Good Friver Agreement, yakasainwa pana 10 April 1998, inomira serimwe rezvibvumirano zvorugare zvikuru zvezana ramakore rechi20. Yakaguma nenzira inobudirira makumi matatu amakore emasimba masimba ezvematongerwe enyika anozivikanwa seNhando muNorthern Ireland. Pakati pechibvumirano chapamutemo uye budiriro yacho inhau dzinogara panguva imwe chete ndidzo dzakachengetwa muNorthern Ireland neRepublic of Ireland pa2 May 1998. Mavhoti maviri aya akaita zvinopfuura kutsigira gwaro rezvamatongerwe enyika rakaoma; akagovera murairo wehurumende wakachinja nzvimbo yemitemo yechitsuwa ndokuisa nheyo yokubvumirana kwemitemo yedzose dziri mbiri. Kunzwisisa revo yeidzi dzinotaura kunoda kunzverwa kwemashoko awo, migumisiro yawo, uye migumisiro yawo mirefu yezvamatongerwe enyika.

Kuziva Zvakanga Zvakaita Chibvumirano Chakanaka cheChishanu

Rwisano muNorthern Ireland yakanga ine mavambo makuru, akatangira mukukwikwidzana kwezivikanwo yenyika, rezvematongerwe enyika, uye kutenderera kwamasimba masimba pakati pehondo dzeRepublic nevezvokuvimbika nehurumende yeBritain. Pakasvika 1990, kubvumirana kwezvikonzero , kubatanidza hurukuro dzakavanzika dzechikamu cheUnited States, uye kuzivikanwa kuri kuwedzera kwekudikanwa kwenzvimbo yezvamatongerwe enyika (yakabatanidzwa nekurukurirano dzamaruwa). Good Wearver Avenument, yaizivikanwawo sechinyorwa chakakurumbira zvikuru. Yakatanga hurumende inobvisa simba rapamhene muNorthern Ireland, yakatanga masangano ezvokudzora zvamatongerwe enyika, uye yakasimbisa kuti pamutemo weNorthern Ireland aizongochinja bedzi nokubvumira vanhu vayo.

Chibvumirano chakarongedzerwa noune kuva chakajeka zvakakwana kugutsa vose vari vaviri vabatanidzwa navatsigiri venyika. Nokuda kwavabatanidzwa, chakasimbisazve nzvimbo yeNorthern Ireland mukati meUnited Kingdom kutozosvikira voruzhinji vavhota neimwe nzira. Nokuda kwavarwi, chakagovera nzira yakajeka kuchinzwano chinobvira cheIreland, pamwe chete nokusikwa kwemitumbi mitunhu yoKumhembe-South iyo yakapa Dublin basa rinobvumwa renhau dzomukati dzeNorthern Ireland. Chivako chose, zvisinei, chaitsamira patendero yedemocracy.

Maperembudzi Maviri: Kubatanidzwa

Mazita eIrland musi wa22 May 1998 akanga ari masangano makuru egadziriro yezvamatongerwe enyika. Akaitwa panguva imwe cheteyo asi nemibvunzo yakasiana. MuNorthern Ireland, vavhoti vakabvunzwa kana vakatendera chibvumirano chamativi akawanda chinosvikwa pahurukuro. MuRepublic yeIreland, vavhoti vakabvunzwa kana vakabvumira kugadziridzwa kwebumbiro remitemo reIrish (Grandment yechigumi nepfumbamwe) iro raizobvumira nyika kutora rutivi mumasangano matsva uye, zvikurukuru, zvaizochinja Mutezo 2 ne3 womutemo weIrishtic Ruracy kuti vabvume nheyo yemitemo ndokurega chibvumirano kuIreland yose. Iyi purogiramu inopa chibvumirano chibvumirano chibvumirano chokuti hapana chibvumirano chezvamatongerwe enyika chakakwana chaigona kuva chakabudirira.

Northern Ireland Referendendum

Rukumbiro muNorthern Ireland rwakapa vhoti inonzwika: “Ee.” Savota ya 71.1%, nomuvhoti achibuda munenge 81%. Ikoku kwakapiwa miganhu mikuru mukati menzanga. Muuyo wakaratidzira kuti voruzhinji(kubatanidza vabatanidzwa naRepublicans() vaidisa kugamuchira kubvumirana pane zvisina kufanira. Nhimbe yacho yakanga yakakomba, ne “Eyayayayayaya", yaitungamirirwa namapoka eProkhstanti (Democratic and Labour Parity Pacley Pal P, Sin Féin, Alliance Party, uye Ulster Union Dioplet) uye yakatsigirwa nehurumende dzeBritain nereland. “No". Nhiviro yakatungamirirwa neDidemocism Union pasi peInpan Pauctic and riphablikition, mapoka anobvuma kuti kudictionwo kudiatwo.

Nhamba 71% inowanzodudzwa, asi inofukidza misiyano yapanharaunda inokosha. Nzvimbo dzeKaturike nedzechiKaturike dzakavhota zvikuru mumutsa, kazhinji kazhinji inopfuura 95%, nepo nzvimbo dzechiPurotesitendi nenzvimbo dzakakamukana zvikuru, nenzvimbo dzinobatanidza kubatana dzichidzorera zvakajeka kuti “Aiwa. Kunyanguvezvo, voruzhinji vakanga vakwana kugovera murairo wedemocracy wakajeka. Pakarepo muuyo wacho wakabvumidzwa, hurumende yeBritain yakazvipira kushandisa Chibvumirano chacho zvakazara.

Republic of Ireland Referendendum

MuRepublic yeIreland, vhoti yakatobatsira zvikuru. Demetriment yechi199th kuBumbiro reMitemo yakatenderwa na 94.4% yavavhoti, uye vakabva 56%. Iyi iri pedyo neConsensus yakaratidzira chishuvo chakapararira muSouth nokuda kworugare uye mutoo unoshanda kuNorst Ireland. Kugadziriswa kwakanga kwakakomba: kwakabvisa nzvimbo yakare paNorthern Ireland (Aticles 2 na 3) ndokuitsiva nomutauro unosimbisa chinzwano cheIreland kupfurikidza nenzira dzorugare, bedzi nokubvumira vanhu veNorthern Ireland. Yakaumbawo hwaro hwepamutemo hwehurumende kuti itsive nokubatanidzwa muDare reNorth-Southern Sersterish Council neBrion yeBritain.

Mwero mukuru wetendero wakaratidzawo kuti muvhoti weRepublic akanga achidisa kuratidzira kutenda kwakanaka kunzanga inobatana, kuchijekesa kuti chinzwano cheIreland chakanga chisiri chinodikanwa asi nharidzano yokurondwa nedemokrasi. iyi yakanga inokosha nokuda kwokugamuchirwa kwomubatanidzwa weChibvumirano.

Kurwisa Kunoita Kuti Vatambi Vakuru Vave Nesimba

Nhimbe mumativi ose ari maviri dzakaratidzirwa nesimba rezvamatongerwe enyika rechienzi. MuNorthern Ireland, “Ee” nhimbe yakabatana seyakasiyana naJohn Hume weSDLP, David Trimble weUP, uye Gerry Adams weSinn Féin. Dzakabatanidza nharaunda, kubatira misangano nenharo. Hurumende dzeBritain neIreland dzakabatanidza nhamburiko huru yamashoko, dzichiparadzira makopi eChibvumirano kumhuri iri yose. Tsigiro yamarudzi ose kubva kuUnited States, European Union, uye mamwezve uremu. MuRepublic, masangano makuru ezvamatongerwe enyika neChechi yeKaturike zvakatsigira chimubatanidzwa. Hurumende yeKaturike yakabatanidza kubviswa kwenzvimbo yeruwa. Chinoguma hachina kupanikirwa nakatongo.

Kuchinja Kwebumbiro Remitemo uye Kubvumira

Chinotapura zvikuru chemiuyo yetepismo yakanga iri pamutemo nechinjo yapamutemo yaigonesa. Chibvumirano chaGood Weshanu chakabatanidza zvakajeka nheyo yebvumirano: kuti mugariro webumbiro remitemo weNorthern Ireland waizoramba uri muUnited Kingdom kutoti vazhinjisa vayo vakavhota kuichinja. Iyi nheyo yakanyorwa muzvose zviri zviviri British-Irish Revention (chibvumirano chamarudzi ose) nomutemo wehurumende wedzose dziri mbiri.

Nokuda kweRepublic yeIreland, 1998 nhevedzo yakamirira kubviswa kwenhau kubva pakutaura kwokuti kwakanga kwave kuri pakati pezivikanwo yayo yorudzi chifo cha 1937. Kupfurikidza nokudzora gadziridzo, jambwa reIreland rakaratidzwa kuti kubatana kune rugare nokuremekedzana zvakanga zvinokosha zvikuru kupfuura kuunganidzwa kwenyika. Kugadziriswa kwakagonesawo kuumbwa kwamasangano emichinjikwa ayo akabvumira hurumende yeIreland kumirira fariro dzavarudzi muNorthern Ireland pasina kudenha uchangamire hweBritain. Uku kuengororo yokungwarira, yakatenderwa nohukuru hwehurumende yehurumende yedemocrati yehurumende inodzorati inodzorwa zvikuru, chifo chazova muenzaniso wemiitiro yerwisano kupota nyika.

Chinjo dzebumbiro remitemo dzakavawo nemiuyo inoshanda. Nokuda kwavabatanidzwa, kubviswa kwezivikanwo yenyika kwakanga kuri chiratidzo chine simba chokutenda kwakanaka kuMadokero, kuchikuita kuti kuve nyore zvikuru kwavari kugamuchira simba rinovakwa. Nokuda kwavabati vehurumende, mashoko matsva akagovera kuzivikanwa kwapamutemo kwa “vanhu vose veNorthern Ireland kuti vazvizivise vamene ndokugamuchirwa savaIreland kana kuti vaBritish, kana kuti vose vari vaviri, sezvo vangasarudza kudaro”. Uku kuzivikanwa kwapa mbiri kwakanga kuri kubvumirwa kukuru uko kwakabetsera kuunza mauto ehurumende dzehurumende dzehurumende dzechimubatanidzwa.

Referendendium Sehwaro Hwokuitira Simba Simba

Manotaendum haana kungochinja bedzi bumbiro remitemo rakanyorwa; akagadzira migariro yezvamatongerwe enyika nokuda kwehurumende yakaregeredzwa. Chitendero chakapiwa Dare idzva reNorthern Ireland neGurukota (iro raida tsigiro inodzorwa nemuchinjikwa) kuva pamutemo wokutonga. Masangano akatangwa pasi peChibvumirano anowanzorondedzerwa sechibvumirano, kureva kuti akagadzirirwa kugoverana simba pakati pevabatanidzwa nevezvourudzi uye anoda tsigiro huru kubva kumapoka ose ari maviri pazvisarudzo zvikuru.

Pasina mugumisiro wemafaro, kashoma kuti nzanga ipi neipi ive yakagamuchira zvizere masangano iwayo. Vatsigiri veUnion vangave vakapikisa kuti Chibvumirano chakanga chichiiswa kuLondon neDublin. Varwi venyika vangadai vakafunga kuti kushayikwa kwechiremera chakakurumbira muSouth kwairatidza kusanyatsogutsa zvinangwa zvavo. Masangano maviri akadzivisa mhinganidzo idzi nokuita kuti chibvumirano chive chinhu chakananga chavanhu, kwete vezvematongerwe enyika chete. Nemhaka yeizvi, kunyange apo masangano acho akamiswa (sokubva muna 2002 kusvika muna 2007 uye muna 2017 kusvika muna 202020), chivako cheChibvumirano chakaramba chiripo chakavakwa zvakaenzana, nokuti nheyo dzacho huru dzakanga dzatoitwa kuti zvive zvapamutemo.

Kupfuurirazve, madherendi akachinja mufambiro wezvamatongerwe enyika wemasangano ehondo. Vhoti huru inotsigira Chibvumirano //zvikurukuru munharaunda dzourudzi (jeridhendi) yakaita kuti zvisabvire mapoka ehurumende kupfuurira akashongedzerwa nezvombo netsigiro yakakurumbira. Irish Republican Army (IRA) pakupedzisira yakabvisa zvombo zvayo, chiito chaizova chisina mufungo pasina kutsigirwa nehurumende yehurumende yehurumende yebvumirano yorugare. Gadziriro ye “mitoo ine rugare rusingabviri [1] yakava musimbo wekugoverwa kutsva.

Nhaka uye Kuramba Tichinzwisisa

Nhevedzano dzinoguma dzaMay 1998 dzinopfuurira kuumba matongerwe enyika eNorthern Ireland nhasi. Vakatanga muenzaniso wokuti chinjo huru ipi neipi yebumbiro remitemo muNorthern Ireland inofanira kuiswa zvakananga kuvanhu. Iyi nheyo zvino inosimbiswa mugadziriro dzepashure peBrexit, kubatanidza Northern Ireland Protocol neWindsor Framework, iyo yakanga iriwo pasi pekubvuma kwehurumende ( “kuvhota kwechidoma chedemocratic” muGungano muna 2024). Hurumende ye1998 inochengeta mavhotera ose emitemo inotevedzerwa muruwa inoyerwa.

Tapuro Pazvibvumirano Zvinotevera

Good Friver Augcons yakagadza mupimo nokuda kwebvumirano dzorugare dzinotevera. MuNorthern Ireland imene, St Andrews Account (2006), Hillsborough Castle Acter (2010), uye Stormont House Arective (2014 zvose zvakavakwa pahwaro hwemisha ya1998. Kubudirira kweidzi nzvimbo kwakatsamira chose chose pamurairo wehurumende wehurumende wemasangano apakuvamba kuti atsigire chivimbo chavose. Kunze kweNorthern Ireland, kushandiswa kwemasumondi mundima dzinokwikwikwinwa kwadzidzwa nenyanzvi dzenhau munzvimbo dzakadai seBos, Kuprovis, uye kuMiddle East. Kubudirira kwezvinovhotera kwa 1998 kwakagovera muenzaniso unoshanda wekutengwa kwakakurumbira kuti kusimbise bvumirano yorugare.

Zvidzidzo Zvokusarudza Kurwisana

Manongedzero maviri anopa zvidzidzo zvinoverengeka zvinogara. Chokutanga, anoratidza kuti miitiro yedemocracy haisati iriwo zvayo yetsika asi isati iri yepaduku: chiito chokuvhota chimene chinogona kuvaka kuva pamutemo nokuvimba. Chechipiri, anoratidza ukoshi hwokuisa chinjo dzebumbiro remitemo nechisarudzo chakajeka, chakapfava, chekuti hwuno kana kuti kwete (h] unopfuura kukamukana kwezvamatongerwe enyika., hunoenzanisira kuti masangano anogona sei kuvhara mumhiko dzinoita kuti dzive dzinodhura uye naizvozvo dzinogovera dzikaro. Pakupedzisira, 1998 anonongedzera kusimbisa ukoshi hwokuisa nguva: kutora nguva nokukurumidza pashure peChibvumirano chibvumirano chisati chasainwa, nguva isati yava nemhoshoronge yavapo nenzira inobudirira, yakaita kuti rugare ruve munheteve.

Nhasi, Good Friver Augness ichiri chinhu chinokosha chenzanga yeNorthern Ireland. Madherendi akaitendera kwete mashoko omuzasi enhau chete asi magwaro ebumbiro remitemo. Pari pose pari kumuka nharo pamusoro pechibatanidzwa cheIrish (apo ivo vakavapo kubvira Brexit uye kuchinjana kwevagari veIreland yokuNorthern Ireland) 1998 kunogovera gadziriro yepamutemo neyezvematongerwe enyika yezvingazoitika. Murayiro wokubvumirana, unotsigirwa na70% weNonst Ireland’s Revotation uye 94% yeIreland, zvinoreva kuti chikarakadzo chipi nechipi chomunguva yemberi cheIreland chakabatana chichada kuzivikanwa nenzvimbo yacho, chinoitirwa kuremekedzana uye kurukurirano ine rugare.

mhedziso

Miuyo inonongedzera yaMay 1998 yakanga iri huru zvikuru kutenderwa kwakakurumbira kwechibvumirano chezvamatongerwe enyika. Yakanga iri chinjo yehurumende yakapedza chinetso chebumbiro remitemo pakati pezvinetso. Kupfurikidza nokupa vanhu veNorthern Ireland neRepublic yeIreland inzwi rakananga, mahendendimendi akashandura Dare rakaisvonaka reChishanu kubva kunzvimbo yakakurumbira isina kusimba ichipinda chigaro chinogara kwenguva refu. Kuvhota 71% muNorth ne 94% vhoti muSouth conmentsss yakatanga chibvumirano chinobatanidza nzanga nehurumende, chimwe chakadzivisa njodzi dzezvamatongerwe enyika, masimba ehondo, uye chinjo yeBrestrit. Chirevo chavo hachina kuganhurirwa kunguva yakapfuura; zvinoramba zviripo pamavambo echiito chehurumende izvo pakuvamba pamusoro pekurukurirano dzose pamusoro perugare nechinzwano muIreland chisarutsiko.

Kunzverazve magwaro enhau nenzvero dzenguva ino, varavi vanogona kunzvera UK rugwaro rweHurumende yeBelfast Aption, Ismate Book paGaratismeth Amendment[, uye [[FLT:]] arlysis neBritish Academy yebasa redzorosa [. Kuwedzera nzwisiso pamashandiro anogona kuwanikwa mu [[FLT] BB] kuv