Kunzwisisa Basa Rebumbiro remitemo reHurumende yeAmerica

Hurumende yeUnited States inoshanda mugadziriro yamasimba akaparadzana nenzvero nedzikamo, gadziriro yakatangwa neBumbiro remitemo kudzivisa bazu ripi neripi kuunganidza chiremera chakanyanyisa. Iri dare rinokamuranisa simba rehurumende pakati pamapazu matatu akasiana: Mapazu eChiratidzo, Chirevo, uye Ruratidzo. Nepo bazi rimwe nerimwe richishandisa masimba chaiwo emitemo, mitoro yaro yakaumbwa inoita gadziriro ine simba umo batira pamwe chete nokutarisirana kunokosha mukushandisa ruramisiro. Nyaya ino inonzvera kuti aya mapazu matatu anoshanda sei akazvishandira pamwe chete kutsigira murairo, kudzivirira maruramiro, uye kuchengeta murairo wakatungamirira rudzi kwamazana maviri amakore.

Uzivi hunotsigira uku kuparadzana kwamasimba hunobva zvikuru mumanyoro aMontesquieu nezvinoitika zvinoshanda zvechizvarwa chakavamba, izvo zvakatya simba rakakomba pashure pechinoitika chazvo noumambo hweBritain. James Madison akabudisa ichi chiono muFederalist No. 51, achitaurira kuti chirangariro chinofanira kuitwa kukurira chinzvimbo [ kupfurikidza negadziriro yakarongwa nokungwarira. Muuyo wacho ihurumende apo bazi rimwe nerimwe rinogona kunzvera vamwe nepo richine simba rakari rakakwana rokuita mabasa aro emitemo.

Kurongwa Kwemakepe Nedzikamo

Hurukuro dzetsika yeAmerica hadzisi mukuwanisa masimba asi mukupa maturusi ebazu rimwe nerimwe kuganhurira mamwe. Bazu rinoisa mitemo asi rinoda tendero yeChirevo Chikuru nokuda kwokuchengetwa uye kutarisana nehwirudzuro yewirirano yebumbiro-mitemo nokuda kwewirirano yebumbiro remitemo. Bazu reBazi rinoLativeaspance rinotungamirira hurumende asi rinotsamira paMitemo yeChibvumirano nemasimba anosimbiswa, nepo bazi rinotsanangura mitemo asi rinovimba neGumo remitemo nokuda kwokuchengetwa kwegadziriro yaro nebhajeti.

Kunzwisisa kuti mapazi aya anoshanda sei kunoratidza kuti nyika dzinotonga hurumende yeAmerica dzinosarudzwa nevanhu uye kuti dzinodzivirira kururamisira pakutonga kwehurumende pasina kumanikidzwa kana kuti kutoita kuti itoita zvinhu nenzira inoda kutorerwa.

Bazu Romutemo: Chiremera Chokupa Mutemo

Bazu reMitemo, rakaumbwa neChikamu I cheBumbiro reMitemo, isangano rebimeyal rinoumbwa neImba yaVamiririri neDare. Imba, ine mitezo inovhota 435 inogoverwa navagari vehurumende, inomirira fariro dzakananga dzavanhu kupfurikidza namashoko amakore maviri anochengeta vamiririri vachizvidavirira zvikuru kumitezo yavo. Dare, nemitezo 100 (vaviri vanobva munyika imwe neimwe), inoshanda pamashoko amakore matanhatu uye inopa pesvedzero inotsigirika, inomirira fariro dzorudzi uye inopa murangariro murefu pamuitiro worudzi.

Mabasa Apamutemo

Basa guru reCongress nderokuronga, kukurukura, uye kugadza mutemo unotarisira zvinodikanwa nedenho dzenyika. Uyu muitiro unobatanidza mwero mizhinji umo mifungo inova zvikwereti, zvikwereti zvinova mitemo, uye mitemo inoumba upenyu hweAmerica. Mitemo mikuru inobatanidza:

  • [ Kupinza zvikwereti zvemari yemari muImba yaVamiriri, sezvinodikanwa neBumbiro reMitemo ’ chitsama chamavambo.
  • [ Anoshandisa mutemo unotevedzerwa [[FL: 1] kupfurikidza nokutongwa kwedare, nharo dzouriri, uye matare emisangano anoyananisa misiyano pakati peshanduro dzeImba neDare dzezvikwereti.
  • Kubvumikisa bhajeti yomubatanidzwa nokushandisa mari yemabasa ehurumende, simba rinopa Congress simba rakakura kupfuura zvinoiswa pakutanga neBoka.
  • [ Zvibvumirano zvinozivisa [ neveDare reMitatu, vachivimbisa kuti zvibvumirano zvamarudzi ose zvinoratidzira bvumirano huru.
  • Kusimbisa kugadzwa kwapurezidhendi kubatanidza vanyori veCabinet, vatongi vomubatanidzwa, vatongi veDare Rapamusoro, uye nhume kupfurikidza nomuitiro wokusimbisa Dare.
  • Kugovera mirau inotonga [ uye kunzvera kudzora mibato yebazu ine chiremera ndokuvimbisa kuzvidavirira.

Nzvero Dzomutemo Pamamwe Mapazu

Dare rinobatira pesvedzero huru pamamwe mapazu kupfurikidza nemiitiro inoverengeka yebumbiro remitemo. Dare’ ndiro zano uye simba rinobvumira pakugadza kwokutonga rinoumba kuumbwa kwepfungwa dzematare ehurumende. Dare rinodzorawo udzori hwematare ehurumende uye rinogona, kupfurikidza nomutemo, kupesvedzera kuti bazu reChiratidzo rinoshanda sei. Simba rinopa chiremera cheHurumende kubvisa vakuru vakuru vehurumende kubatanidza Purezidhendi, Purezidhendi, uye vatongi nokuda kwe [FLT: 0] mhosva dzakakwirira uye dzinoshandiswa zvisina kufanira .

Bazu Rinotungamirira: Kuchengeta uye Kushumira Mutemo

Bazu raVadzorwi, rakaumbwa neChikamu II cheBumbiro reMitemo, rinotungamirirwa naPurezidhendi weUnited States, uyo anobatira sezvose zviri zviviri musoro wehurumende nomusoro wehurumende. Mutungamiriri wehurumende anotsigirwa naMutongi Mukuru, Bitten, uye dare rehurumende rinobatanidza madhipatimendi akadai seHurumende, Defense, Treasure, Justice, uye masangano mazhinji. Iri sangano guru rokutarisira rinoshandisa uye rinomanikidzira mitemo inopfuudzwa neCongress apo rinenge richitarisira kushanda kwezuva nezuva nezuva rehurumende yomubatanidzwa.

Mibato yeTexbeup

Bazu Rinotungamirira rinoita mitoro yakafara zvikuru inotapura anenge mativi ari ose oupenyu hweAmerica. Mabasa makuru anobatanidza:

  • Kuisa mitemo yehurumende kupfurikidza neBato reRuramisiro, masangano anotarisira mutemo, uye mapoka anodzora ayo anovimbisa kuwirirana nemirau yemitemo.
  • Kubatanidza ukama hwokumwe [ uye kumirira United States mumibatanidzwa yamarudzi ose, zvibvumirano zvokurangana, uye kutarisira ukama hwamasangano namamwe marudzi.
  • Kuraira mauto ane zvombo soMutungamiriri Mukuru, kutungamirira mabasa ehondo uye kuumba muitiro wechengeteko yenyika.
  • Kubudisa mirayiridzo yavakuru vakuru uye nhungamiro dzemitemo dzinotungamirira nzira iyo masangano ehurumende anoshandisa nayo mitemo inopfuudzwa neCongress.
  • Kupa kanganwiro netsiyenzi nokuda kwemhosva dzomubatanidzwa, simba rinogovera cheki pabazu reRutongeso uye rinobvumira ngoni mugadziriro yeruramisiro yamatsotsi.
  • Kuisa vakuru vakuru vehurumende kubatanidza vatongi, nhume, uye vatarisiri vakuru, vanopiwa simbiso yeDare.

Mukuru Mukuru Anoongorora Mamwe Mapazi

Purezidhendi ane maturusi akakura okunzvera mapazu eGajisa ne Juji. Simba reveto rinobvumira Purezidhendi kuramba mutemo unopfuudzwa neCongress, achimanikidzira vaiti vemitemo kugamuchira zvimwe mirau kana kuti kuunganidza mibato mikuru kuti iikutungamirire. Purezidhendi ’ simba rokugadza rinoumba judicariary yehurumende kwezvizvarwa, sezvo kugadza kwedare kunotakura upenyu nechiremera chokududzira. Mukuru wedare anodzorawo anodzora kutevedzerwa kwemirairo yedare, zvinoreva kuti bazi reRecucialism rinotsamira pakubatira pamwe napamhiro yedare racho nenzira inobudirira.

Bazu Rokutonga: Kududzira Mitemo Nokuraira Ruramisiro

Bazu Rokutonga, rakatangwa neChikamu III cheBumbiro reMitemo, rinotungamirirwa neDare Rapamusorosoro reUnited States uye rinobatanidza matare ehurumende akaderera akadai seDare reZvikwiro neDare Roruwa.Federal rinotonga rinobata mahofisi aro mukati momufambiro wakanaka, nenzira inobudirira rinovadzivirira padzvinyiriro yezvamatongerwe enyika uye rinovabvumira kusarudza nhau dzakavakirwa pamutemo nenheyo yemitemo panzvimbo pokurangarira kwakakurumbira kana kuti kwevatsigiri.

Mibato Yekutonga yeCore

Bazu reDare rinobatira somuturikiri webumbiro remitemo nomugadziri wekakavadzano dzapamutemo mukati megadziriro yehurumende. Mibato mikuru inobatanidza:

  • [ Kuisa mubumbiro reBumbiro reMitemo ndokusarudza kana mitemo inopfuura neDare kana kuti zviito zvinotorwa nebazu rinotungamirirwa neBumbiro remitemo zvichiwirirana nezvinodikanwa zvebumbiro remitemo.
  • Kupedza kakavadzano dzemitemo pakati pemapati, kubatanidza nhau dzinobatanidza mutemo womubatanidzwa, kudzorwa kwemarudzi pakati pevagari venyika dzakasiyana - siyana, uye makakatanwa anobatanidza hurumende yeUnited States.
  • Kuyera zviito zvesangano rokutarisira kuva nechokwadi chokuti vanoshanda mukati mechiremera chemitemo ndokuremekedza muitiro wakafanira wetsika.
  • [ Kudzivirira maruramiro omunhu oga norusununguko kupfurikidza nokududzira Bill of Rights negadziridzo dzapashure dzebumbiro remitemo.
  • Kuzivisa muenzaniso wapamutemo kupfurikidza nedzidziso yokutarira decisis, iyo inogovera dzikamo nokudeya kutaurwa mumutemo.

Kuongorora Kutonga Mamwe Mapazi

Simba rehwirudzuro yedare, rakatangwa mumhaka yechiratidzo Madison (1803), rinobvumira matare ehurumende kuzivisa mabasa eDare kana kuti mabasa nebazu rinotungamirirwa nedare risiri rehurumende. Iri chiremera rinobatira secherekedzo inodenha pamitemo uye kudzorwa kwevakuru vakuru. Bazu reRecucial reta remitemo yehurumende, kazhinji kazhinji kazhinji rinosarudza kuti mitemo inoshanda sei mumiganhuro yakananga uye kuisa miganhuro yehurumende. Kupfurikidza naaya masimba, matare anochengeta murairo webumbiro remitemo uye anovimbisa kuti mamwe mapazu ashate mumiteveri yaro yakagadzwa yechiremera.

Kushandira Kwakaita Mapazi Nokuda Kworuramisiro

Kunyange zvazvo kuongorora uye kudzikamisa zvinhu kuchikonzera kusawirirana kunobudirira pakati pemapazi, kudzora kunobudirira kunoda kuti murambe muchishandira pamwe uye muchiremekedzana.

Kutsinhirana Mumutemo Mukuita Mitemo

Gadziriro yomutemo inowanzobatanidza kunzvera kukuru pakati peCongress nebazu roUkuru hweHurumende. Mapurezidhendi anokarakadza zvirongwa zvemitemo, kuendesa zvikwereti zvekunyoresa, uye kukumbira Dare kuti riratidze zvinhu zvaro zvinokosha. Masangano ebazu anotungamirira anopa unyanzvi nenzwisiso dzinoshanda pamusoro penzira iyo mitemo inokarakadzwa inoshanda nayo. Iyi batira pamwe inobetsera kubudisa mutemo uyo uri zvose zviri zviviri wakarurama neunodzorwa nemitemo, uchideredza bviro yokuita zvinetso kana kuti kusashanda kwedare.

Kushandira Pamwe Kwevane Chiremera Nechibvumirano

Bazu raVatungamiriri rinoita basa rinokosha mukushandisa zvisarudzo zvedare. Masangano eFederal anofanira kugadziridza miitiro yawo nemiitiro mukupindura kukutonga. Department of Justice inomirira hurumende mudare, ichidzivirira mitemo yehurumende nezviito zvokutonga nepo ichiwiriranawo nemirayiro yokutonga. Ukama ihwohwu hunoda kurukurirano inopfuurira uye kuremekedzana pakati pamapazu, kunyange apo kusawirirana kunomuka pamusoro pedudziro yemitemo kana kuti Bumbiro remitemo.

Kupindira Kwomutemo

Congress inopesvedzera bazu reDare Rinotonga kupfurikidza nesimba raro kurondedzera udzori hwedare rehurumende, kugadzira zvibvumirano zvitsva, uye kusarudza muripo mutsva wedare nebhajeti. Darewo, rinotsanangura revo yemirau yedare ndokusarudza kushanda kwaro kwebumbiro remitemo. Ukama ihwohwu hunokurudzira Congress kuronga mutemo nokungwarira zvinodikanwa zvebumbiro remitemo nemutoo wavapo, nepo matare anovavarira kuremekedza vavariro yemitemo pakuturikira mitemo isina kujeka.

Fundo Dzomuitiro dzeBatano Yakabatana Nerwisano

Zviitiko zvinoverengeka zvenhau yeAmerica zvinoenzanisira kuti mapazi matatu anoshanda sei mukushanda uye kuratidzira gadziriro inonzi ’ mano okugadzirisa zvinetso zvakaoma zvokutonga zvakarurama.

Brown v. Board of Education and Civil Rights Legislation

Dare Gurusa ̱ 1954 chisarudzo mu Brown v. Board of Education yakazivisa paradzano yedzinza muzvikoro zvavose isina kutongwa, kuputsa dzidziso yakaparadzana asi yakaenzana yakanga yapararira kwamakumi amakore. Nepo Dare rakavamba nheyo yemitemo, kuita chiito chaida chiito kubva kune mamwe mapazu. Congress yakapfuudza Chibvumirano chekodzero dzeChivil Agact ya1964 neVoting Rights Act ya 1965, kushandura zvirevo zvokutonga kuva mutemo unomanikidzirwa. Bazu reGuidhia, pasi paMapurezidhendi Eishower, Kennedy, naJohnson, rakaita izvi murairo mukurwisana nehurumende inodzivisa, richishandisa chiremera chomubatanidzwa kukurira chikakavarati.

Dambudziko Remvura Nokuzvidavirira Kune Vane Simba

Chinonyadzisa cheWatergate chama 1970 chakaratidzira kuti mapazi ose matatu anogona kushanda pamwe chete sei kutsigira mutemo mukurwisana navadzori. Bazu reLegislati rakaita nzvero kupfurikidza nokutongwa kweDare kwaizivisa kusazvibata kwapurezidhendi. Bazu reRegionation, kupfurikidza nemirayiro inobva kumatare makuru kubatanidza Dare Gurusa reUnited States v. Nixon (1974) [FLT] [FLT], rakagombedzera Purezidhendi kubudisa matepitesi machena eHouse ayo akabvumikisa kuva anokosha kubvunzurudzo. Kutarisana nemitemo muDare gurusaindemu nemhosva, Purezidhendi Nixon Nixon akaratidzira kuti hapana mukuru mukuru, kunyange mutungamiriri wehurumende, ari pamusoro pomutemo apo mapazu anoshandisa mabasa awo ebumbiro remitemo.

Muitiro Wokutarisira Unodziviswa Nebumbiro Remitemo

Kupfuura kweAffordble Care Act muna 2010 kwakaita kuti pave nokuedza kwakawanda kwesimba rehurumende uye ukama pakati pamapazu. Dare Gurusa ’ chisarudzo mu National Federation of Independent Business v. Seberius (2012) yakatsigira chirevo chimwe nechimwe pasi peCongress ̱ chinobhadhara mutero nepo ichiganhurira hurumende yehurumende ̱ mano okuita kuti mari iwirirane pakutonga kwehurumende. Dare rakaisa muganhu pakati peChibvumirano chokubvumira dare kuti chigadzire mamiriro outano enyika pasi pebumbiro remitemo. Bazuti rehurumende ipapo rakaita mutemo mukati muganhu wakagadzwa nedare, kugadziridza kutsinhiranisa miraudzo nokudzo nokudzo nokudzosera kutongwa nemitemo.

Basa Reimba Youfundisi Mukudzivirira Kodzero Dzomunhu Mumwe Nomumwe

Matare ehurumende anobatira senzvimbo inokosha nokuda kwavanhu vanotsvaka dziviriro kubva kumano kana kuti kuputswa kwamaruramiro ebumbiro remitemo. Kupfurikidza nesimba rokuhwirudzura, matare anogona kushayisa simba mitemo nezviito zvokutungamirira zvinoputsa rusununguko rukuru. Mitemo inobatanidza kutaura kwakasununguka, kushandisa kworudzidziso, muitiro wakafanira, dziviriro yakaenzana, uye muitiro woutsotsi unouya nguva dzose pamberi pavatongi vomubatanidzwa, avo vanoshandisa nheyo dzebumbiro remitemo kumigariro chaiyoiyo.

Bazu reDare rinotonga rinodzivirirawo maruramiro kupfurikidza nokududzira kwaro mitemo yehurumende. Apo Congress inopa mitemo inotaura pamusoro pekodzero dzevagari vemo, dziviriro yemhoteredzo, chengeteko yevatengi, kana kuti ganhuriro yebasa, matare anosarudza ukuru nokushandiswa kwedziviriro idzodzo. Iri basa rokududzira rinowanzoda kuti matare adzikamise fariro dzinokwikwidzana ndokurangarira vavariro yemitemo nepo anoramba akatendeka kumitezo yemitemo.

Michina Inoshanda Yokutarisira

Kupfuura gadziriro dzapamutemo dzebumbiro remitemo, gadziriro dzinoverengeka dzinoshanda dzinopfavidza batira pamwe nokutarisira pakati pamapazu. Matare eCongregational anoita kuti vakuru vakuru vebazu vagarotongwa, achida chipupuriro pamusoro pemibato yesangano nezvisarudzo zvemitemo. Hurumende yeMatare Azvidavirira inogovera Congress nokunzvera kwakasununguka mabasa ehurumende. Federal inoshandira pamwe neCongress kupfurikidza neDare reRecualigial, iro rinokurukura judiary ̱ zvinodikanwa neitiro hanya pamusoro pemitemo inotapura matare.

Office of Legal Counser iri muDhipatimendi Remitemo inogovera zano repamutemo kumasangano ebazi makuru, kazhinji kacho richitsanangura mibvunzo yebumbiro remitemo zviito zvisati zvaitwa.

Mugumisiro: Kukosha Kusingaperi Kwehurumende Yakadzikama

Gadziriro yeAmerica yamasimba akaparadzana nezvinonzvera nedzikamo yakabvumikisa kuva yakasimba nenzira inoshamisa anopfuura mazana maviri amakore.

Kubatira pamwe pakati paMapazu eMitemo, Enoungira, uye Anotonga kunovimbisa kuti ruramisiro haisati iri pfungwawo zvayo isiri yezvokufungidzira asi chinhu chaichoicho chinoshanda kupfurikidza nokuita mitemo, kuchengetwa, uye kutsiviwa. Apo gadziriro inoshanda sechinorongwa, hapana bazu rimwe rinotonga, kodzero dzomunhu oga dzinodzivirirwa, uye mutemo unokunda simba risingadzorwi. Vagari vanonzwisisa kuti hurumende yavo inoshanda sei vanoshongedzerwa zviri nani kuita kuti vamiririri vavo vazvipiwe uye kuti vabatane basa rinopfuurira rehurumende yehurumende yegutsaruzhinji yeAmerica.

Kunzwisisa iyi batira pamwe yebatira pamwe inokosha nokuda munhu upi noupi anotsvaka kupinda nomutoo une revo negadziriro yezvamatongerwe enyika kana kuti kunzwisisa hwaro hwebumbiro remitemo rerusununguko rweAmerica. Marongedzero akaronga gadziriro yaizoda kurukurirano inopfuurira nokubvumirana pane zvisina kufanira, achikarira kuti gwinyiro rebazu rimwe nerimwe richanzvera gwinyiro redzimwe. Rongedzero inopfuurira kubatira rudzi, kutungamirira basa rehurumende nokurondwa kweruramisiro nokuda kweAmerica yose.