanga kuenda kunjodzi dzeIndaneti kukuva hondo dzeIndaneti) naizvozvo kunzwisisa kweduwo nzira yokudzivirira nayo vose vari vaviri kuchengeteka nerusununguko rwavo. Kukurukurirana, kuongorora, uye kungwararira kwemitemo kunokosha mukugadziridza nyika iyi yakaoma. Madhicracracques anofanira kuwana nzira dzokuchinja pasina kuisa chitsauko chawo chorusununguko chaaicho. Rudziko runoramba ruchino ruchinjira rwokuchengeteka charwo runojeka, runova runeteverwa rune chokuita nerwo.