Mavambo Emitemo Yezvamatongerwe Enyika

Kutendeseka ikokukosha kwehurumende ipi neipi yakatsiga. Ikodzero yetsika neyakanaka yehurumende kutonga, uye inotsamira pakugamuchirwa nokubvumira kwevanotongwa. Pasina kuva pamutemo., kunyange nyika ine simba zvikurusa inogona kuvhunduka nemhaka yokuoma kwekudzivisa, kusakendenga, kana kuti kumukira. Vazivi vezvamatongerwe enyika kubva kuna Plato kusvika kuRawls vakarwisana neiyi pfungwa, asi mubvunzo mukuru unoramba uripo: chii chinochinja simba rinongova kuva chiremera chakarurama? Nyaya ino inoongorora dzidziso huru dzekuva noumhizha (kubva mutsika dzenzanga dzetsika dzamatomutomuitiro azvino uno dzehurumende yazvino uno) uye kuongorora kuti vawirirane sei nokushanda kwadzokorodzamatongerwe mune zvematongerw enyika akasiyana - siyana.

Kurondedzera Kururama kweHurumende

Pahuvanduru hwayo hwakapfava, hunoreva kuti hurumende inozivikanwa seine maruramiro okutonga. Uku kuziva kunofanira kubva munhungamiro mbiri: vagari vomunyika mukati memiganhu yayo nenzanga yamarudzi ose. Mugariro wenzanga weGermany Max Weber[ akagovera chimwe chezvimiro zvikurusa zvinogara. Akarondedzera nenzira yapamutemo sechitendero mukuva anoshanda kwetsika yechiremera, uye akazivisa marudzi matatu akachena echiremera chapamutemo:

  • chiremera chenhau - chakavakirwa patsika dzakatangwa nesimba rinogarwa nhaka (umh., mamonarch).
  • Chiremera chechamajambwa [ - zvakavakirwa pamavara omunhu oga akatanhamara womutungamiriri (umh., nhamba dzechinjo).
  • Chiremera chokuisa chaMarial - chakavakirwa patsika yemitemo nemiitiro isiri yomunhu (umh., mabhureaucracy) azvino uno.

Marudzi aya haasati ari akasiana. Hurumende zhinjisa dzenguva ino dzinobatanidza zvinhu zvose zviri zvitatu, asi chimiro chapamutemo chokutora chinodzorwa muhurumende dzinosarudzwa navanhu dzazvino uno. Denho ndeyokuti rondedzero yaWeber inonangidzira ngwariro pachitendero(nzi vanhu vanodavira kuti hurumende ndeyapamutemo, ipapo imhaka, pasinei zvapo nehwaro hwayo chaihwoihwo hwetsika. Ikoku kunotungamirira kumubvunzo wakadzika zvikurusa wetsika: kuva pamutemo inongovawo zvayo nhau yenzwisiso, kana kuti inofanira kutsamira panheyo dzetsika dzinopfuudzira?

Zvitendero Zvenzanga: Kubvuma Kuitwa seCornerstone

Tsika yenzanga inopa mhinduro ine simba kumubvunzo iwoyo. Vanofunga vakadai se Thomas Hobbes, John Locke, uye [[FLT]] [[FLT]] , uye [[FLT] Jean-Jacoques [[[FLT] Rouss Rousseau] [[[FLT]] akabvumirana kuti hurumende yapamutemo inomuka kubva ku [[[FLT:]] kutendera [[FLT]] kwaidzorwa. Mumugariro wechisiko, vanhu vakasununguka uye vakatarisana nekusachengeteka. Vanobvumirana nokuzvidira rusununguko kurusununguko kana kuti mitemo yavo inochinjirwa nokuda kwekuchengeteka. Ichi chibvumirano chii chinoitwa. [8]

Mahobhe neRevhiatani

Hobbes akarangarira mugariro wechisiko se “hondo yavose mukurwisana navose.” Kupukunyuka upenyu uhwo huri “husingadzorwi, hurombo, husingafadzi, husinganzwisisiki, uye hupfupi,” vanhu vanofanira kubvuma kumunhu mumwe, uchangamire hwakakwana. Nokuda kwaHobbe, pamutemo unobva muchipikirwa chechengeteko; kana bedzi mutongi achidzivirira vanhu, kuteerera kunofanirwa. Uyu muenzaniso unosimbisa [ idio [ simba: hurumende ine maruramiro kana ichigona kuita kuti rugare ruve, pasinei zvapo nezvikwanikiso zvakwo zvoudoruzhinji.

Kuvhara uye Kutenderana

Locked Hobbes’s absolutism. Akataura kuti kubvumirana hakusati kuri kuchinjirwa kworukudzo rwenguva imwe asi chibvumirano chinopfuurira, chine miganhu. Hurumende inofanira kudzivirira maruramiro omuzvarirwo(wwh. university, uye zvinhu. Kana mutongi akaputsa idzi maruramiro, vanhu vane maruramiro okupandukira. Rock’s collet inova nedemocracy yazvino uno, umo pamutemo unotsamira pa [[[FLT:] mutemo uye

Rousseau naMutungamiriri Wehurumende Will

Rousseau akabvisa pfungwa pakodzero dzevanhu kuenda pakuzvifunga kweboka. Akataura kuti hurumende yepamutemo inofanira kutaura “chido chenguva dzose” .____Vhiziko rinozivikanwa navose renzanga yose. Vagari vanobvumirana nokutora rutivi zvakananga mukuita mutemo. Nokuda kwaRousseau, hurumende inomirira kuderera kwemvumo; kuva nekodzero yechokwadi kunoda hurumende inosarudzwa navanhu yakananga umo mitemo inoratidzira fariro dzavose.

Ava vazivi vatatu vanoenzanisira kuti kubvumira hausi murangariro wekubvuma usiri woga. Kwakabva pakugamuchirwa kusingagamuchirwi kwenhevedzano iripo kusvikira kukuva anoshingaira, anopfuurira kutora rutivi mukuita zvisarudzo zvamatongerwe enyika. Hurumende inokundikana kudzivirira chimiro chakati chemvumo yebvumirano (/*kupfurikidza nesarudzo, pendenda, kana kuti miitiro inobvisa maruramiro) ichiva isiri yapamutemo.

Musiyano Pakati Pokuva Womutemo Nokuva Mutezo Wemitemo

Njodzi inozivikanwa navose iwiriraniswa kuva pamutemo. Hurumende inogona kuva yapamutemo chose chose.(*) Mitemo inopfuudzwa kupfurikidza nemiitiro yakafanira(apo) uye isati iri yapamutemo. Kusarura South Africa, somuenzaniso, yaiva negadziriro yapamutemo yakaputsa voruzhinji. Kuganhurira kunowedzera urefu hwetsika: mitemo inofanira kuva yakarurama, kana kuti inogamuchirika, kune avo vanozviisa pasi payo. . Dare repamutemo rinova rinotapurwa zvikuru nomukahanya uyu; kana vagari vemo vakanzwisisa kuti mutemo umene unodzorwa mukurwisana nayo, vangabvisa zvitendero zvavo mutsika, kunyange vachipfuurira kuteerera mitemo yakananga murutyo.

Uku kusawirirana kunokosha kunharo dzapanguva ino. Apo matare anorangarirwa sevatsigiri kana kuti sarudzo anoiswa mudhuri, kuva pamutemo kunova dare. Kuraira pamutemo kunoda [[FLT: 0] kururamisira uye ruramisiro yenhau [. Muzivi Jürgen Habermas akaidzwa, mutemo wapamutemo unovakirwa mumuitiro werangariro yavose iyo vagari vose vanogona kugamuchira nenzira ine mufungo.

Kugamuchira Kusingabvumirwi: Kukura Kwetsika Nemasangano

Nepo kubvumira kuchireva chibvumirano chinoshingaira kana kuti chisingashandi, kugamuchira kwechiremera kwakafara. Kunobatanidza zvinhu zvetsika, zvakaitika kare, uye zvendangariro zvinoita kuti vagari varangarire hurumende yavo vaone seyakarurama. Hurumende inounza kutsiga, kuwedzera kwemari, uye mabasa makuru ingagamuchirwa kunyange kana zvibvumikiso zvayo zvedemocracy zvakaneta.

Kugamuchira Tsika

Nzanga iri yose ine tsika pamusoro peanofanira kutonga uye sei. Mutsika dzegamuchidzanwa, kuva pamutemo kunotangira munhevedzano yenhaka. Muhurumende dzakawanda dzapashure pehurumende, kuva pamutemo kunowanzobatanidzwa nesangano rorusununguko rakaunza kuzvimirira. Nhevedzo dzetsika dzehwaro (hwhevedzo dzekuva namadzibaba anotanga, rwisano dzorudzi, uye vatungamiriri vane simba) dzinopa chiremera chinorangarirwa navagari vemo. Apo nhauro idzodzo dzinoputswa kana kuti dzinodenhwa nenhau dzinokwikwidzana, kuva dzapamutemo dzinogona kuputsanya.

Kuvimba Nevanhu

Kugamuchira kunotsamirawo pakuvimba namasangano makuru: vatongi, mapurisa, vasarudzi, basa rehurumende. Apo vagari vemo vanodavira kuti aya matunhu haasaruri uye anokwanisa, vane bviro huru yokugamuchira zvisarudzo zvehurumende zvavanosabvumirana. Mwero mikuru yechivimbo chesangano inoparira mavambo opamutemo ayo anobvumira hurumende kukurira njodzi. Chivimbo chiri pasi, kuno rumwe rutivi, chinoparira kutsoropodza nokudzivisa. Somuenzaniso, kuvimba muDare gurusa reU.S. kwakaderera zvikuru kwakaderera mumakore achangobva kupfuura aya, kumutsa mibvunzo pamusoro pesimba resangano rokuita zvakarurama pazvisarudzo zvenharo.

Kupiwa Mutemo Nebasa

Muhurumende dzakawanda dzezvibatiso zvechiOperactoms kana kuti dzemibatanidzwa, kuva pamutemo hakubvi pakubvuma kana kuti kutora rutivi asi mukuita. Chikwata chechiKomonisiti cheChina, somuenzaniso, chinotsamira zvikuru pa kushanda kwapamutemo [[] kutaura kuti kukura nokukurumidza kwezvemari neteramo yenzanga zvinoruramisa mutemo mumwe. Uyu muenzaniso unova usina dziviriro: kana chiito chikasaderera (se mukati mokuderera kwemari kana kuti denda), kugamuchirwa kunogona kupera nokukurumidza. Kutenderwawo kwakatsiga pane kubvumirana nokutenderwa nemhaka yokuti unoshaiwa mutoo wokuzvidavirira.

Matambudziko Kumutemo Wehurumende Muzana Remakore Rechi21

Masimba ezvematongerwe enyika eAteveratery akatanga vaongorori vatsva vanoedza kubvumira nokugamuchirwa kwevagari vemo.

Uori uye Kubatwa NaErite

Apo vezvamatongerwe enyika navezvokutengeserana vanoshandisa nzvimbo yavose nokuda kwemhindu yomunhu oga, chibvumirano chenzanga chinoputswa. Vagari vanorangarira kuti kubvumirana kwavo kwakashatiswa. Uori hwakapararira hunoparadza zvose zviri zviviri chiremera chapamutemo nechetsika chehurumende. Kunyange munyika dzinonzi hurumende yedemokrase, mifungo youori inoderedza muvhoti uye chivimbo muvhoti. Muuyo iperevedzo yekodzero inogona kunyandura masangano epulcist anovimbisa ku “dya madhaka.”

Kubudisa Mashoko Nokuramba Misangano Yerusununguko

Vatungamiriri vePopulist vanowanzodenha kuva pamutemo kwamasangano akagadzwa − courts, vanobudisa nhau, basa rehurumende (nekutaura kuti vanomirira “vanhu chaivoivo” mukurwisana navatungamiriri vane uori. Iyi nzira inogona kukunda sarudzo, asi inosekesawo tsika dzinotsigira. Apo hurumende yakasarudzwa nenzira yakarongwa inodenha chishoro, vatsigiri, uye vatongi vehurumende, inoshandura demokrase kuva icho Steven Levitsky naDan Ziblatt vanodaro “chisarudzo chechiremera."

Kusaziva Nematambudziko Epfungwa

Kupararira kwamashoko enhema, zvikurukuru kupfurikidza nezvinobudisa nhau, kunoita kuti zvive zvakaoma kuti vagari vemo vabvumirane pamaidi makuru. Kana chikamu chinokosha chavagari vemo chinodavira kuti sarudzo yakabiwa, kana kuti kuti masayendisiti ari kurangana pamusoro padzo, ipapo zvisarudzo zvehurumende (hwupi kana kuti pamusoro pomutemo woutano kana kuti kutarisirwa kwezvemari) hazvisati zvichizogamuchirwa sezvapamutemo. Kubvuma kuva pamutemo muzera remashoko asina kururama hakudikanwi bedzi kunzvera asi kuvakazve chivimbo chavanhu mumasangano anoparira zivo.

Kusaenzana Nokuparara Kwemari

Kusaenzana kuri kuwedzera kwemari kunosekesa pfungwa yebvumirano yenzanga. Kana vapfumi vachigona kupesvedzera zvematongerwe enyika zvikuru kupfuura vagari vemowo zvavo, kubvumira kunova kusina maturo. Vagari vanonzwa vasiyiwa vangabvisa kugamuchira kwavo gadziriro, kuchitungamirira kukuderedza kutora rutivi, kunyunyuta, kana kuti kutsigira dzimwe nzira dzokutsiva. Nyanzvi dzakadai se Robert Putnam vakaratidza kuti kusaenzana kwezvemari kwakabatana nokuderera kwechivimbo chamagariro, uko kunoderedzawo kuva kwapamutemo kwezvamatongerwe enyika.

Nzvero Dzemhosva: Kururamisira Mumuitiro

Kunzvera mienzaniso yenyika chaiyoiyo kunobetsera kuratidzira kuvakwa kwakarurama, kuchengetwa, uye kurasika.

United States: Kubvumirana Kupfurikidza neBumbiro reMitemo

Gadziriro yeU.S. yakavakirwa papfungwa dzaLocke dzemvumo nekodzero dzomusikirwo. Kusarudza, kunzvera nedzikamo, uye bumbiro remitemo rakanyorwa rinopa hurumende kutaura kwakasimba kwapamutemo. Bva nyika yakatarisana nenjodzi dzinodzokororwazve: Hondo yevagari vemo, kurwira kodzero dzevagari vemo, uye kubatana kwemisi ichangobva kupfuura iyi pasarudzo 2020. Kuvimba mumasangano kwaderera, uye mapoka makuru anopesana anoreva kuti vaAmerica vakawanda havachagamuchiri kuva vapamutemo kwehurumende inotungamirirwa nebato rinopesana. Ikoku kunoratidza kuti kunyange hurumende inosarudzwa navanhu inofanira kuramba ichitsigira.

South Africa: Kubva Kurusarura Kusvika Kumutemo Wedemocratic Legastima

Kuchinja kubva kurusaruraganda kuenda kuhurumende inosarudzwa navanhu muna 1994 inhau yebhuku rinoshandurwa nenzira yakarurama. Chimiro chapamutemo chokutora chakaparadzaniswa chakarambwa munyika yose uye noruzhinji rweSouth Africa. Bumbiro remitemo idzva, rinoitwa kupfurikidza negadziriro yehurumende yehurumende, inodzorwa muchisiko chose, kodzero dzavanhu, uye gadziriro yamativi akawanda. African National Congress (ANHEID) yakawana pamutemo kubva mubasa rayo mukurwisano yorusununguko uye mukuvhota. Zvisinei, mumakore achangobva kupfuura aya, zvikanganiso zvouori nokupfuudzira basa kwakashata zvakashatisa pamutemo, zvichiratidzira kuti kubudirira kwakapfuura hakubvumidzi kugamuchirwa kunopfuurira.

European Union: Kutendeseka Pasina Madimbudzi Here?

EU isangano rezvamatongerwe enyika rakasiyana rinoita kuti zvibvumirano zvive pamutemo, kuita kwezvemari, uye mipimo inogoveranwa. Zvisinei, inotambura ne “perevedzo yedemocratic”(8)critis inoramba kuti zvisarudzo zvikuru zvinoitwa navagari vemo vasina kurongwa uye kuti vane pesvedzero yakananga. Ikoku kwakanyandura pesvedzero yakananga. Zvakaita kuti EU ive nesimba reEU, yakadai seBrexit. Chinetso chomutemo chinoratidzira kuti kubvumira hakugoni kutendwa mugadziriro yokutonga yavose yemitengo yavose; kunoda nhamburiko dzinoshingaira kupinza vagari vemo uye kusimbisa kutarisira muparamende.

Venezuela: Kuputsika Kwapamutemo

Venezuela kuderera kwokupinda munjodzi kunoratidzira chinoitika apo kuva pamutemo kunoparadzwa. Hugo Chávez pakuvamba akasarudzwa sechiito chehurumende yehurumende yehondo ndokufarikanya kuva pamutemo kwakasimba kwesimba resimba rehurumende yeruzhinji. Asi hurumende yake zvishoma nezvishoma yakaputsa masangano ehurumende yehurumende yehurumende yehurumende yegutsaruzhinji, simba rapakati, uye yashatisa upfumi. Pashure porufu rwake, mutsivi wake Nicolá Maduro akatungamirira ngwavaira yomutsa. Chishoro nenzanga yamarudzi ose hazvichazivi hurumende yaMaduro seyapamutemo, inotungamirira kuboka rezvamatongerwe enyika rakaoma nerevoruzhinji. Venezuela inoratidza kuti kunyange hurumende yakambotenderwa inogona kuva isiri yapamutemo kupfurikidza nouori, kudzvinyiriro, kukundikana kugovera zvinhu zvinokosha.

Kupiwa Mutemo Muzera Remazuva Ano

Nhepfenyuro dzemakombiyuta nedzenzanga dzachinja kuti kubvuma nokugamuchirwa kunoumbwa sei. Hurumende dzinogona zvino kukurukura zvakananga navagari vemo, kufuratira zvinobudisa nhau zvegamuchidzanwa. Asi vashingairi navatambi vokumwe vanogonawo kudenha kuva vapamutemo kupfurikidza nenhimbe dzevhairasi, kubuda, uye kupesana kwakabatana. Muuyo imhaka yakakamukana zvikuru nenzvimbo yapamutemo. Hurumende dzinoda kuchengeta pamutemo dzinofanira kubatanidzwa navanhu vemiitiro yetsika dzinozivikanwa namano, dzinodzivirira perero yetsika dzakasarudzwa paIndaneti patyisidziro, uye dzinovimbisa kuti hurukuro yapaIndaneti haisati ive chombo chinorwisana nemitemo yehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu.

Nguva Yemberi Yokuva Mutezo Wapamutemo

Sezvo tinosvika pedyo zvikuru muzana ramakore rechi 21, manyuko ekodzero achapfuurira kushanduka - chinja. chinjo yemamiriro okunze, ungwaru hwokugadzira, uye zvirwere zvepasi pose zvose zvinoparira zvinetso zvinoda chiito chakabatana asi zvinodzvinyirirawo simba rehurumende imwe neimwe. Vagari vangada zvimiro zvakananga zvokutora rutivi, zvakadai semagungano evagari vemo kana kuti magetsi. Panguva imwe cheteyo, mienzaniso ine simba yokutonga yakavakirwa pakushanda kwechikwangwani chehurumende, urudzi, kana kuti chisimba chesimba (chamuspiris) zvingava zvinofadza zvikuru kunzanga dzakaneta netara.

Chidzidzo chikuru cherondedzero yezvamatongerwe enyika ndechokuti kuva pamutemo hakusi chinhu chakatsiga. Iko ukama hune simba pakati pavatongi navadzorwi, hwakavakirwa pakuvimbana, kubvumirana, kugamuchirwa, uye kuita. Hurumende dzinokanganwa ukama ihwohwu dzinorasikirwa nechinhu chimwe chinoita simba radzo zvakarurama: tsigiro yokuzvidira yavanhu.

Kumwe Kurava