Mabasa avatongi nameya ndeehwakavakirwa pahurumende yeAmerica, bva chiremera chavo chine mwero chinowanzosanzwisiswa. Ava vakuru vaviri vanoshanda pamwero yakasiana yehurumende, mumwe nomumwe anoshandisa masimba akasiyana akaumbwa negadziriro dzapamutemo, magamuchidzanwa enhau, uye zvinhu zvezvamatongerwe enyika. Kunzwisisa ane chiremera chikuru kunoda kunzvera ukuru hwesimba ravo, ganhuriro dzebumbiro remitemo nedzomutemo pamasimba avo, uye simba rinoshanda rehurumende neromunzvimbomo. Nyaya ino inogovera kuenzaniswa kune simba kwakakwana, kwegubernerator nemasimba ehurumende, nearenational, nedzoro yechakakomba, masimba engozi. Kusvikira pakuguma, varavi vachava nokunzwisisa kwapa apo gavhunaidzo inodzora zvikuru uye apo chiremera chinokurira.

Kurondedzera Mabasa Acho

Vasati vaenzanisa masimba, zvinokosha kurondedzera zvinosanganisira hofisi imwe neimwe. Gavhuna vakuru vakuru vakuru vehurumende dzavo, nepo meya dzinobatira savakuru vakuru vehurumende. Manyuko echiremera chavo anosiana zvikurukuru: magavhuna anowana simba mumitemo yehurumende nemitemo yehurumende, nepo meya dzinowana simba mumitemo yeparati nemitemo yenyika inokwikwidza.

Basa Ravanagavhuna

Vatongi vanosarudzwa kuti vatungamirire bazu guru rehurumende yehurumende. masimba avo akafara uye anobatanidza zvose zviri zviviri chiremera chakarongwa chebumbiro remitemo nepesvedzero yezvematongerwe enyika isina kurongwa. masimba chaiwoiwo ehurumende anobatanidza:

  • Kudzosa mitemo yehurumende — Gavhuna vanotarisira masangano ose ehurumende uye vanova nechokwadi chokuwirirana nemirau inopfuudzwa nedare rehurumende.
  • shavo yemari [ — Vanokarakadza bhajeti dzegore negore, vanoshandisa mabhiriyoni akawanda ezuva, uye vane simba rechinhu chemutsetse mudzimwe nyika zhinjisa.
  • Kuisa vakuru vakuru vehurumende — Gavhuna vanozadza nzvimbo dzedare, masangano makuru, uye pane dzimwe nguva kugadza vatongi, vachizviisa pasi pesimbiso yomutemo.
  • Kuisa mutemo — vatongi vazhinjisa vanogona kupfuudza zvikwereti kupfurikidza nedare rinotonga; vazhinjiwo vane chinhu chomutsetse chinobvumira kuramba zvinhu zvakati zvinoshandiswa.
  • Kuronga marusando chaiwo — Gavhuna vanogona kugadza mutezo wokutonga kuti vapedze nhau dzokukurumidzira dzakadai senjodzi dzemari kana kuti migariro yekurumidziro.
  • [[FML:0] Kubatanidza mitongo nokupa kanganwiro — Mumaruwa mazhinjisa, gavhuna ane chiremera bedzi pamusoro pengoni nokuda kwemhaka dzehurumende.
  • Kuraira Hurumende yeNational Guard[[FLT: 1] — Gavhuna ndivo vatungamiriri vari mugumo reNational Guard yavo, kutoti apo vakaitwa kuti vave vadzorwi napurezidhendi.
  • Kubudisa zvirairidzo zvavakuru vakuru [[FLT: 1] — Gavhuna vanogona kutungamirira masangano ehurumende kuita zviito chaizvo, kazhinji kazhinji anoshandiswa munguva dzekurumidziro.

Mukuwirirana ne Gavhuna veNational Association, nyika dzinopfuura 40 dzine muenzaniso wakasimba wagavhuna umo mukuru mukuru ane masimba emari anokosha okuronga. Zvisinei, misiano iripo: dzimwe nyika dzinoganhurira mamiriro ezvinhu agavhuna, simba, kana kuti chiremera kupfurikidza nokunzvera setendero yemitemo kana kuti masangano akazvimirira.

Basa Remajeya

Vavengi ndivo vakuru vehurumende dzemanisiparati, asi masimba avo chaiwoiwo anotsamira zvikuru pachimiro chehurumende yeguta.

  • Gadziriro yemamongi yeguta [[FLT: 1] — Meya ane chiremera chavakuru vakuru chakafanana nagavhuna: simba pamusoro pezvisarudzo zvedare reguta, kudzora madhipatimendi eguta, kugadza nokubvisa misoro yemadhipatimendi, uye mano okukarakadza bhajeti reguta. Iyi tsika inozivikanwa zvikuru mumaguta makuru akaita seNew York, Chicago, uye San Francisco.
  • Gadziriro yeWeak [ — Meya zvikurukuru anowirirana kana kuti anogoverana simba namaneja weguta kana kuti dare reguta rakasimba. Mumuenzaniso uyu, meya angatungamirira misangano yedare, angamirira guta pamabasa apamutemo, uye ane masimba mashoma kana kuti mataundi. Maduku mazhinji namataundi anoshandisa uyu muenzaniso.
  • Tsika yeCouncil-manager — muchimiro ichi chechitatu, chinowanzoshandiswa mumaguta akabudirira zvikuru, dare rakasarudzwa rinogadza maneja weguta ane unyanzvi uyo anobatira samukuru mukuru. Meya anowanzova mutezo wedare unoshanda somutarisiri wechigaro nomutungamiriri wemiitiro asi asina chiremera chokudzora.

Mitoro yakakurumbira yemuzinda wameya mumiitiro yose inobatanidza:

  • Kuona madhipatimendi eguta akadai semapurisa, moto, utsanana, uye mapaka
  • Zvinotongwa neguta zvakapfuudzwa nedare reguta
  • Kutarisira mari inobhajeswa muguta nokuronga mitero yomunzvimbomo (uko kunobvumirwa nomutemo wehurumende)
  • Kumirira guta racho muukama hwehurumende nehurumende
  • Kusimudzira kukura kwezvemari uye kuronga zvinhu zvomumaguta
  • Kubatsira njodzi dzinongoitika dzoga kana kuti njodzi dzoutano

National League of Cities [[FLT: 1] inotaura kuti basa rameya rakavandudzika nenzira inokosha mumakumi amakore mashomanene apfuura, zvikurukuru munharaunda huru dzeguta, umo vanameya vanowanzotora utungamiriri hwenyika yose nemhaka youkuru noukoshi hwemari hwamaguta avo.

Masimba Okuenzanisa

Pakunzvera ane chiremera zvikuru, mhinduro inotsamira pamipimo inoshandiswa.

Nzvimbo Yechiremera

Gavhuna vanoshandisa chiremera pahurumende yose, iyo muzvinoitika zvizhinjisa yakakura zvikuru kupfuura guta ripi neripi rimwe. Somuenzaniso, Gavhuna weCalifornia anotarisira chiverengero chavagari vemo chamamirioni 39, nepo Maya weLos Angeles achitungamirira guta ramamirioni 3,8 (chiremera chehurumende yose icho chikuru nakagumi muchiverengero chavagari vemo. Kunyange mune dzimwe nyika neguta rimwe guru, rakadai seNew York, chiremera chagavhuna chinotambanukira munyika yose, kubatanidza nharaunda dzomumaruwa nedzomumusha dzingava nezvinodikanwa zvakasiyana.

Mukupesana, meya vane chiremera chakaganhurirwa kumiganhu yenzvimbo yavo yemisika. Ikoku kunoreva kuti havagoni kuisa mitemo pamaguta akavakidzana kana kuti nzvimbo dzisina kubatanidzwa. Mutemo wehurumende unowanzodzivisa mano avo okusimudza mitero, kudzora mabhizimisi, kana kuti kupfuudza mitemo inorwisana nemirau yahurumende. Nheyo ye DALP] , maguta ane chiremera chakafara chehurumende, asi kunyange mamiriro enyika anotozogara achibvira.

  • Hurumende yeGovernor: nyika yose, kubatanidza chiverengero chose, maguta, uye nzvimbo dzisina kubatanidza.
  • udzori hweMayor: mukati muganhu weguta bedzi; kudzorwa nechiremera cheruwa mumimwe mibato.

Simba Rokutenga

Gavhuna vanodzora bhajeti dzehurumende dzinoshandiswa zvikuru mumakumi kana kuti mazana amabhirioni amadhora. Vanogona kukarakadza mabhajeti, bhajeti yemitsetse, uye mari kupfurikidza nemitemo yomutero (netendero yemitemo). Gavhunawo vanogona kutsigira mari yenzizi dzehurumende nokuda kwemapurogiramu ehurumende akadai seMedicaid, chokufambisa, uye dzidzo.

Maya vanotarisira mabhajeti maduku, asi mari inopedzwa namanesi ichiri inokwana kumabhiriyoni mumaguta makuru. Chiremera cheMayoral fiscal chinowanzodzorwa neganhuriro dzemitero yakaiswa nehurumende, zvikwereti, uye zvinodikanwa zvemitero yakadzikama. Mumiitiro yemeya yakasimba, meya anoronga mari yeguta uye ane chiremera chemutsetse wezvikamu, asi dare reguta rinofanira kubvumira bhajeti yemari yakarongwa. Mugadziriro dzameya, dare kana kuti dare remari rebhajeta rinodzora zvisarudzo zvemari zvakasimba zvikuru.

Mukati mokuderera kwezvemari, meya kazhinji kazhinji vanowana ganhuriro dzakakomba zvikuru nemhaka yokuti maguta haagoni kudhinda mari ndokutsamira zvikuru pamitero yezvinhu nemitero yokutengesa, iyo inogona kuva inochinja - chinja.

Masimba Ekurumidziro

Imwe yenharaunda dzinokosha zvikurusa dzechiremera dzinosiyanisa magavhuna nameya idzoro rengozi. Gavhuna vane zvose zviri zviviri mitemo nebumbiro remitemo kuti vazivise mugariro wekurumidziro, kuunganidza National Guard, kumisa mitemo yakati, uye kugovera zviwanikwa zvehurumende. Mukati medenda reCOVID-19, magavhuna akabudisa mirairo yokugara pamusha, kupfeka zvipfeko zvechifukidzo, uye kudzorwa kwadzosera nguva dzenguva dzechinotangira nguva (* mabasa ose aigona kubvisa mitemo yomunharaunda.

Vavengi vanogona kuzivisa migariro yekurumidziro yomunzvimbomo mukati mamaguta avo, asi mirairo yavo inodzorwa nehurumende. Somuenzaniso, meya angaraira nguva yokusvika pamba kana kuti chirevo chokuzvivhara. Asi kana gavhuna akapa murairo mukurusa, mutemo wehurumende unotanga. Iyi dare rakava nzvimbo inokatyamadza mukati menyika dzakafanana neFlorida neTexas, apo vatongi vakashandisa mirairo yavakuru kumisa mipimo yomunzvimbomo inoda mabhaisiko kana kuti majekiseni. Kurwisana kwakadaro kunoratidzira kuti mukati memigariro mikuru yakakwirira, vatongi vanochengeta chiremera chapamutemo chikuru nenoshanda.

Kuchinja Kwematongerwe Enyika uye Kupindira Kwavanoita

Masimba ezvematongerwo enyika anongotaurawo nezvenyaya yacho chete.

Pesvedzero Yezvamatongerwe Enyika yaGavhuna

Gavhuna vanowanzobatira semunhu anooneka zvikurusa wezvamatongerwe enyika munyika yavo, kukwezva kukuru kwezvinobudisa nhau. Vanowanzotungamirira zvishandiso zvavo zvebato rehurumende, vanorumbidza nokuda kwehofisi dzomunzvimbomo, uye vanopesvedzera purogiramu dzezvamatongerwe enyika. Magavhuna mazhinji anoenda kundomhanyira Dare reU. kana kuti purezidhendi, anovapa nzvimbo yakakwirira yenyika. Mano avo okushandisa mitemo uye kudana marusando chaiwo anovapa vatongi vehurumende. Mukuwedzera, magavhuna anogona kushandisa chikuva chekubvurira kuti vadzore pfungwa dzavose munhau huru.

Musayendisiti wezvamatongerwe enyika Tad Kousser akacherekedza kuti simba rehurumende harina kuzara: rinoderera ndokuyerera rakavakirwa pakugadzirwa kwechikamu chehurumende nemukurumbira wagavhuna. Gavhuna ane mirau yetendero yakakwirira uye mubati wehurumende akabatana anogona kuita chinjo huru dzemitemo; gavhuna akanangana nedare rakakamukana anofanira kutsamira zvikuru pamirairo yehurumende uye kuronga mari.

Pesvedzero Yematongerwe Enyika

Meya weguta guru anowanzowana ngwariro yenyika, uye meya pamwe chete anogamuchira hurumende yehurumende kupfurikidza namasangano akadai seUnited States Conference of Mayers. Mayster anogonawo kuumba zvibvumirano zvine simba zvomunharaunda navatungamiriri vebhizimisi, masangano enzanga, uye mibatanidzwa yavashandi.

Zvisinei, kazhinji kazhinji pesvedzero yameya inomanikidzirwa zvikuru kupfuura yagavhuna nemhaka yokuti maguta haana uchangamire hwebumbiro remitemo rehurumende. mano emeya okuchinja anogona kuganhurirwa nehurumende inosunungurwa, zviremera zvenzvimbo yeruwa, uye maruwa chaiwo (zvakadai semaruwa echikoro kana kuti zviremera zvezvifambiso).

Kushandira Pamwe uye Kusawirirana

Ukama pakati pagavhuna nameya hungava hwokusawirirana kana kuti kudzorwa, zvichitsamira pakurongeka kwemagariro, ukama hwomunhu oga, uye nhau dziri panjodzi. Kushandira pamwe kunobudirira kunogona kuva nebetsero dzakadai sokuisa mari inodzorwa mukufamba, kufambira mberi kwezveupfumi munharaunda, uye njodzi.

Mienzaniso yakawanda: Muna 2021, Gavhuna weTexas Greg Abbott akasaina mutemo (SB 8) unorambidza kuvhara mabhas kuzvikoro zvavose, uchiita mirayiridzo inobva kuvakuru vakuru veguta nevakuru vakuru vezvikoro mumaguta akadai seDallas neAustin. Nenzira yakafanana, Gavhuna weGeorgia Brian Kemp akashevedza Atlanta Mayeshor Keisha Lance Lance Bottotts panzvimbo yemapuss mukati medenda yeguta. Panhambo nengwavaira dzomusikirwo dzakadai semadutu, magavhuna nameyameya dzinosanosanobatira mumasangano ehurumende anotarisira njodzi dzehurumende, asi vanameya dzimwe nguva vanonyunyuta vanonyunyuta vanopiwa zvisa.

Kubatana kwakadaro kunosimbisa kuti nepo vanameya vane chiremera chinokosha chomunzvimbomo, magavhuna ane shoko rokupedzisira apo mutemo wehurumende unorwisana nemitemo yomunzvimbomo.Uhu ukama hwamakurukota rutivi rwamaune rwehurumende yeAmerica, urwo runopa uchangamire kuhurumende uye runotumira masimba akati kuvagari vemo.

Kuongorora Zvirwere Nemienzaniso

Kuti uite kuenzanisa kwacho kunooneka, rangarira mienzaniso yenyika chaiyoiyo inotevera iyo inosimbisa simba guru pakati pamagavhuna nameya.

New York State Gavhuna anopesana neNew York City Mayor

New York City ndiro guta gurusa muUnited States, uye meya waro ane simba guru mugadziriro yameya yakasimba. Zvisinei, Gavhuna weNyika yeNew York anochengeta chiremera chikuru pamusoro pemitemo yenyika yose iyo inotapura guta zvakananga. Somuenzaniso, gavhuna anodzora Metropolitan Transport Authority Arever, iro rinodzora mirayiridzo yeguta yenjanji nebhazi, apo meya anotarisira NYPD nezvikoro (kupfurikidza nomutemo wedzoro yemoarallgracy kuti nyika inofanira kuvandudza nguva nenguva isati yapfuura). Mukati meduramwara weCHOUD, Murangemutande weCHOUMO wemirairo pamisha youkondi uye mabhizimisi anowanzodzora mabasa aMay Bill de Blass. Pashure paAriccos akatanga kurwisana nenhauro yedzimba dzedzimba dzehurumende.

Makwaya Asina Simba: Muenzaniso Wokutarisira Guta

Havasati vari vose vanameya vane simba rokutungamirira. Mumaguta mazhinji akabudirira uye maduku, meya zvikurukuru akaenzana pakati pavakuru veguta, vasina chiremera chehurumende. Somuenzaniso, muSan Jose, California, meya anosarudzwa zvikuru uye ane vashandi navanoronga, asi dare reguta rinogadza maneja weguta anomhanya kusvikira kuzuva rimwe. Simba ramamoresa rinoganhurirwa kugadza zvinhu zvinokosha uye kutungamirira misangano yedare. Enzanisa naichochi naGavhuna weCalifornia, uyo anodzora bhajeti, anogadza zviuru zvavakuru vakuru vakuru vakuru veguta, uye anoraira California Highway Patrol neNational Guver. Mumabasa akadaro ezuva rinoderera simba rapamberi regoroa imhara huru.

Masimba Ekurumidziro Mukati Menjodzi

MUVENGI weCOVID-19 wakagovera ratidzirwo yakajeka yesimba regubernar mumigariro inokurumidzira. Gavhuna munyika dzakadai seOhio, New York, uye Michigan vakabudisa mirairo yavakuru vakuru yaidzorwa nehurumende yaivhara mabhizimisi, mabhazi akarairwa, uye kuungana kwakaganhurirwa. (kazhinji kazhinji vanobvisa mirairo yomunzvimbomo. Maysters mumaguta akaoma zvikuru akadai seLos Angeles neSan Francisco vakaratidza nokukurumidza mirairo yakakomba, asi havagoni kudarika zvaibvumirwa nehurumende, uye magavhuna vazhinji vanodzora zvakananga kudzosa ganhuriro dzomunzvimbomo. Somuenzaniso, Gavhuna Doug Ducey akavha akavhara mirayiro yokushandisa zvifukidzo. Iyi njodzi yakaratidza kuti apo mejarameja wemos anokwanisa kuita nokukurumidza panhau dzomunzvimbomo dzomunzvimbomo, masimba epamutemo nepfuma zvapamutemo zvikuru mukati mamiriro ezvinhu makuru enguva yomugariro wemigariro yapasi.

Masangano Epamutemo Nemabumbiro Emitemo

Kunzwisiswa kukuru kwechiremera chokuenzanisa kunoda kunzvera kuti hofisi imwe neimwe yakaitwa sei pamutemo.

Mitemo yeHurumende Nesimba Rokugovera

Bumbiro remitemo rehurumende rinogadza nzvimbo yagavhuna uye rinoronga masimba akati. Nepo bumbiro remitemo richisiana, mazhinjisa anopa gavhuna chiremera chaanodzora pamusoro poudzori hwehurumende, simba rokuita mutemo, basa rokutarisira kuitwa kwemitemo, uye chiremera chokuraira mauto ehurumende. Mabumbiro enyika akawanda anobatanidzawo gadziriro dzemateru, zviratidzo zvevakuru vakuru, uye kutevedzana. Dzimwe nyika, dzakafanana neTexas neMassachusetts, dzinoganhurira noune simba ragavhuna kupfurikidza nokupa vamwe vakuru vakuru vakasarudzwa (se gavhuna kana kuti gavhuna mukuru wegwe) chiremera chakazvimirira.

Council of State State Public inobudisa kuenzanisirwa kune udzame kwamasimba ehurumende, inoratidzira chinjo huru musimba rokugadza, udzori hwemari, uye urefu hwechine simba. United States nemutengi mukuru mukuru ane simba (um., New York, California, Illinois) inopa kuronga uye chiremera chakakwana, nepo avo vane mutongi asina simba (umr., Texas, South Carolina) vachiparadzira simba ravakuru vakuru vakuru vakuru vakasarudzwa vakawanda.

Marekodhi Emabhazi uye Mayoral Power

Simba reMayoral rinorondedzerwa nechata yeguta, iyo inobvumirwa nesangano remitemo kana kuti zvimwe kugamuchirwa kupfurikidza negadziriro dzomusha dzebumbiro remitemo. Maguta okutonga kwemisha (akadai seDenver, Seattle, uye Boston) ane rusununguko runokosha kuumba hurumende yawo, asi kunyange aya maguta haagoni kuputsa mutemo wehurumende. Muhurumende dzakadai seColorado kana kuti Minnesota, mutemo wokumusha unobvumira maguta kugamuchira chimiro chipi nechipi chehurumende chaanosarudza, chingava meya akasimba, meya asina simba, kana kuti mudare rinogarwa. Zvisinei, kubviswa kwemitemo yomunzvimbomo kudzorwa kwemitemo yomunzvimbomo kunoramba kuri chinhu chine simba, zvikurukuru panhau dzakafanana nokudzorwa kwepfumba, mibato, uye miraudzo yemhoteredzo.

Nyanzvi yezvemitemo Richard Briffault yakasimbisa kuti manisiparati “maruva ehurumende” uye kuti simba remeya harina simba guru kwazvo kupfuura simba rehurumende nemhaka yokuti hurumende dzine uchangamire. Zvisarudzo zveDare Gurusa reU.S. mumhaka dzakafanana ne Huntrir v. City of Pittsburgh (07) zvinosimbisa kuti masangano ane chiremera panzvimbo dzawo, kubatanidza simba rokuabvisa kana kuti kuchinja masimba awo.

mhedziso

Nhau yokuti magavhuna kana kuti meya vane chiremera chikuru haigoni kupindurwa neri nyore kana kuti kwete. Papepa, magavhuna ane udzori hwakawanda, kudzorwa kukuru kwemigariro yekurumidziro, masimba makuru ebumbiro remitemo pamusoro pehurumende dzavo. Maya, nepo achiva netapuro yakananga zvikuru paupenyu hwezuva nezuva hwevagari veguta, anoshanda pasi peamburera yepamutemo nerezvamatongerwe enyika yenyika. Meya akasimba zvikurusa munyika haagoni kudzora murairo wagavhuna mukuru, uye bhajeti remari inopfumiswa nemarisori yehurumende.

Zvisinei, pesvedzero nechiremera hazvisati zviri zvehurumende bedzi. Munharaunda huru dzeguta, meya anogona kuraira ngwariro inokosha yezvinobudisa nhau, kuita mibatanidzwa ine simba, uye kuva vanhu vorudzi.

Nokuda kwavagari vemo navaiti vemiitiro, kunzwisisa izvi zvinhu zvinokosha. Kunotsanangura chikonzero nei madzinza enzvimbo yehurumende achiwanzokwezva ngwariro huru nokutsigira mari, uye chikonzero nei vatsigiri vomunzvimbomo vachitendeukira kuchitsigiri chehurumende kuti vawane chinjo yegadziriro. Dzikamo yesimba pakati pamagavhuna nameya hadzina kumira pamwe; inochinja nemitemo yedare, mutemo mutsva, uye inochinja nhevedzano yezvamatongerwe enyika. Asi zvisaririra zvinokosha: vatongi vakuru vakuru vehurumende, nepo vanameya vanotungamirira mukati mouchangamire ihwohwo.