Murangariro wokubatanidza − mutoo uyo Dare Rapamusorosoro rakashandisa nawo Bill of Rights kuhurumende kupfurikidza neGuiant Procession Claus yeMitemo ye 144th Amendment() unoramba uri imwe yedzidziso dzinochinja zvikurusa mumutemo wemitemo yeAmerica. Muanodokusvika mazana maviri amakore, mutoo weDare rokubatanidza wachinja zvinoshamisa, kuratidzira mirangariro pamusoro pechibvumirano chehurumende, rusununguko rwomunhu, uye basa rejudiary. Kunzwisisa kuti nguva dzakasiana sei Dare Gurusa rinobata pamwe chete nemitemo yemitemo yehurumende inobvumiranisa maruramiro avanhu zvinopa nzwisiso inokosha mukukura kupfuurira kwekodzero dzavagari vemo nedzirinotonga.

Nguva yeDare Rapakuvamba Rapakuvamba (1790s-1930): Nguva yoUtongi hwaDual

Mumakumi amakore apakuvamba zvikurusa eRepublic, Bill of Rights yakanzwisiswa kushanda chose chose kuhurumende yehurumende yehurumende. Dzidziso yakapararira youchangamire hwe yaidavira kuti hurumende nehurumende yorudzi zvakanga zviri mativi akaparadzana echiremera, chimwe nechimwe neganhuriro dzacho chimene dzebumbiro remitemo. Dare Rapamusoro nguva dzose rakaramba kuraira hurumende kukudza dziviriro dzakarongwa mumibatanidzwa gumi yokutanga.

Barron v. Baltimore (1833): Fandesheni Yokuramba

Nyaya yepanongedzero ye Barron v. Baltimore (133) yakaronga mashoko enhambo yose yepamberi-Fourtenth Amendment. John Barron, muridzi wepoto, akakwidziridza guta reBaltimorea kuparadzisa zvinhu zvake nokutsausa hova dzenja paigadzirwa mugwagwa. Akataura kuti guta rakanga ratora pfuma yake pasina muripo, richiputsa Pendement. Mutongi mukuru John Marshall, achinyora nokuda kweDare rekodzero dzehurumende yehurumende, kwete kuti Refverset’s Grefectures Rinices.

Mutezo Wechigumi Negumi Negumi Nokutonga Kwokutanga

Pashure peHondo yevagari vemo, kugamuchirwa kwe Foundation yegore negore muna 1868 kwakatanga mutauro mutsva uyo waizova mugwagwa unobatira. Chikamu Chokutanga chinogovera kuti hakuna hurumende icha “kubvisa munhu upi noupi woupenyu, rusununguko, kana kuti zvinhu, pasina muitiro wakafanira womutemo kana kuti“ kumunhu upi noupi ari musimba rayo dziviriro yakaenzana yemitemo.” Vatsigiri vakakarira kuti aya mazati achasunda kuremekedza kodzero dzinokosha. Bva Dare rapamusoro zvikurusa mukupera kwamazana amakore makumi maviri namakumi maviri rakaramba richipanikira zvikuru. Kuseka Hashaiwi Kwedzimba dzedzimba dzedzimba [Foct:3] (187], Dare rinopa maruramiro okurava kana kuti kurava matare mashoma.

Mitengo yakadai se kuwiriranisa v. New Jersey (08) (108) yakaenzanisirazve kudzivisa kweDare. Imomo, Dare rakabvuma kuti dzimwe maruramiro angava “anopa pfungwa” uye naizvozvo akadzivirirwa pahurumende kudzorwa, asi akaramba kubatanidza ropafadzo yeFindmer Amendment pachayo. Dare rakarangarira kuti Mutezo weCYClause Clause wakadzivirira bedzi kodzero idzodzo“ mumurangariro werusununguko rwakarairwa,” chitsama chaizova pakati pokunzvera kwapashure. Kusvikira muna 1920, chikamu chikuru cheRevolution yaBill yakaramba ichizivikanwa namashoko.

Dzidziso Yokusarudza Emergets (1920s - 1960)

Nguva yazvino uno yokubatanidza yakavamba pakati pama1920 apo Dare Rapamusorosoro rakatanga kushandisa Bill of Rights zvinovimbisa nyika panhau nehwaro. Iyi nzira, inozivikanwa se inosarudza kubatanidzwa [, yakabvumira Dare kudzivirira kodzero chaidzo dzinokosha pasina kumanikidza nyika kugamuchira Bill of Rights Readern.

Gitlow v. New York (1925): Brock Yokutanga

Nguva yokuchinja yakauya mu Gitlow v. New York (1925). Benjamin Gitlow akawanirwa mhaka mumutemo woutsotsi weNew York wokuparadzira mapepa esocialism. Kunyange zvazvo Dare rakatsigira kupwiswa kwake pamipimo, rakazivisa nheyo yakakomba: “Nezvinangwa zvazvino tingafunga kuti rusununguko rwokutaura uye rwechidhindiro chemahjoi, izvo zvinodzivirirwa neFirst Amendment kubva kudzo yemitemo yemitemo yehurumende yaparuzhinji neCongresscerser, (imos rekodhirected revomssions) pakati pekodzero dzinokosha dzomunhu oga oga uye ‘ kudzivirirwa nemuitiro wakafanira weGenearth Restem kubva mukushamption yakabva muUnited States.” Kurangarira uku kuiswa kwebasa rokutanga kwemitemo kurudyi kutsika kukutaura kutsika kumusoro. Nepo Gitkkkk haina kudzokera kutende nokuda kwechitepfekero.

Kuwedzera Kunowedzera: Ma1930 nema1940

Pashure peGitlow, Dare rakabatanidza nenzira yakatsiga maruramiro okuwedzera Echinjo Yokutanga. Nearbor v. Minnesota[[FL:1] [1931]) (1931) raidavira kuti pamberi pokuzvidzora pakubudiswa kwakaputsa dare reMitemo yeMitemo ye 144th, kushandisa rugwaro rwemapepa rwapachena kuireva. [[FLT:]] Dengev v. Oregon[FL] [FLT] [FLD] [37] [1973] [37] yakaita kuti maruramiro egungano arambei rugare, uye Cantwell v. Connecticut[[FLD] [FF:] [1940]) yakatambanudzira kushandiswa kworudzidziso mahara kuzivisa chiito. Pakazosvika 1930, Dare rakanga zvakasimba kuti kudzivirira kwePrejime.

Dare rakavambawo kukurukura maruramiro emiitiro youtsotsi. Mu Powell v. Alabama (1932), “Mapoka edare akakurumbira, mhaka, Dare rairangarira kuti Gungano Claus yaidikanwa kuti ipe zano mumhaka dzerufu umo mukwirirwi akanga asingakwanisi kuita dziviriro yakakwana. Iyi yakanga iri nhano yapakuvamba kurudyi kuzano, kunyange zvazvo yakanga yakaganhurirwa kumigariro chaiyo. Plakko v. Connecticut[FL:] [1973]) yaibudisa mupimo nokuda kwokushanda kwakasarudzwa: kodzero idzodzo bedzi: “mufungo wakarongwa murusununguko” Isu taizobatanidza iyi Dare, rairamba kuratidzira kupfuutsa kupfuure.

Kuchinja kweDare reWarren (1953 -1969)

Mutongi mukuru Earl Warren akabudisa kuwedzera kunoshamisa zvikurusa kwokubatanidza. Dare reWarren rakashandisa nesimba Inzevedzo ye 14 kuti iite kodzero dzematsotsi munyika yose, kuchinja gadziriro dzeruramisiro dzehurumende. Zvisarudzo zvikuru zvinosanganisira:

  • Mapp v. Ohio (1961): Kubatanidza mutemo weChina wokubvisa Hurumende, kuchida kuti matare ehurumende arege ufakazi hunowanwa kupfurikidza nokunzvera kusiri kwapamutemo uye nhamo.
  • Gideon v. Wainwright [[FL:1] (1963): Yakadzora “migariro chaiyo” kubva kuBetts v. Brady (1942) uye yaidavira kuti maruramiro eTSPMFmentedment eThree aikosha uye aisunga mumitengo yose.
  • Malloy v. Hogan (1964): Yakabatanidza ropafadzo yeFirefemment inorwisana nokuzvitsiura, kunyanyokwinya v. New Jersey.
  • Pointer v. Texas (1965): Yakapfuudza Pession Tream Residement kuruwa.
  • Klopefer v. North Carolina (1967): Yakabatanidza Dare reSikisi Kutongwa kwokukurumidza.
  • Duncan v. Louisiana (1968): Yakabatanidza maruramiro eSixth Amendment okutonga nedare ramatare mumhaka dzakakomba dzoutsotsi, ichirondedzera “kukura kwemhosva” semhosva dzinorangwa nokuiswa mutorongo kwemwedzi mitanhatu.

Pakasvika mugumo weWarren Court, inenge miitiro yose youtsotsi inodzivirira muBill of Rights ($nosimuro inocherekedzwa yeFindrence yapamutongo mukuru wedare reFindromendi yeFindromendi yeFindromenzi yakanyoreswa. Kusvika kweDare kwakanga kwakavakirwa zvakasimba mu kusarudza kubatanidza [, kuramba Justice Hugo Black kuraira kwese ukoshi (murangariro wokuti Irenderlinement ya14th yaishandisa Bill of Rights ray kumitemo). Panzvimbo pezvo, Dare rakashandisa kodzero imwe neimwe, richingoda kuwanwa kwoutatu.

Nguva Yazvino Uno neNhengo yokuMata (1960säPresenters)

Pashure penguva yeWarren, Dare reBurger neRehnquist rakachengetedza kudzivirira kwacho asi panhambo nenhambo kuchiwedzera.

Kubatanidzwa kweTemplement Yechipiri

Kwemakumi amakore, Dare Gurusa rakanga risina kukurukura kana maruramiro eChipiri eChinjo yokuchengeta nokutakura zvombo zvakashandiswa kunyika. Pashure pa Dialief of Columbia v. Heller (2008) rakaziva kodzero yomunhu oga muhurumende, mubvunzo wakamuka nokukurumidza nokuda kwemitemo nemitemo yomunzvimbomo. [[FLT:]] Mcnald v. Chicago[[FLT:]]] (2010), uzhinji hweDare rairangarira kuti Kugadziriswa kwechipiri kwakabatanidzwa kupfurikidza neChirongwa chaCelasicle nemhaka yokuti rudyi kumunhu amene anozvida. Ruzivo rwenyika yose rwakanga rusingabvumirwi. Ruzivo rwechinotongerweirwo rwakatongozivikanwa naMadokero. Chino chikabvumiranwa kuti chisabvumirwe kuti chisarutsoro chakarurama. Chisarudzodzodzo chakaitwa kupfurikidza nemitemo yaMasmo akaresaidzo yakanzi Thomas, chizivika.

Kubatanidzwa kweTemplement Yechisere

Kudzivirira kweSendment yeIndect kwakabatanidzwa pakuvamba Robinson v. California (1962), uko kwakakurira mutemo weCalifornia wokuita kuti kupindwa muropa kwemirimo chikanganiso choutsinye nechirango chechienzi muInethth Amendment. Nguva pfupi yapfuura, mu [FLT:] Timbs v. Indiana[[FLT]] [[FLT]] [2010]), Dare rakabatanidza kunyanyisa kutendeseka kwaSeendmentmentssss Reconfictives, richiita kuti Claus aberekerwe, richengetedze kuti dziviriro pazvinonyanyonaka muIne zvakanyanyisa uye kuti Mutongo muduku unopfuurira kupfurikidza. Gasburg akasainwa kuti “mururamisi yorudyi pasi pePrejinga yeGreast Clauscey yeGreast ino nemhaka yechipfume iri injo yapamutemo.

Mugariro Wazvino: Chii Chinoramba Chisina Kubatanidzwa?

Kubvira nhasi, ruzhinji rweBill of Rights rwave ruchishandiswa kuhurumende dzacho.

  • Mutemo wokutanga: Zvikamu zvikuru zvose (majekiseni, mapepanhau, gungano, chikumbiro, kurovedza kwapachena, kutangwa) zvinobatanidzwa zvizere.
  • mendurusomergation:[ Inobatanidzwa kupfurikidza MCDONAld (2010).
  • transformed: Haibatanidzwa; hapana nhau yeDare Rapamusorosoro inonangidzira chiito chehurumende zvakananga. matare epasi apa akakamurana, asi nhau yacho haiwanzomuka.
  • FMment: Yakabatanidzwa zvizere, kubatanidza mutemo wokubvisa.
  • framendment yechiNgezi: Zvikamu zvizhinjisa zvemashoko zvakabatanidzwa kunze kwechinodikanwa chikuru chedare rinobetsera vatongi ( Hurtado v. California, 1884, achiri mutemo wakanaka). Umene, njodzi dzakapetwa kaviri, muitiro wakafanira, uye zviito zvose zvinobatanidzwa.
  • SSHmendment: Kodzero dzose (kutongwa nekutonga kwavose, vatongi vasingasaruri, ziviso yepomero, bonderano, muitiro wokumanikidzira, zano) zvinobatanidzwa.
  • pamue `[FLT: 1] Kodzero kukutonga kwevagari vemo haisati yabatanidzwa. Dare harina kutongoishandisa kunyika, uye mashoko echigadziridzo amene anonongedzera ku “maidi emutemo wevose” pasina kududza matare ehurumende. Hurumende zhinji dzine maruramiro adzo edare rehurumende.
  • menduru yorumano: chirango chine utsinye nechisiri chenguva dzose ([[FT:2]] Robinson)) uye faindi yakanyanyisa ([] Timbs[ 2019) zvakabatanidzwa. Beil yakanyanyisa haina kubatanidzwa, kunyange zvazvo matare akaderera anoverengeka achiirangarira kuva.
  • Hurumende dzeMitemo yeNyama nedzechigumi: Hadzibatanidzwa; idzi gadziridzo inzvimbo yekodzero dzomunhu oga.

Nharo Huru Dzinokurukurwa Nenzira Dzokududzira

Munhau yose yokubatanidza, rondedzero huru mbiri dzinokwikwidzana dzakaumba kufunga kwedare: [[FLT: 0] kusarudza kubatanidzwa (mupimo mukuru) uye chitsauko chinosvika pa [ (inotsigirwa zvikuru neRuramisiro Nhete asi isingatongotengwi). Mutongi Frankfur, mukupesana, akaregwa nokuda kwe “mupimo wakatanhamara wakatarira pahwerengedzo yemigariro panzvimbo pokushandisa gadziriro dzakati. Iyi nzira, pane dzimwe nguva inonzi [[FLT:] [FFFF:5] [5], yakaregwa pashure pekuchinja kwaMagate eDare azvino uno.[5]

Imwe kurukurirano inopfuurira ine chokuita nenzira yokusarudza kutsinhana. Vamwe vatongi, zvikurukuru Scalia naThomas, vakasimbisa kunzvera kwenhau kwekodzero dzakanzwisiswa sedzaikosha muna 1868 apo Fimende ye145 yakatenderwa. Vamwe, vakadai seJastice Breyer, vakada mutoo wakakurumbira zvikuru, wazvino uno unorangarira mipimo yetsika yazvino uno. Kunyanduka pakati penyanzvi dzapakuvamba nedzechipotuanoyera kunopfuurira kuzivisa kupesana kwazvino uno.

Kubatana Kwedzimwe Nguva Kwokudzidzazve

Kupedzisa: Nhaka Inovapo Yokusarura

Nhambo yeDare rapamusoro zvikurusa kubva pakurambwa kwapakuvamba kwekushandiswa kupi nokupi kwehurumende kweBill of Rights kusvikira kurusano rwatinoona nhasi inomirira imwe yemisiano mikurusa mumutemo wemitemo yeAmerica. Kupfurikidza nokubatanidza kusarura, Dare rakavimbisa kuti rusununguko rukuru rwokutaura (runekodzero dzokutaura, kurovedza kworudzidziso, kodzero yokutakura zvombo, dziviriro pakutsvaka kwechirango cheutsinye nechirango cheutsinye) zvinovimbiswa kuAmerica vose pasinei zvapo nokuti ihurumende ipi yavanogara. Nepo zvikamu zvishomanene zvinoramba zvisina kubatanidzwa (zvikurukurukurukuru chinodikanwa chedare redare redare redare rinotonga dare redare redare uye kutongwa nedare redare revagari vemone murudyi), komba komba maruramiro ezvorudzidziso zvaveri kudzivirira maruramiro enyika yose. Dare renguva yemberi ringawedzera kudzivirirwa kana kuti kurwisana neganhuridzo yedzidziso yedzidziso, zvikurukuru munzvimbo dzoruzivo rwokugadzirwa kwezvinhu, uye kugariranwa kwenzanga zvinomirira pamutemo kuti zvive zviri musimba ripfuure.