Kuumbwa Kwoutongi hweAmerica: Kupindira Kunoita Bazu Matatu

United States Constitution inogadza hurumende yehurumende yakavakirwa pakuparadzana kwamasimba. Chivako ichi chakagadzirirwa noune basa kudzivirira kuiswa kwesimba mubazu rimwe nerimwe, kuitira hanya Vavambi vakabatirwa zvikuru pashure peruzivo rwavo nehurumende yeBritain. Nepo bazu rimwe nerimwe richishanda nenzira yaro nemabasa akasiyana, kufambidzana kwavo nomugadziriro yechekedzo yakasiyana - siyana uye ganhuriro zvinoparira kuoma kwesimba kunoumba chisarudzo chikuru chiri chose chemitemo, mutemo, uye kutonga. Kunzwisisa uku kunokosha nokuda kwemunhu upi noupi anotsvaka kuti anzwisise kuti ubati ushe hwehurumende hwechigaro chenyika yeAmerica hushandei. Kubva pakuguma kwomutemo wemitemo yemitemo yemitemo kuzvinetso zvemitemo uye kudzorodzo dzamatongero ezuva riri rose.

Bazu Romutemo: Dare Sebazu Rokutanga

Chikamu I cheBumbiro reMitemo chinopa masimba ose emitemo muUnited States Congress, kuchiiita bazu rokutanga rehurumende. Congress ibhimeral, inoumbwa neDare (mitezo 100, miviri pahurumende) uye Imba yeVamiriri inogoverwa navagari vemo. Bazu remitemo rine simba rechikwama, rinozivisa hondo, rinodzora kutengeserana kwenyika, uye rinogadzira mitemo yose yehurumende. Asi batano yaro nemukuru wehurumende namapazu edare dzinotonga dzinopfuura kure kure nokugoverwa kwomutemo.

Kuita Mutemo: Kupindira KweCore Nechiremera

Kubatana kunooneka zvikurusa pakati peCongress nepurezidhendi kunoitika mukati momuitiro wewirirano. Mutevedzeri anofanira kupfuura makamuri ose ari maviri muchimiro chakafanana uye ipapo angapiwa kuna Purezidhendi. Muunganda angasaina mumutemo, kana kuti kuubvumira kuva mutemo usina kusaina pashure pemazuva gumi (maSvondo okuwedzera). Iri simba icherekedzo yakakomba: Chibvumirano chinogona kukunda kupfuvura nokuna matatu makuru mudzimba dzose, danda rakakwirira rakaitwa kashoma. Somuenzaniso, muna 2020 Congress as as Relinder Trupt’s deligion of National Defect Act, asi masangano akadaro anoitika mu 5% yemanyuko ezvikamu zvenhau.

Kupfuura, mano aPurezidhendi okukarakadza mutemo neChibvumirano chesangano rinoumba kutamba kwezvamatongerwe enyika kunopfuurira. Hurumende yeUnion, inodikanwa neChikamu II, Chikamu 3, inhambo yakarongwa yokuti Purezidhendi akurudzire matanho. Asi kufambidzana kusina kurongwa kwakadai semisangano yeNzvimbo yeWhite ine zvigaro zvedare guru kana kuti kushandiswa kwechikuva chevadheedhendi.

Kuronga Mari Nesimba Rechidyiro

Congress inodzora kupererwa kwemari nepurogiramu yemitemo. Bumbiro reMitemo rinopa House of Declaimers simba rimwe rokutanga zvikwereti zvemari (Article I, Chikamu 7). Iri simba remari yokuronga mari nderimwe recheki dzakasimba zvikurusa dzeCongress pabazu guru. Purezidhendi anopa chikarakadzo chemari yemari gore negore, asi Chibvumirano hachisi musengwa wokuchigamuchira. Mukushandisa. Kuronga, kurukurirano yetsananguriro dzinova dzakakwirira, dzinotungamirira kukumisa mazarira ehurumende apo appropries. 20182119, nguva refu zvikuru muU.S. nhau yenhau (mazuva 35), yakaratidzira kuti bazu remitemo inogona sei kumisa mabasa okutarisira nokubhadhadha.

Kutarisira Nokuongorora

Dare rapamhene rine chiremera chikuru chokutarisira bazu guru, kubatanidza kugadzikisa kutongwa, kubudisa masangano ehurumende. Iri basa rokutarisira rinonzvera simba ravakuru vakuru kupfurikidza nokuvimbisa mitemo inoitwa sechinorongwa. Dare Gurusa rakasimbisa simba iri mu Mcrain v. Daughty (1977]), rinobata kuti Dare ringamanikidza uchapupu nezvinyorwa kuzivisa mutemo. Kunzvera kukuru kunoitwa mu Mcrait ne-v] Komiti yaJanuary 6 iltuslate sei inogona kuratidzira kusazvibata kwavakurudzano uye kunyange kuparira kutemwaradziridza.

Simba Rinoshandira

Bumbiro reMitemo rinopa Imba simba rimwe chete rekusaidzira (Article I, Chikamu 2) uye Dare simba rimwe rokuedza kudzosa (Taille I, Chikamu 3). Idzi icherekedzo dzokupedzisira dzeCongress papurezidhendi, muteveri wapurezidhendi, kana kuti mutongi wenyika. Nepo kusapa chiremera iri muitiro wezvamatongerwe enyika, kwete mupari wetsotsi, inoda vhoti zhinjisa muImba kuunza pomero uye vhoti mbiri muDare kuti vawane mhaka uye vabvise. Mapurezidhendi matatu bedzi akasainzwa noMutengiriante: Andrew Johnson (1868), Bill Clinton (ctice, 2019,201) uye Donald (Druc. Hapana chakawanwa neDare rezvamatongerwe enyika, kunyange zvazvo vatongi vanoverengeka vakabviswa pano.

Kusimbiswa Kwekugadzwa Kwevakuru uye Kwekuranga

Zano reDare uye basa rokubvuma (Article II, Chikamu 2) rinopa bazi remitemo tsigiro yakananga mukubatira vose vari vaviri bazu guru nedare. Purezidhendi anogadza vanyori vedare, vatongi vehurumende (kubatanidza matare makurusa eDare), nhume, uye vamwe vakuru vakuru vakuru venzvimbo dzakakwirira, asi Dare rinofanira kuvasimbisa kupfurikidza nevhoti zhinji. Ikoku kunoumba batira yakakomba: Purezidhendi anofanira kusarudza mamininesero anogamuchirika kuDare, kana kuti kunonozeka kana kuti kurambwa. Muitiro wekusimbisa weDare gurusa redare wava unova anomutsa gakava anokakava zvikurukuru anokakava, sezvinooneka muhondo paRobert Bork (19877, rakaramba), Clarence Thomas (1991, anosimbisa nokukurumidza) uye kusimbiswa kwaAmy Barr Conney Barr Barr Barr Barr Barr muvhiki 2020 chete pamberi porusarusarungwe.

Bazi Rine Chinzvimbo Chikuru: Mutungamiriri weHurumende uye Mutungamiriri Weimwe Nyika

Chikamu II chinoisa simba rapamusoro muna Purezidhendi, uyo anobatira somukuru wehurumende, mutungamiriri mukuru wehurumende yehurumende. Bazu guru rinobatanidza Vice Purezidhendi, Kibitma (madhipatimendi), masangano akazvimirira, masangano, mamiriri, uye dare guru rehurumende. Kufambidzana kwaPrezidhendi naCongress nematare hakuchinji uye kazhinji kazhinji kunobatanidza kurwisana.

Simba Reropa uye Kuronga Kudzora

Vhiti icherekedzo yakananga zvikurusa paCongress. Purezidhendi angapa muganhu upi noupi unopfuudzwa neCongress, achiumanikidzira kutsvaka kudzorwa kukuru. Kupfuura wirirano yebumbiro remitemo, purezidhendi wazvino uno anoshandisa tyisidziro yevhito kubvisa mvumo muCongress(a chishandiso chinozivikanwa setyisidziro. Mapurezidhendi anosimudzirawo mashoko okusaina, ayo anowirirana nokusainwa kwemutemo ungadudzira mutemo kana kuti kuratidzira kuti mutungamiriri wehurumende anodisisa kuudzoresa. Nepo kusaisa zita rokubvumira mashoko kubvumira mashoko kupfurikidza nomutemo kuchiita. Vave vasina muuyo wapamutemo, vakashandiswa kutaura kuzivisa rondedzero yezvokutungamirira, padzimwe nguva dzinodenha bvumirano.

Nhevedzo Dzine Vatungamiriri Nechiito Chisiri Chokushanda

Mapurezidhendi anowanzoshandisa zvirairidzo zvehurumende kuti atungamirire kushanda kwehurumende yehurumende yehurumende pasina mutemo mutsva. Iyi mirairo ine simba remitemo asi inodzorwa neBumbiro reMitemo nemirairo iripo. Zvinoraira zvine chiremera chishandiso chine simba nokuda kwapurezidhendi kuti vawane zvinangwa apo Congress inokamurwa kana kuti inovharwa. Somuenzaniso, Purezidhendi Franklin D. Rooselt akabudisa orgution yeUdrevision 9066 muHondo yeNyika II, achibvumira Japann internation (zvinotsigirwa neDare rapamusorosoro mu Kama v. United States). Mutungamiriri wehurumende Barbacrack anoshandisa zviratiso zvavakuru vakuru vehurumende kuti vashande chirongwa cheRounding Ageast (DCA). Zvisinei, mirayiridzo mukuru mukuru mukuru anogona kudents kana kuti anyorwe seyamutongo yakaitwa mudare guru redare renhau renhau renhau rakatangira, kunyange zvazvo rakatsidzirwa pashure, Barberty aitwe.

Nhau Dzokumwe Nesimba Rebvumirano

Purezidhendi ndiye mutambi mukuru mumuitiro wokumwe, kutungamirira ukama hwemibatanidzwa, kurangana, uye kushanda somutungamiriri mukuru wamauto ane zvombo. Bva masimba emitemo okumwe aPrezidhendi anoongororwa neCongress: zvibvumirano zvinoda kudzorwa kweDare nevhoti yezvitatu zviviri, uye Congress bedzi inogona kuzivisa hondo. Kukakavadzana pakati pamasimba makuru ehondo nechiremera chesangano zvave zviri musoro unodzokororwazve, kubva kuHondo yeKorea (kuitira pasina chiziviso chapamutemo) kukushandiswa kweMauto (AMF) pashure pe9/11. Masimba eHondo eHondo anogona kuzivisa hondo. Kutonga kwaPrezidhenti Nixon’s, kuedza kuganhurira chiito chapurezidhendi wehondo asi zvave zvave zvisingadikanwirira, sezvo purezidhendi akarondedzera kazhinji kana kuti kushatsa.

Kugadzwa uye Simba Rokubviswa

Purezidhendi anogadza vatongi vehurumende navakuru vakuru vazhinji, asi anoda kusimbiswa kweDare. Pakare pabvumwa, vakuru vakuru vakuru vazhinji vanobatira pamufaro waPurezidhendi uye vanogona kubviswa pasina chisakiso. Zvisinei, Bumbiro reMitemo harina shoko pamiganhu yokubviswa, uye Dare Rapamusorosoro rakagamuchira ganhuriro: somuenzaniso, masangano akazvimirira akadai seFederal Reserve kana kuti Securities and Exchange Commission ane vamirist vanogona bedzi kubviswa nokuda kwechisakiso, kurovanyanisa muganhu wechiremera ne kuzvimirira. Gakava rinoenderera mberi pamusoro pemite yemite yemasangano anozvimiriripo, chibvumirano (iakavasika), uye (zvinodudzira mapazu avo).

Bazu Rokutonga: Dare Rapamusoro Zvikurusa Nesimba Rokuhwirudzura

Chikamu III chinosimbisa bazu rokutonga, neDare rapamusorosoro sedare. dare redare redare rinotonga rinodudzira mitemo yehurumende neBumbiro remitemo, nesimba raro rokuhwirudzura ((FLT:0] rokutanga kusimbiswa mu [[FLT] Marbury v. Madison [1803]] [83]) inoiita mutambi anotsoropodza mukunzvera zvose Dare reHurumende naPresidente. Kunyange zvazvo judicary ichirondedzerwa kazhinji kazhinji sechikamu chemashoko chenhau chine ngozi zvikuru (Alexander Hamilton muFrest List No. 78, kufambidzana kwayo nemamwe mapazu emitemo nemimwe miganho yeAmerica.

Kuongorora Kutonga Kunoitirwa Mitemo

Dare rapamusoro rinogona kuzivisa mutemo unopfuudzwa neCongress usingaitiki, uchikuparadza nenzira inobudirira. Iri simba, risina kududzwa zvakajeka muBumbiro reMitemo, rakatangwa naChirevo John Marshall mu Marbury v. Madison. Mienzaniso yakawanda: mu R. [[FLT]] R. [[[FLT]] right] v [[FFFLT]]] [3] [3]), Dare rakaputsa mitemo yehurumende inoganhurira kubvisa kubvisa mimba; [[FLT:] Gaveration of Independent v. , (20], Dare rinotsigira Aflatence Arce Active Act Act Active Act Actss Congresstionstion pasi pectstion, asi richiramba chibvumikiso cha Clatooti, [FFomenticrect; Fromenticment:] mu[6]]][

Kuhwirudzura Kunoita Vatongi Zviito Zvinotungamirira

Matare anonzverawo bazu guru kupfurikidza nokunzvera pamutemo wemirairo yavakuru vakuru, mirau, uye zviito. Kana chiito choukuru chinopfuura chiremera chomutemo kana kuti kuputsa Bumbiro remitemo, dare rinogona kuiparadza. Somuenzaniso, mu vaduku Martown Comment / shope & Tube Co. v. Sawyer [1952], Dare rapamusoro rakatonga kuti Purezidhendi Truman adzoresa zvigaro zvesimbi mukati mehondo yeKorea yakanga isina kudzorwa nemhaka yokuti yakapfuura simba rake roukuru. [FLT.[FLT.2]. [FLT.] [FLT]] [FLT] [FFF:3]] [8], Dare reSaunicalement’s rehurumende renyika yose] (2017]), (2017) raidzika basa rake rokuzvigaromedzoromedzoromedzo) kunyange zvazvo shanduro zvehurumende yehurumende yeKorea yeKorea yapato yeKorea yapanyuko dzakavanyuko

Kugadzwa uye Kuongorora Muzinda

Purezidhendi anogadza vatongi vehurumende, asi Dare rinovasimbisa, uye vatongi vanobatira kugadza kwoupenyu hwose (kubatira mufambiro wakanaka” kuvimbisa kuzvitonga. Uyu muitiro wokugadza ibasa rokutsoropodza: Purezidhendi anogona kuumba mutongo kwamakumi amakore kupfurikidza navatongi vanogoverana uzivi hwakati hwedare. Dare, zvikurukuru apo rinenge richidzorwa nebato rinopesana, ringadzivisa kana kuti kunonotsa kuwirirana. Hondo pamusoro peDare Rapamusoro redare yawedzera, nokuramba kurangarira Mutongi Merrick Garland muna 2016 (pamberi kwaPrezidhendi Oma) uye kukurumidza kudzokororwa kweSahlulero Barrett muna 202020 inosimbisa kuti kurangarira kwezvamatongerwe enyika kunopesvedzera sei kusarudzwa kwomutemo.

Kupomera uye Simba Redare Pamatare

Congress ine simba guru pamusoro pedare redare. Inosarudza nhamba yevatongi (zvino vari mapfumbamwe) uye inogadza matare ehurumende epasi. Pasi peChikamu III, Chikamu 2, Congress inogona kuganhurira chiremera cheDare Gurusa redare, kunzvera kusingawanzoshandiswi asi kune simba. Somuenzaniso, pashure pokunge Dare raparadza mutemo Ex e McCardle [1869], Congressss yakabvisa simba reDare panhau dzakati, uye Dare rakatsigira kubviswa. Kunyange zvazvo Dare risingawanzoshandisa simba iri, tyisidziro yehurumende inogona kupesvedzera mufambiro wedare mukurusa., kubatanidza mutemo wokuwedzera kuDare Gurusa repamusoro (pabhuromeak-pabhuro) rakatendererazve senzira yokugadzirazve, kunyange zvazvo richiramba richipfumba.

Makepi Nedzikamo Zviri Kushanda: Mienzaniso Yechiratidzo

Gadziriro yecheki nedzikamo haisati iri rondedzero yefungidziro; inoshanda nguva dzose muudzori chaihwoihwo hwenyika. Heino mienzaniso inoverengeka yokufananidzira inoratidzira batano huru pakati pamapazu:

Afford Care Act (2010-2015)

SAU SA yakapfuudza Congress namavhoti eDemocratic bedzi uye yakasainwa naPrezidenti Obama. Yakadenha nokukurumidza, Dare Rapamusorosoro rakatsigirazve mutemo mukuru mu NFIB v. Sebelius (2012), asi yakawana kuti Congress yaisagona kumanikidza hurumende kukudza Mitemo yeMitemo. Muna 2015, Dare rakatsigirazve ACA mu. King Burwell[, nguva ino kuturikira mutauro pamusoro pemitero. Panguva ino, Obama anoshandisa zviito zvapamusoro kubatira mativi omutemo, uye dare reReagan Republics Repard Regal Requence, apo anokundikana kupfuunika chinyorwa chakashatina pamutemo.

Kurambidzwa Kworwendo (2017 - 2018)

Murayiro wapurezidhendi Trump unoganhurira kufamba kubva kunyika dzinoverengeka dzechiMuslim wakadenhwa nokukurumidza mudare. matare echiduku, achidudza zvose zviri zviviri chiremera chomutemo neChigadzikiso chaClaus, wakavhara murairo. Ninth Ttubery yakatsigira murairo mumwe. Hurumende yakahwirudzura murairo, asi yakadzokororwa zvakare. Pakupedzisira, Dare Rapamusoro mu Trump v. Hawaii yakatsigira shanduro yechitatu, ichitsvaka kuti Purezidhendi ane chiremera chakafara pamusoro pokutama uye kuti murayiro wacho hauna kudzosa kudzosa kugadzwa kwa Claus. Iyi nhevedzano inoratidzira sei kuti judia anogona kuvhara chiito choumbiso, ichida kuti dare rezvo kugadziridza kana kuti idzokororese.

Madison (103) – Foundational Interaction

Mhaka iyi yakabva mukusawirirana kwezvamatongerwe enyika pakati paMapresidente anofamba John Adams (Federalist) naMutungamiriri wehurumende anouya Thomas Jefferson (Democratic-Republican). Adams akagadza vatongi vanoverengeka pakati pousiku, asi masangano haana kupiwa. Munyori weJefferson weHurumende, James Madison, akaramba kupa mugove weMarbury. Marbury akakuchinga zvakananga muDare rapamusoro mugadziriro yeJadicary Act ya 1789. Mutongi mukuru Marshall akatanga kuhwirudzura kupfurikidza nokuzivisa kuti rutivi rweJeudiary Act rwakanga rusina kutongwa. Ichi chisarudzo chakasimbisa simba rejudiary kukangariary kukanganio, asi chakaita saizvozvo nenzira iyo yakadzivisa kurwisana nedare rinotonga kupfurikidza nokutonga.

Watergate neUnited States v. Nixon (1974)

Mutongo weWatergate wainyadzisa, Purezidhendi Nixon akaedza kunyima matepi enziyo akarevererwa nomuchuchisi chaiye. Dare Gurusa rakatonga pamwe chete kuti ropafadzo yevakuru vakuru yakaganhurirwa uye haipfuudzi ufakazi mukutonga kwoutsotsi. Nixon akabvuma uye akakurumidza kurega. Mhaka iyi inoratidzira kuwirirana kukuru: matare anogona kumanikidza mukuru mukuru kubudisa mashoko, uye mukuru mukuru mukuru anofanira kubvumirana, kunyange pamwero mukurusa. Inoratidzawo basa rokunzvera kwedare (Dare reDare reDare reHurumende reMagenya) mukufumura mukuita kuti chinyadziso.

Nhamo Dzazvino Uno Nebatano Dzinochinja

Simba pakati pamapazu rachinja nokufamba kwenguva. Kudzikama kwapanguva ino kwakura zvikuru, zvikurukuru pashure peNew Deal neHondo Yenyika II, uye nyanzvi dzakawanda dzinopikisa kuti bazi guru zvino rinodzora muitiro. Dare pane dzimwe nguva rakadzosa kupfurikidza nokutarisira nokudzora mari, asi kudzikamiswa kwemari kwakatungamirira purezidhendi kutsamira zvikuru pamirairo yehurumende uye chiito chemunhu asina kutsiva. Panguva imwe cheteyo, mutongi akatora basa guru mukuongorora zviito zvehurumende, zvikurukuru mukati mekudzora kwemari. Zvikamu zvamasangano anoverengeka zvapanguva ino zvinoenzanisira kusawirirana kunopfuurira: Panguva imwe cheteyo, judicariary yakatora basa guru mukuongorora zviito zvehurumende, zvikurukuru mukati medziyo naBhiden.

  • Ropafadzo yePronounia nesangano: Vatungamiriri veTrump vakaramba nguva dzose kuwirirana neNzvimbo duku, kuchitungamirira kukuzvidza mashoko nehondo dzedare. Dare Gurusa mu Trump v. Mazars [[FLT] [200] [20] akatanga kuedza kwakadzikama nokuda kwemapepa ezvinyorwa zvemari zvapurezidhendi, asi kugariranwa kunoramba kuripo.
  • masimba esimba: Mapurezidhendi akakumbira National Emertitution Act kuti aite zviito pasina Congress, zvakadai sokuvaka muganhu. Dare rinogona kugumisa kurumidziro nechisarudzo chakabatana, asi zvisarudzo zvakadaro zvinoda dziviriro yoruzhinji kana kuti siginicha yapurezidhendi.
  • Kuiswa kwesimba remitemo: Dare kazhinji kazhinji rinopfuudza mirau yakafara iyo inopa chiremera kumibato inotonga masangano anotungamirira. Dare Rapamusoro rakaparapatika neganhuriro dzenhume, uye zvisarudzo zvemisi ichangobva kupfuura iyi zvakadai se West Virginia v. EPA [2022] [2] [2]) yakamutsazve “dzidziso yemajeri,” inoda kuti Congress ataure zvakajeka apo anoparongedzerwa pamusoro penhau huru yezve zvemari kana kuti zvamatongerwe enyika.
  • Kugadzwa kwapamubatanidzwa napane pounzi: Dare rakabvisa chitunha chedare rakaderera muna 2013 ( “chisarudzo chenyukiliya”) uye cheDare Gurusa muna 2017, zvichiita kuti kusimbiswa kuve kuri nyore nokuda kwevoruzhinjiwo zvavo. Ikoku kwakakudziridza hondo pamusoro pekudzorwa kwedare uye kuchinja kufambidzana pakati peDare neHername.

Chizvarwa chimwe nechimwe chinodudzirazve miganhu yesimba, uye mapazi acho anoramba achikurukura mabasa awo achishandisa nzira dzakarongwa uye zvematongerwo enyika zvisina kurongwa.

Kupedzisa: Kukosha Kusingaperi Kwokuparadzana Kwesimba

Kufambidzana pakati pemapazu emitemo, anotungamirira, uye anotonga kunoumba mwoyo une simba wehurumende yeAmerica. Gadziriro yecheki nedzikamo, nepo pane dzimwe nguva isingashandisi neinokakavadza, inodzivisa bazu ripi neripi kuunganidza simba risina kudzorwa. Kutimanisa, kubvumirana, uye kuzvidavirira. Kunzwisisa uku kuvambira paidzoro kuhwirudzuro yedare, kubva pakusimbisa hondo kusvikira kudzorwa kwekutarisirwa kwekudzorwa kwemitengo yehurumende, uye kudzora zvishandiso zvokushandisa kuyera zviito zvehurumende uye kutungamirira vatungamiriri. Seizvo James Madison Madison akanyorwa muFederalist No. 51, “Kudavirwa kwenzvimbo kunofanira kuitwa kuti kurwisa." Kupfuurira kuva nenzvimbo pakati pamapazuro matatu edare, kunoramba kuri gadziriro huru yokudzivirira rusununguko nokutonga kwomutemo muUnited States.

Nokuda kwokuravazve, bvunza Constitution Center yeInigstitution’s Constitution, Courage.gov reparatical communist [, uye [[FLT] shopu yedare rehurumende yedare [[[FLT:]] . Nokuda kwemashoko enhau, zvinyorwa zveChinyorwa cheNyika] zvinyorwa zveChinyorwa cheTekishinari chenyika [ uye [FLT:] ANT]