Makambani enzira iyo vagari vomunyika vanoisa nayo uye kuisa nayo zvigaro zvavo zviumbwa kwete bedzi kuti ndiani anokunda asiwo utano hwakafara hwehurumende inosarudzwa. Kubva pamuitiro wekare wechiGiriki wokuvenga michina inovhota yemagetsi nhasi, gadziriro yose inosarudzwa inodzorwa pamusoro pemireza, kururama, uye donzo revavhoti. Kusarudza nzira imwe yokuvhotera pamusoro pomumwe, inogona kukudza kana kuti kusataura manzwi akati, kukurudzira kana kuti kuomesa, uye pakupedzisira kusarudza kana mugumisiro wacho unoratidza kuda kworuzhinji, uzhinji, kana kuti mubatanidzwa mukurusa unobvira. Nyaya inonzvera mitoo yokuvhotera yakakurumbira zvikurusa inoshandiswa zvikuru, Vorportation, Voix, Voactive, Votation, uye Votation, uye Surcession, majeri, uye majekerwe etsika ose, uye mavhoti, uye mavhoti anoona mugumisiro avose.

Kunzwisisa Nzira Huru Dzokupa Nadzo Mashoko

Mitoo yokutumira nayo inowira mumhuri mbiri dzakafara: zvigaro zvokuwana zvose, izvo zvinotambira muroori mukurusa muruwa, uye gadziriro dzinoganhura, dzinogovera zvigaro zviri muuwandu hwakakomba kusvikira kugoverano yamavhoti kana kuti vavhotera vanogamuchira. Mumhuri imwe neimwe mune misiano inochinja kuti zvisarudzo zvinoratidzirwa nokuverengwa. Mitoo inokurukurwa pano inomirira mitoo inozivikanwa zvikurusa inoshandiswa munyika, nharaunda, uye sarudzo dzomunzvimbomo kupota nyika yose.

Kutanga-Past-the Post (FPTP)

Mashandiro Aunoita

Kutanga-Past-Pst ndiyo yakapfava zvikurusa yemiitiro yose yesarudzo. Muvhoti mumwe nomumwe anokanda vhota rimwe nokuda kwomuvhoti mumwe muruwa rumwe. Mutsigiri anogamuchira mavhoti mazhinjisa(kunyange kana ikoko kuri kuduku kuzhinji(kuna . FPPP inoshandiswa munyika dzakadai seUnited States (kusarudza kwomutemo kwehurumende), United Kingdom, Canada, uye India.

Betsero

  • Vaongorori vanonzwisisa muitiro wacho nokukurumidza, uye vakuru vakuru vesarudzo vanogona kunzvera miuyo nokukurumidza.
  • Kumhanya kwemiuyo: Kuverenga kazhinji kazhinji kunopedza pausiku hwesarudzo, kuchipa vavhoti pedyo nevharo.
  • stable fracty hurumende: FP inowanzoparira muwiridziridziro wakajeka, kazhinji kazhinji boka rimwe nevoruzhinji veparamende. Ikoku kunogona kutungamirira kumiitiro yechigarire yokuita pasina kubvumirana pane zvisina kufanira kunodikanwa mugadziriro dzakabatana.
  • zvisungo zvomunzvimbomo: nemhaka yokuti ruwa rumwe norumwe runosarudza mumiriri mumwe, vavhoti kazhinji kazhinji vanoziva MP yavo somunhu oga uye vanogona kuvaita kuti vazvidavirire zvakananga.

Dzisiri Betsero

  • Migumisiro yemiuyo: Mubato ungawina 40% yevhoti yenyika asi kuchengetedza 60% yezvigaro, nepo rimwe boka rine 15% yevhoti rinowana bedzi chiverengero chiduku. Irori rinozivikanwa se “Revolution."
  • Mavhoti akatemwa: Mavoti anokandirwa muvhoti ipi neipi inouya muruviri kana kuti yakaderera haapi mari kugovera chigaro chokupedzisira. Muruwa rwakakotsekana, vatsigiri vebato rinorasikirwa vanganzwa kutora rutivi kwavo kusina revo.
  • murairo wekusazvidira: Mudaviri anogona kuwina zvakanaka pasi pe 50% yevhoti kana vashori vazhinji vakakamuranisa chishoro. Ikoku kwakakurumbira munhangemutange nhatu mativi mana kana kuti ina dzapamhina.
  • Muuyo weSpoiler: Mutsigiri wechitatu asina bviro yokuhwina anogona kutora vhoti kubva kumuvhoti mukuru, achichinja muuyo munzira dzisingaratidzi zvido zvizhinji.
  • Udzori huviri: FP inopinza zvakasimba vavhoti kuti vasiye mapoka maduku kuti vadzivise “kuvhota”, vachibatanidza chiverengero chamatongerwe enyika uye vachideredza mhatsa yezvamatongerwe enyika.

Nokuda kwechikamu chine udzame cheFPTP nemiuyo yayo pamimiriri, ona [[FLT: 0] Kunzvera Chinjo Sosaiti yeProst-Past- Post[[FLT: 1].

Kurumidza Kusingadzorwi (RCV)

Mashandiro Aunoita

Kunozivikanwawo sekuvhota kwapakarepo apo kunoshandiswa nokuda kwamakwikwi maviri, RCV inobvumira vavhoti kuisa vadairwi munhevedzano yedano (1st, 2nd, 3rd, etc.). Kana pasina muvhoti wokutanga, muvhoti wokutanga, muvhoti mudukusa wekutanga anobviswa. VaBallots vanokandirwa nokuda kwomuvhoti anochinjirwa kuchisarudzo chinotevera. Uyu muitiro unodzokororwa kusvikira mumwe muvhoti RWinner (anoshandiswa mune imwe Sangano yeAustralia), mutoo wacho unova chimiro chevhoti imwe inotamisirwa, inokurukurwa pasi apa.

Betsero

  • Vakundi vemazakwatira: Muwani wokupedzisira ane tsigiro inobva kuinopfuura hafu yavavhoti(kana kuti kubva kune avo vane maturakiti anoramba ari mudenderedzwa rokupedzisira.
  • Mavota apambadzwa: Majekiseni anogona kuratidzira chisarudzo chapachokwadi nokuda kwomunzveri muduku pasina kutya kubetsera mudariki waasingadi zvikurusa, nemhaka yokuti bhara ravo richachinja kana mubhadhari abviswa.
  • Kubvisa nhimbe yakaipa: Vamapepa vanofanira kukumbira kupfuura pamavambo avo kutora vhoti zechipiri, vachikurudzira nhimbe dzehurumende, dzinoitwa.
  • Kuderedza muuyo wokuparadza: Mutsigiri wechitatu anogona kumhanya asingaparadzani vhoti dzebato guru, sezvo mabhora achatamiswa gare gare.

Dzisiri Betsero

  • Kutsiva:[ Vamwe vavhoti vanowana vhiringidzo yapamusoro, kuchitungamirira kumwero wemhosho yakakwirira zvikuru (mutoo., kusvetuka nzvimbo dzapamusoro kana kuti nzvimbo yedanho rimwe kaviri).
  • Muitiro wokuverenga kwaparefu: Kunyange zvazvo mabhora achikandwa kamwe, kutenderera kunoda kuvharwa kana kuti purogiramu yekombiyuta yakaoma, kunononotsa migumisiro kwamazuva kana kuti mavhiki mumadzinza apedyo.
  • Kuneta kwemabharoti: Kana vose vavavhoti vakasarudzwa vakabviswa pamberi pokupedzisira, bharoti yomuvhoti ya “kafukidzwa” uye haichavikizve. Ikoku kunogona kuodza mwoyo nhamba inobudirira yamavhoti anovhota.
  • [[FLT: 0] Nzvimbo yeStrategic:[[FLT: 1] Voter dzingangotendeukira ku “kuviga” muvengi akasimba kupfurikidza nokudziisa panzvimbo yakaderera kupfuura chido chavo chechokwadi, kana kuti“ kubvumira zvimwe zvinhu” kupfurikidza nenzvimbo inobatira kutanga kudzivisa kubviswa.

Dzidza zvakawanda pamusoro pekuitwa kweRCV nemiuyo kubva FairVote nzvero yaRhankid Chourting[[FLT: 1].

Mufananidzo weProto (PR)

Marudzi ePR

Proportigational inosvika muzvimiro zvinoverengeka. Zvikamu zviviri zvinozivikanwa zvikurusa ndizvo PR zvinotsaura PR uye mixted́bimedificate (MMP). Mundaza PR, vavhoti vanosarudza papati (kana kuti ndaza yebato) uye zvigaro zvinogoverwa zvakati wandeitwei kuvhoti imwe neimwe inogamuchira, inoiswa pachikumba chiduku (g. 5, 5% muGermany). MuMMP, vhotera mavhotera maviri: mumwe nokuda kwomubato womunzvimbomo (kazhinji kupfurikidza neFPPP) uye mumwe nokuda kweboka. Chigaro chebato chinoshandiswa kuwiriranwa chiwiriranwa chakasanone chikamu chakafanana nechikamu chinenge chakawanda cheGermany.

Betsero

  • Kumirira Fair: Dare remitemo rinosanoratidzira zvinodikanwa zvamatongerwe enyika zveSarudzo. Zvikamu zvinowina 10% zvevhoti zvinowana inenge 10% yezvigaro, zvichisimudzira kuvanzwa kwemirangariro yakasiana - siana.
  • [[FLT: 0] Kubatanidza mapoka maduku: Vagari vemo vanogona kutsigira boka rakasvibira, reraibhurari, kana kuti renharaunda pasina kutya kupambadza vhoti yavo, kuchitungamirira kumugariro wezvamatongerwe enyika wakapfuma.
  • Muvhoti mukuru: Nzvero nguva dzose dzinoratidza kuti gadziriro dzePR dzinowirirana nokutora rutivi kukuru zvikuru, murutivi nemhaka yokuti nhau dzose dzevhoti uye murutivi nemhaka yokuti miitiro yakawanda inopa vagari vemo zvisarudzo zvine revo.
  • kurukurirano yemiitiro: Hurumende dzeChoka dzinofanira kukurukura miitiro inofadza kumitengo mizhinji, inowanzoparira chinjo dzakawanda uye dzakasimba.

Dzisiri Betsero

  • Hurumende dzeChokwadi: Mapoka mashomanene anowana voruzhinji chaivo, naizvozvo chivako chakabatana chichava chiri madikanwa. Ikoku kunogona kunonotsa kuita chisarudzo.
  • Kudzora kwomubatanidzwa: Mundaza PR, vatungamiriri vebato kazhinji kazhinji vanosarudza nzvimbo yavapindi pandandanda, uko kunogona kupa ngwariro kusimba ndokuderedza kuzvidavirira kumaruwa omunzvimbomo.
  • . . . . .[[FL:1] mikova mikuru (g., 5%) inogona kuvhara mapoka maduku ndokutungamirira kukupambadza mavhoti. Nenzira inopesana, hapana mukova unogona kubudisa maparamende akakamuraniswa zvikuru umo microproparticas inowana zvigaro.
  • Kuwana ruzivo rwokuzviwanira rwevoti rune: Vamwe vavhoti vanowana gadziriro dzinovhara dzinobatanidza vanhu shoma nemhaka yokuti havagoni kusarudza vada kuteererwa chaivo, nepo masangano anovhura mavhoti ane nzvimbo dzakawanda namazita anogona kuvhiringidza.

[[[FT:0] ACE Electoral Knowledge inopa ufakazi huzere hwePR .

Kuvhara Mazai

Mashandiro Aunoita

Kuvhota kunoshandiswa mumaruwa ane mitezo mizhinji. Muvhoti mumwe nomumwe anogona kuvhota mavhoti akawanda sepane zvigaro zvokuzadza. Vanoda kuvhota vakazara nezvigaro. Somuenzaniso, muruwa rwena ruri mubatanidzwa, muvhoti mumwe nomumwe ane vhoti ina uye angavhota kuvanoda vana. Vane vapapatika vanokura zvikuru 767 vanosarudzwa.

Betsero

  • [ SaFP, kuvhota kuri nyore kutsanangura uye kushandisa.
  • Ubati ushe hweOn particle: Kana papati ikaita chitupa chakazara chavanoda kubhapatidzwa uye vose vakakurumbira zvikuru, boka iroro rinogona kuwina chigaro chiri chose muruwa, icho vamwe vanopa murairo wakajeka.
  • Kukurumidza kuverenga: nemhaka yokuti miuyo inosarudzwa nehwerengedzo yamavhoti, kuganhurirwa kunokurumidza.

Dzisiri Betsero

  • { Ibato rinohwina 51% yevhoti rinogona kutora 100% yezvigaro, zvichisiya vashoma vane zero-a inonzi “kutsvaira kukuru.”
  • Vavhoti vakaitwa: Vatsigiri veboka duku vanowanzoona vhoti dzavo dzose dzichienda kukurasikirwa navada kuroora.
  • Kudzosera nhambo kwakarongwa: Mapati angafamba chaizvoizvo savazhinji vanoda kuteverwa sezvigaro kudzivisa kuparadza vhoti yavo vamene, kuchideredza chisarudzo chomuvhoti.
  • Mapoka akarongwa mapoka: mapoka edzinza kana kuti anotora mativi ose anogona kubatira pamwe ku “bilté . nokuti mudaviri mumwe ane betsero, achisekesa miuyo yakaganhurirwa.

Kuvhota kunoshandiswa musarudzo dzomunzvimbomo muUnited States, muUnited Kingdom nokuda kwesarudzo dzedare romunzvimbomo mumakamuri akawanda, uye munhau munyika dzakawanda idzo gare gare dzakashandisa gadziriro dzinowirirana zvikuru.

Mubato mumwe Unotakurika (STV)

Mashandiro Aunoita

STV mutoo wakarongwa unoshandiswa mumaruwa akawanda. Voters vadairwi vanosarudzwa munhevedzano yezvinodiwa. “qua” inoverengwa chiverengero chiduku chevhoti dzinodikanwa kuvimbisa chigaro (kazhinji kazhinji chiverengero chaDroop: mavhoti apamutemo akakamurwa nezvigaro pamwe chete, pamwe chete nevhoti imwe). Vanosvika padanho vakasarudzwa. Vavhoti vanovhota kubva kuvakasarudzwa (pamusoro pemitezo) vanochinjirwa kuzvisarudzo zvinotevera zvavavhoti. Ipapo vavhotisi vakaneta zvikurusa vanobviswa uye mavhoti avo anotamisirwa. Iyi purogiramu inopfuudzira kusvikira zvigaro zvose zvazadzwa. STV inoshandiswa nokuda kwezvisarudzo zvenyika muIreland neMaltaltal, nokuda kwehurumende dzakawanda dzomunharaunda dzomunharaunda munyika yose.

Betsero

  • Chiratidzo cheProject nechisarudzo chokuda kutora:[[FL:1] Kusafanana nomurongi PR, STV inobvumira vavhoti kuti varonge vanhu vamwe navamwe mumitsetse yebato, ichivapa udzori hukuru kupfuura mumagadziriro akavharwa ezvirongwa zvokunyora.
  • Mavhoti apambadzwa: Anenge mavhoti ari ose pakupedzisira anogovera kusarudzo yomuvhoti anotsigirwa kana kuti zvimwe anodiwa kupfuura mamwe.
  • Kutora makwikwi eintraparty: Vatsigiri vebato rimwe chetero vanofanira kukwikwidzana nokuda kwamavhoti anobva kuvatsigiri vebato ravo vamene, uko kunogona kuita kuti vamiriri vagamuchire zvikuru itiro hanya dzomunzvimbomo.
  • Kumirira kwakasiyana: STV inokombamira kusarudza mhatsa yakasiana zvikuru yavada kufunda, kubatanidza vakadzi namapoka maduku, nemhaka yokuti vavhoti vanogona kusarudza vanhu chaivo panzvimbo pokuganhurirwa kurugwaro rwepati.

Dzisiri Betsero

  • Kubatanidza nokuverenga: Majeni akatarisana nendaza refu yavada kubhapatidzwa uye anofanira kuvaronga nenzira ine revo. Kuverenga kunoda madenderedzwa akawanda okutama uye kunogona kutora mazuva kana kuti mavhiki.
  • Mutoro wokufunga wakakwirira: Muruwa rune zvigaro zvakawanda, vavhoti vangapiwa vazhinji vanoda kubhapatidzwa, kuchitungamirira kunzvimbo dzapamusoro dzakarongwa kana kuti dzisina kurongwa.
  • [Protials nokuda kwenzvimbo yamazano: Vapinyi vakasimba vangaviga kana kuti kubvisa nzvimbo dzavo kuti vadzivise mudaviri asingadi kuhwina.
  • Maruwa makuru: Kuita basa reSTV, maruwa anofanira kuva nezvigaro zvinenge zvitatu kusvikira kuzvishanu, zvinogona kunetesa batano yenzvimbo pakati pomumiriri namaruwa ane mitezo mitatu.

Electoral Reform Society inotsanangura vagadziri veSTV nebetsero muudzame.

Kutapura Kunoenzana Nemigumisiro Yezvirongwa

Mufananidzo Nokuvimbika

Ufakazi hunoratidza kuti gadziriro dzemibatanidzwa (PR neSTV) dzinopa mitumbi yemitemo ine kunyorwa kwayo kwakasanoratidzira vhoti yakakurumbira. FPTP naBlock Voing nenzira yakarongwa kutungamirira boka gurusa uye kudzosera pasi, kazhinji kazhinji inobudisa “mavhoti makuru makuru.". Somuenzaniso, mukusarudzo yeUK, Conservative Party yakahwina 36.9% yevhoti asi 50.8% yezvigaro, nepo UKIP yakagamuchira 12.6% yevhoti uye 0.2% yezvigaro bedzi. Kupesana, chisarudzo cheNew Zealand chakabudisa musasa umo chigaro chiri chose chakawira mukati mativi mashomanene evoti.

Kubatanidzwa Mujeri

Kuzivisa mitoo inoderedza mavhoti anopambadzwa ndokupa vavhoti zvisarudzo zvine revo zvikuru($RV, STV, uye ndaza PR(tentend) yokusimudzira kuvimbisana kwevagari vemo. Nzvero 2020 neCenter for Econficiation Science yakawana kuti nyika dzinoshandisa gadziriro dzemitemo dzakawana kuti nyika dzinovhotera dzakava ne 5-10% dzakakwirira paavhareji kupfuura idzo dzinoshandisa FPTP, pashure pokudzora nokuda kwezvimwe zvinhu. Apo vavhotera vanodavira kuti blator yavo ichatapura zvomenemene mutengo wechigaro, vane bviro hurusaidzo yokunzvera nokuratidza pazvinovhota. NTPPPPP yakakotsekana, muzvigaro zvakakotsekana apo mumhedziso yeFogone, jiro yodzikira pasi sa 3040.

Kuvimba Noungwaru

Tsarudzo inorangarirwa seyakawanda seyakawanda inowedzera kuvimba kwavanhu mumasangano edemokrasi. FPTP mano okubudisa “mukundi akaisvoipa” . Uko vavhoti vasingahwinwi zvigaro zvizhinjisa neasingawanzokuvadzi zvikuru asi anogona kukuvadza zvakakomba. 2000. Sarudzo yapurezidhendi nechisarudzo chehurumende cheCanada cha2001 (uko boka reLiberal Party rakawana zvigaro zvishoma kupfuura kushora kwakakurumbira) kazhinji kazhinji kazhinji inodudzwa. RCV nePR systems zvinoderedza kuderera kwakakomba kwakakomba. Zvisinei, kuoma kwemifungo inogona kuderedza kuvimba munzira yakasiana: vhotarowa yavo inoshandurwa sei muzvigaro. Rovota revhoti inodikanwa.

Kusiyana - siyana Kwezvinhu Zvinochengetedza

FPTP vanoreverera kukuva hurumende dzakatsiga dzakafanana nedzinogona kuita chiito chakasimba. PR inotsigira kuti mibatanidzwa inoparira kutsiga, ibvumirano kuti chinyorwa chinopfuudzwa namashoko matsva. Chinyorwa chamabhii chakavhengana: dzimwe nyika dzePR seGermany dzine hurumende dzakatsiga zvikuru dzakatsiga, nepo dzimwe dzakafanana naIsrael dzakawana sarudzo dzinoitika kazhinji kazhinji. Kuchinja kukuru ndiko kukamukana kwegadziriro yebato netsika yokubvumirana pane zvisina kufanira. STV, nemhaka yokuti inokurudzira intraplesparty makwikwi, inogonawo kuparira chibvumirano nemapoka akawanda mukati mebato rimwe nerimwe, zvichibvira kuvakwa neboka.

mhedziso

Chisarudzo chomutoo wokuvhota hachisi chinhu chisati chiri chinhu chinozivikanwa; chisarudzo chezvamatongerwe enyika icho zvimiro izvo manzwi anonzwiwa, iko mitemo inova mutemo, uye kana vagari vemo vachivimba negadziriro. Kutanga paPast chitashi chepap inopa kuva nyore nedzikamo pamutengo weruramisiro nekuva pakati nepakati. Chisarudzo chinonatsa Voting chinovandudza miuyo mizhinji uye chinoderedza kuoma. Kuratidzira kwapamhiko kunovimbisa kuva kwakafara nebvumirano yakakwirira asi kazhinji kazhinji kazhinji kunoda kudzora kwakabatana. Kudzorwa kunosimudzira betsero yomuwirirani uye kudzvinyirira manzwi mashoma. Vote anodzorwa anobatanidza wiriranwa mumwe nomumwe asi anoda kuoma kudarika vamwe vose. Sezv zvirongwa zvinofunga zvikuru kugadziridza, kunzwisisa kugadziridza, kunzwisisa kuoneka kwenzira dzinooneka dzemigumisiro yemigumisiro inotongwiro.