Sumo: Nheyo Yenhamo Inopfuurira Nokuchinja

Njodzi dzemari hadzisi zvinhu zvinongodzokororwa asi mativi anodzokororwa egadziriro yazvino uno yekamari yezvokudzora. Kuvambira paPanic ya 1907 kusvikira kuKuderera kukuru kwoUkuru Hwokuderera. Chinetso chikuru cheSamari cheAsian Financial Crisis, Global Financial Financis (GFC) ya 2008-09, uye polycrasis inotangwa nedenda yeCHOVAD, kuedza kumwe nokumwe kuderera kwesimba kwezvivako zvokutonga. Chinetsoro chikuru chehurumende chiri kudzikamisa kupfavisa nokukurumidza kuvakwazve kwenguva refu, zvose apo kunofamba nokukarirwa kukuru kwezvamatongerwe enyika uye kariro dzenzanga.

Iyi rondedzero inoenzanisa zviito zvinoshanda zvemari dzinoverengeka nenjodzi huru dzemisi ichangobva kupfuura iyi. Kupfurikidza nokunzvera United States, Japan, [[[FLT]], [[FLT]] Germany[, uye , zvinova pachena kuti hapana bhuku remitambo renyika yose. Kusarudza kwemiitiro inodzo inonatswa kupfurikidza nerangariro yesangano, upfumi, uye pfungwa dzezvamatongerwe enyika. Kunzwisisa izvi kunokosha mukuvandudza mamiriro ezvinhu enyika.

Chishandiso Chokutonga: Chinhu Chakanakisisa Chokuenzanisa Nacho

Tisati taongorora nyaya imwe neimwe, zvinobatsira kutsanangura zvinhu zvikuru zvinoshandiswa nehurumende:

  • [[FORT:0] Policy: Mari yehurumende Nhete (mastimu, mabheroundi, mafashoni) uye chinjo dzemitero.
  • [[FT:0] Policy:[[FT:1] gadziridzo dzemhindu, mabasa omusika, uye zvishandiso zvisingadikanwi zvakadai seQuantitive Eating and Exprung Control.
  • [ Murairo womutemo: Chinjo kumitemo yebhangi, zvinodikanwa zvemari, uye dziviriro yavatengi.
  • [ Political:[[FLT] Inishuwarenzi yourovha, kutumira mari, yamuro yezvokudya, uye basa revoruzhinji.

Kushandiswa kweizvi midziyo kunosiana zvikuru kwakavakirwa pamwero wenyika yokubudirira, kuzvimirira kwebhangi rayo rapakati, uye kusvika kwayo kumisika mikuru yamarudzi ose.

Fundo Yenhau 1: United States – Mhaka Yokupindira Kwoutsinye

United States inoratidzira nguva dzose kuda kupindira kukuru, kwokukurumidza, uye kazhinji kazhinji mupasi rose munguva dzenjodzi.

Dambudziko Remari Munyika Yose ra2008

Vatarisiri vaBush naObama vakapindura GFC nemuvhenganiswa wemabhengi (Sangano reYamuro rakaoma raMari rakaitwa, kana kuti TARP) uye kurudziro huru yemari (American Recovement and Reinvestment Act). Simultatew, Federal Reserve yakachekererwa kusvikira kudokusvika gorosi uye yakatanga zvirongwa zvikuru zveMaantititieti Easing (QE) zvokudzikamisa misika yemari. Nepo iyi inokakavadzana, iyi yaidzivisa kuderera kukuru kwoKuderera kwomugariro wemari kwechipiri. Zvisinei, yakanga iri kunonoka, kuzivisa muganhu womugariro wenhau, pasina kutaura muganhu wemari yapamba zvakananga.

POVID - 19 PANDEMIC

Tsinhiro yeUS kumurakatira yakanga isingaenzaniswi mumwero. CARES Act, Pacheck Program (PPP), uye American Replation Plan yakapinza inenge $5 000 000 000 muupfumi. Nzvero dzakananga kumhuri, dzinowedzera inishuwarenzi yokusashanda, uye migove yebhizimisi yakatungamirira kukunaya kwokukurumidza. Zvisinei, iyi jekiseni huru inodikanwa, yakabatanidzwa nechete yego, yakanga iri mutyairi mukuru wekukwira kwemari 2021-2023. Federal Reserves inokwevera kunodenha kukwira kwoutsinye inoratidzira kushambadza kwakakomba pakati pebasa nokukwira nokukwira kwemitengo.

Fambisero yeUnited States inoisa nzvimbo yayo yechienzi semupinyi wemari yepakachengeterwa nyika yose, ichiipa nzvimbo yechienzi yefederal House. Inotsamira zvikuru paFederal Reserve semutambi ane simba, akazvimirira anokwanisa kuvandudzwa. Nhoroondo yedavidzo yeFed kuvhunduka kwemari inogovera mashoko akapoteredza anokosha nokuda kwebasa rayo razvino uno.[

Fundo Yenhau 2: Japan – Chiratidzo Chirefu Chokuzvidzwa

Kupindura kwokudzora kweJapan kunopesvedzerwa zvikuru nechinoitika chekuderera kwemari yayo yemari inotengwa mukuvamba kwama1990. "Makumi Ane Mirefu Anotevera" akaumba gadziriro yemitemo inoisa kurwa kuderera kwemitengo kupfuura zvimwe zvose.

Makore Gumi Akarasika Nezvemakemikari

Kwaanodokusvika makumi maviri amakore, Japan yakaparapatika nokukura kwapakarepo, kuderera kwemitengo, uye gadziriro yokuchengeta mari inotsvedzereka. Hurumende yakatumira zvipedziso zvakawanda zvemichina inonyandura magetsi, zvakanangidzirwa zvikurukuru pamabasa avose. Bank yeJapan (BoJ) yakanga iri mufambi wokupedzisira pamitemo isina kutemwa asi pakupedzisira yakava bhangi repakati remasimba masimba munyika. Munsi mutariri wePrimente Shin Zizobecs" (20202), BoJ akagamuchira chipfuro chapameso chemarikero, akabudisa mibayiro mikuru yemari yakashata nerongedzero (YCC).

Midziyo Yenyu Nekuderera Kwekukura Kwemvura

Abenomics yakabudirira kugumisa kuderera nokunetesa yen kutsigira vasimudziri vemo, asi yakakundikana kuparira kukura kukuru kana kuti kukwira kwemitengo inochengeteka. BoJ yakaguma kuva ne50% yezvisungo zvehurumende, ichiparira kushatisa kukuru. Kukwira kwamari kwepasi kwazvino uno kwapanyika kwakapa Japan banza rokurega muitiro wayo wokuzvidzora. Mu2024, BoJ yakakwidza mwero nokuda kwenguva yokutanga mumakore 17, chinja kwakakurumbira. Chidzidzo chikuru kubva kuJapan ndicho chinetso chikuru zvikuru chokudzora musungo wemari inopfuurirwa zvikuru nendyiko yezvamatongerwe enyika yakakwirira nendyiko yemari yemiitiro yokusatenderwa. [FLT]

Fundo Yenhau 3: Germany – Kubva Kutsika Yokusagadzikana Kuenda Kuchikwata Chokuzvidzora

Kutonga kwenjodzi kweGermany kunorondedzerwa nokusada kwazvo kwenhau kukwira kwemitengo uye kuzvipira kuchirango chemari. Uku kutevera kwavakadzi veSwabian kwave kuchiedzwa zvakakomba nenjodzi dzinotevedzana.

Pedziso reYurozone (200-2012)

Apo Eurozone yakatarisana nenjodzi dzezvikwereti zvapamutemo muGreece, Ireland, nePortugal, Germany yakanga iri inzwi rakatanhamara nokuda kwezvikwereti zvorumano. Mukutsinhana zvikwereti, nyika dzine chikwereti dzaidikanwa kushandisa kutemwa kukuru nokugadziriswa kwezvivako. Nepo Germany yakadavira kuti izvi zvaizodzorera chivimbo, vatsoropodzi vakaisimbisa kuderera kwemari uye kupfuudza mari yezvamatongerwe enyika muSouthern Europe. Mari yeGermany, inovakwa nokukurumidza nemhaka yechikamu chakasimba chenzvimbo chamabasa okugadzira zvinhu uye Kratzivehavizen [] chirongwa chenguva pfupi) chakakusimbisa kuderera kwemarisarira kwezvamatongerwe enyika muEurope.

Njodzi Yesimba ne "Doppel-Wamm"

Hondo muUkraine yakamutsa njodzi yakakomba yesimba muGermany, ichityisidzira mavambo ayo enzvimbo yamabasa okugadzirwa kwezvinhu. Mukubviswa kukuru kubva patsika yayo inogamuchirwa, hurumende yakasiya "chikwereti" uye yakazivisa mabhiriyoni 200 "nhoo yemari" kuisa mitengo yegasi nemagetsi. Iyi nhambo inoratidzira kuti kunyange hurumende dzakawanda zvikurusa dzinosangwarira dzinogona kumanikidzirwa kupinda mumugariro wadzo mukuru nekatyamadzo iripo. Chinoitika cheGermany chinosimbisa kuoma kwemitemo yenguva refu nenjodzi dzenguva pfupi dzinodikanwa. Dare reGermany renyanzvi dzezve mari rinonzvera nguva dzose pamitengo nenhamo yemari.

Fundo 4: Ghana – Chinotengeswa Munzvimbo Yezvikepe

Zvirongwa zvinowanika kuupfumi huri kubudirira zvakadzikatidzwa zvikuru. Zvavasina mari yakakwana uye misika yedzimbahwe yedzimba dzakakura, vanotarisana ne "kumira kwechimbichimbi" kwokuyerera kwemahome, kuparara kwemari, uye kukwereta mari yakawanda. Ghana inogovera muenzaniso wakajeka wemisi ichangobva kupfuura iyi.

Dambudziko Remari 2022-23

Ghana yakapinda munjodzi yakakomba yemari muna 2022, yakaratidzirwa nokukwira kwemitengo, mwero yechikwereti inonyura mumvura neyakawanda. Kusiyana neUnited States kana kuti Japan, Ghana yaisagona kukwereta nzira yayo kana kuti kudhinda mari pasina kunyandura mutengo mukuru. Hurumende yakamanikidzwa kuderedza mari, kukwidza mitero, uye kukurukura mari yemabhiriyoni $3 (Z $54 000 000) neInternational Monetary Fund (IMF). Mugariro mukuru wakanga usingagoni kubvisa chikwereti uye kunzverazve chikwereti chayo pasi pebasa reG20 ravose.

Varairidzi Vanoita Hondo yeHurumende

Mhinduro dzokudzora muaya mashoko akapoteredza dzakaumbwa zvikuru navatambi vokunze. Hurumende inotarisana neshambadziro inorwadza yokubvisa pakati pokushandisa IMF-manderated (kubvisa purojekiti yemari inoshandisirwa mari, kubvisa purofiti) uye kuchengeta dzikamo yenzanga. Upo hwokushandisa mari yezvemari inotengwa haisati iri yezveidzo, sezvo hurumende inofanira kuisa ngwariro zvikurukuru pakudzorera kuterama kwemari kuti iwanezve chivimbo. Chinoitika cheGANIANLAND chinosimbisa ukoshi hwekuvimbwa nechinhu chaichoicho chakatarisana nenyika pasina rutava rokudzivirira renyika yose. [FLT:] purogiramu dzeIMFFF's dzinozivisa migariro yakadzadzanwa nehurumende.[FF:]

Kuongorora Kwakaenzana: Nzira Dzezvipembenene, Zvinangwa Zvavose

Kuisa izvi zvinoitika kumativi ose kunoratidza matemo matatu makuru emidonzvo:

Kuchinja kunopesana neStimulus

Pane kupesana kukuru pakati peAnglo - America neJapan nokuda kwechisimba chemari nesundo yemari necheEurope yedaviro yokutanga nokuda kwokusimbiswa kwemibatanidzwa yemari. Chinoitika chapashure pe2008 chakashorwa zvikuru semhinduro kuderera kwemari inoraira. Zvisinei, pashure pa2022 yakamanikidzira kunyange upfumi hunodzivisa kudzikamiswa, zvichisimbisa zvimwe zvezvishuvo pamusoro pengozi dzenguva refu dzetsika yokusazvidzora.

Zvishandiso zveKokorodzano zveMonetary Innovation neAct.

Mabhangi makuru mune zvemari abudirira akabvumikisa kuva anokwanisa kuita zvinhu zvinoshamisa, kugadzira maturusi akafanana neQE, kutungamirira mberi, uye mwero yakaipa.

Mambure Okuchengeteka Akatapurwa

Mhinduro yeUSCOVID yakanga iri yavose zvikuru, iyo yakasimudzira chinodikanwa nokukurumidza asi yaidhura uye yakanga isina kutsarukana. yeGermany [[FLT]Kurzabedge[ yakarongerwa zvikuru, ichichengeta mabasa akati nounyanzvi. Japan inokombamira kumabasa avose. Nyika dzinobudirira dzinotamburira kupa mari inotamisirwa nemhaka yemichina yakaneta, inowanzotsamira pakudzoserazve mutengo wemari inodzosera mutengo wenyika yose inodzvinyirira mutengo.

Zvinhu Zvinokosha Zvinoita Kuti Kurambana Kuvepo

Mhinduro yacho iri pazvinhu zvakadzama uye zvakaitika kare:

  • Inkumbulo:[[FT:1] US inoyeuka Kuderera Kukuru Kwoupfumi, ichikupa bhuku rokutamba. Germany inoyeuka kunyanyisa kwemitambo, ichiipa bhuku rokutamba. Japan inoyeuka kuderera kwemitengo, ichiipa bhuku rokutamba ramazai. Nhau inogadza purogiramu yakananga nokuda kwamakumi amakore.
  • [[FLT: 0] Economic Programme: upfumi hunotengeswa kunze kwenyika navatengesi vezvinhu vanotarisana neganhuriro dzakasiana- siyana kupfuura upfumi hwemari inoshaikwa zvikuru yomumba. Kukatyamadzwa kwebhizimisi kunorova Germany zvakaoma; kudzongonyedza kukuru kwevhu rinodzongoka kunoparadza Ghana. Muitiro unofanira kuwirirana nechimiro chemari kuti ive inobudirira.
  • Economy: Nyika dzine simba guru, rakabatana dzinogona kupfuvura mari huru nokukurumidza. Hurumende dzebhizimisi dzinokombamira kukuva dzinononoka, dzinotaurirana zvikuru, uye kazhinji kazhinji mhinduro dzine mwero zvikuru. Zvikwata zvebasa zvakasimba zvinopfavisa kutaurirana ganhuriro yemibayiro negadziriro dzebasa, sezvinooneka muGermany neScandinavia.
  • Nzvimbo yeENCOUT: Nzvimbo yemari yeUS inopa "ropafadzo yakachengetwa," kubvumira US kushandisa mari huru pasina kutarisana nechinetso chemari. Ichi chikonzero chimwe chinotsanangura musiyano mukuru pakati pemhinduro yeUS neyaGhana kana kuti Japan. Nyika dzinotarisana nokusakwanisa kukwereta mari yadzo dzimene dzinomanikidzirwa nenzira dzinodzorwa muUS.

Zvidzidzo Zvokutarisira Nhamo Munguva Yemberi

Nepo mashoko akapoteredza achisiyana, zvidzidzo zvapose pose zvinoverengeka zvinobva mukunzvera uku kwokuenzanisa:

  1. Nhamburiko inowanzova inokosha zvikuru kupfuura Precision: Mukuderera kukuru kwemari kana kuti vhiringidziko yemari, ngozi huru iri kuita zvishoma zvikuru, kunyanyononoka. Nepo sundo yeUS CHOVID yakanga yakaitirwa zvisina kufanira mumativi akati, kumhanya kwayo kwakanga kuchikosha mukudzivisa kuora mwoyo. Kukwira kwemitengo kunovapo kunoratidza kuti kumhanya kunoitika nengozi huru inofanira kugamuchirwa.
  2. Kuumba Masumo Ezvekudzikamisa Anoshanda: Inishuwarenzi yokusashanda inogovera tsigiro inokurumidza, ishoma inokakavara mune zvamatongerwe enyika kupfuura mutemo wehod unopfuura mudzvinyiriro huru. Kusimbisa aya masangano mukati menguva dzakanaka kunopa mibayiro mikuru mukati mokuderera.
  3. International Coonational i Global Public Good: Tsitsiro yakarongeka yaG20 muna 2008 uye kukura kwokukurumidza kwenhomba nokutsigira nyika yose muna 2020 zvakanga zviri budiriro dzinoshamisa. Kukamukana kweupfumi hwenyika yose pashure peUkraine uye kukura kwedziviriro kuri kuita kuti njodzi dzive dzakabatanidzwa dzive nedaviso rakaoma zvikuru. Kuvaka chivimbo uye masangano nokuda kwebatira pamwe yenyika yose zvinoramba zviri chinhu chikuru mukugadziridza.
  4. Penteral Information Bank Imele Kudzivirirwa: Mutsetse pakati pemiitiro yemari nemari wakadzikatidza nenzira ine ngozi. Nepo unodikanwa mukati memigariro yakakomba, mabhangi makuru anofanira kubvumirwa kudzokera kumurairo wawo unorwisana nokukwira kwemitengo mukunaya. Kuisa muganhu wemari mungozi isingakanganisi kariro dzendyiko, chimiro chenjodzi imene.
  5. Fascal Batters Confict: Nyika dzakapinda mudenda rine chikwereti chakaderera cheGDP dzine nzvimbo huru zvikuru yesundo kupfuura idzo dzine chikwereti chikuru. Kuvaka nzvimbo yezvisarudzo mukati menguva dzakanaka ndiyo nzira bedzi yokuva nechisarudzo chemiitiro mukati menguva dzakashata. Iyi zvimwe ndicho chidzidzo chinokosha zvikurusa nokuda kwokukura kwezvemari.

Kupedzisa: Ndima ndiMambo, asi Kudzidza Ndokwechisiko Chose

Kunzvera kwemhinduro dzekudzora kunozivisa kuti nepo maturusi emacroetic anoshandiswa anowedzera kuva akatarwa, kushandiswa kwawo kwakatsamira zvikuru. US inotonga nyika yose nokuda kwenzvimbo inomira. Japan inorwisa hondo yechizvarwa mukurwisana nokuderera kwesimba. Germany inochinja kubva pakuvhunduka kuvhundutsa kuvhunduka munjodzi yesimba. Ghana inofamba nekaruvara kanete keIMF uye mamiriro ezvinhu akadzikama.

Hapana "akarurama" kunjodzi yemari. Mugadziri wemiitiro anobudirira haasi uyo anoshandisa nenzira yokusafunga muenzaniso webhuku, asi uyo anonzwisisa mamiriro ezvinhu enhau enyika yavo, simba resangano, uye zvinhu zvezvamatongerwe enyika. Chidzidzo chikuru pakuenzanisa izvi zvinoitika kudikanwa kwokugadziridzwa, kudzidza kugadziridzwa. Dambudziko rinotevera richasiana nerokupedzisira, asi nheyo dzechiito chokukurumidza, kurukurirano yakajeka, uye gadziriro dzinobudirira dzicharamba dziripo nokuda kwezvirongwa zvehurumende zvinobudirira.