Kushandisa Michina Yokushandisa: Kunzwisisa Mutauro Wokushambadza Nokunyora

Mumibato mikuru yenhimbe dzezvamatongerwe enyika, mashoko anoumbwa kushandura zvose zviri zviviri chombo nenhovo. Pakati pezvishandiso zvinomutsa nharo zvikurusa musuo yazvino uno yenzvero yokusunda — nzvero iyo inonyepedzera senzvero isina kusiana neyakare apo inoshanda nesimba kuumba murangariro wavose. Yakasiana nenzvero dzapamutemo dzinogadziriswa kuichinja. Kupfurikidza nomutauro wakasarudzwa nokunangidzira mativi ose mubvunzo, masangano anogona kuparira panikiro, uye kuvadziko pasina kumboita denho yakananga. Nokuda kwaRecostate, vatori venhau, uye vanzveri, idzi unyanzvi hahusi unyanzvi hwokunzvera mashoko akaoma kunzwisisa. Iyi ibasa basa nokuda kwokuchinja mashoko akaoma kunzwisisa. Nyaya iyi inobvisa mitauro uye nzira dzokunzvera dzinoshandiswa kunzvera, uye kugovera kunzvera kwezvishandiso.

Kurondedzera Kushatiswa Kwebasa: Zvaari Nezvaasiri

Kunzwisisa nzvero dzinomanikidzirwa, munhu anofanira kutanga kudzisiyanisa nenzvero yapamutemo. Nzvero yechokwadi yemurangariro inoshandisa mutauro usingatori rutivi, muenzaniso usingachinjiki, uye mitoo inosimbisa kuunganidza mashoko anoratidzira mirangariro yavose. Nharidzano yacho iyeresa. Nzvero inosunda, kupfurikidza nokupesana, inoshandisa mutauro wakaipa, mashoko anosarudza, uye mibvunzo inokarakadza vatano kuti isvike vavariro yekurukurirano — zvikurukuru kudzvinyirira muvengi kana kuti kubvisa mirangariro panhau yakati.

Nzvero dzinodzorwa kazhinji kazhinji dzinoitiswa nenhimbe dzezvamatongerwe enyika, mapoka ezviito zvechitsotsi, kana kuti matare ezviito zvezvamatongerwe enyika zvechishongo. Anogona kupiwa seshanyo dzenzvero, asi anosvika nhamba huru dzavavhoti — pane dzimwe nguva mazana ezviuru — kupfuura zvikuru mwero wemienzaniso inodikanwa nokuda kwokuvhota kwapamutemo. Ichi chikwidzo chinoratidzira donzo ravo rechokwadi: kwete kuunganidzwa kwemashoko, asi kupiwa kwamashoko. Mibvunzo imene ishoko.

Kunokosha kucherekedza kuti handi kunzverwa kwose neslant kunoitwa. Kumwe kunzvera kwapamutemo kungabatanidza mibvunzo ine tsvete. Chiratidzo chinorondedzerwa chenzvero yokumanikidza ndi chamaune : gadziriro yamaune yemibvunzo yokubudisa muuyo unonyengetedza panzvimbo pokuunganidza mashoko asina muganhu. Uku kurema kwapamutemo nokwetsika, sokupesvedzera kunoitwa mudzimwe nzvimbo.

Unyanzvi Hwomutauro: Unyanzvi Husina Kujeka Hwokushandisa Mashoko Asina Kutsarukana

Chiratidzo chimwe chete, chiito chakanyatsosarudzwa, kana kuti kupomera kunenge kuripo kunogona kuchinja mubvunzo unoratidzika kuva usingatori rutivi kuva motokari yokunyengetedza.

Mashoko Akaremerwa Nezvinonyandura Mundangariro

Mashoko akagadzirwa ane revo dzakasimba idzo vakuru vakuru vanogona kupindura nenzira yakafanorongwa. Mukunzverwa, aya mashoko akarongwa kuti asonganise naapurofiti kana kuti purogiramu ine mavara akashata. Anowanzoiswa anobatanidza "corrupt," "ashatisa," "akaipa," "akaipa," "asingashandisi," "asingashandisi," na Aid" na".[FLT: 3] Anoramba mashoko akadaro mumubvunzo, anotsvaka anoparira chibatano mumhinduro, kunyange mundangariro, kana tsvinwa isingakwikwikwi.

Somuenzaniso, mubvunzo ungabvunza: " Ungava sezvingabvira zvikuru kana kuti zvishoma kutsigira mukwikwidzani uyo akapomerwa mashoko anotevera pamusoro pomutengi, pasinei zvapo nokuti pomero yacho ine maruramiro here kana kuti yakafanirwa. Mubvunzo haubvunzi nokuda kwoufakazi; [ Shoko rokuti "corrupt" rinoita kukwidza kuno. Rinoita kuti mashoko anotevera ave anopenya pamusoro pomutengi wacho ashairwe.

Mibvunzo Inotungamirira Inopa Mhinduro

Mubvunzo unotungamirira ndouyu unokarakadza kana kuti unoratidza mhinduro yakati. Munzvero dzokumanikidzira, mibvunzo inotungamirira inoshandiswa kutungamirira vapinduri kumhedziso inoshuviwa nepo vachichengeta chitarisiko chokusatora rutivi. Mugariro womubvunzo wacho umene unoreva kuti mhinduro ye "yakarurama" iri pachena.

Rangarira uyu muenzaniso: ] haubvumi kuti mubvunzo unovhurika ne unova unowirirana kuti uvhotere mutengi ne chinyorwa [[[FLT]] chezvipikirwa zvakaputsika? [[[FLT:]] Mubvunzo unovhurika ne"IPURANGANISWE," inoparira dzvinyiriro yenzanga kusimbisa. Shoko rokuti "zvipo zvinooneka" chinyorwa chinopa chirevo sechikanganiso chetsika. Uye "kubvumikisa chinyorwa" chinopa pomero seidi, kunyange kana chinyorwa chacho chikapokanidzwa kana kuti chibviswa. Chipikirwa chinosiiwa nekamuri chiduku chisati chichioneka.

Mutauro Wavangwa NeInuendo

Kupfurikidza nokushandisa mashoko asina kujeka, vaongorori vanogona kukarakadza mavara asina kunaka pasina kuita pomero dzakananga idzo dzingadenhwa kana kuti kubvumikiswa kuva dzenhema.

Somuenzaniso: unoziva [ mibvunzo yakamutswa pamusoro peX' mufambiro wenguva yakapfuura [? [ Mashoko "mapikicha" uye "mufambiro wapashure" hausi pamutemo. Vanokumbira mhinduro kuzadza mabhuroko etsika nesonganiro ipi neipi yakaipa inofungwa. Munzveri akasima mbeu yepanikiro pasina kutaura kupi nokupi nokupi nokupikana kwaigona kubvumwa — kana kuti kurambwa. Iyi nzira inonyanyonyengera nemhaka yokuti inoita kuti itsvake uye izanwa namashoko anowanika kazhinji, kana kuti inonyorwa.

Zvisarudzo Zvenhema Nezvakasimba

Kunzverwa kwokumanikidza kunowanzoshandisa mibvunzo yenhema yedichotomy iyo inopa zvisarudzo zviviri bedzi zvakanyanyisa, kuchibvisa nzvimbo ipi neipi yapakati kana kuti nzvimbo yakasiana. Mugamuchiri anomanikidzirwa kusarudza pakati pechisarudzo chiri pachena chiri nani neicho chinoratidzirwa sechisingagamuchiriki.

Muenzaniso: ungagona kuvhota nokuda kwomukwikwidzi uyo anodzivirira chengeteko yemhuri yako kana kuti uyo anofuratira utsotsi munharaunda yako [[[FLT:]]? [] Hapana muvhoti angasarudza chisarudzo chechipiri, asi mubvunzo unoshatisa zvisarudzo chaizvoizvo zviripo. Inoita kuti zvisave nzvimbo dzemiitiro dzakaoma kunzwisisa kurasikirwo. Iyi nzira inoshanda nemhaka yokuti inoparira chibvumirano chiyamutsigiriki chinenge chichitsiva muvengi nokupfupikisa.

Zvigadzirwa Zvinoumba: Kuchinja Kunoita Mashoko Akapoteredza

Kunyange zvazvo unyanzvi hwemitauro huchishanda pamashoko nemutsetse, unyanzvi hwokunyora zvinhu zvinoshanda pamwero wemagadzirirwo uye mashoko akapoteredza. Kunyora ibasa rokusarudza zvimwe zvinhu zvinoonekwa sezviri kuitika uye kuzviita kuti zvive nyore murugwaro rwokukurukurirana.

Kuronga Nhau: Kusimbisa Nokuhwa

Kunyora nhau kunobatanidza kusimbisa mipimo yakati yenhau apo unenge uchideredza kana kuti ubvisa mimwe. Mukunzvera kwokumanikidzira, ikoku kunoshandiswa kuparira mufananidzo wakamonyaniswa uyo unotsigira rutivi rumwe. Kunzvera kungabvunza pamusoro pe [" cont"[ yemuitiro unokarakadzwa pasina kududza [" "mafit"" [[FLT:]], kana kuti kungasimbisa [[FLT] .job" kurasikirwa"[FLT:] muchimwe chikamu apo unenge uchifuratira """ jo b b b b.[[FFLT: 7]

Somuenzaniso: " Ko unotsigira here muitiro ungagona [[FT:1] kuisa mitero yako ne $500 pagore? [ Iyi faremu inoparadza mugumisiro mumwe wakaipa uye inoupa sehwerengedzo yemiitiro. Mubvunzo unobvisa mashoko api neapi pamusoro pezvikwereti zvemari yemitero, uyo angatakura ndyiko, kana kuti zvingava zvipi nezvipi. Mubvunzo unosiiwa nekapfupi, wakaipa unopa mhinduro inodzorwa.

Nhevedzo Yomubvunzo Nokusada Kubvunzwa

Gadziriro umo mibvunzo inopiwa inogona kuita kuti nhauro ipesvedzere kuti mibvunzo yapashure inoturikirwa sei. Vagadziri venzvero yokumanikidza vanoshandisa ikoku kupfurikidza nokubvunza mibvunzo kuti vavake nhau inorwisana nomutendi kana kuti nhau pamberi pokuyera murangariro wokupedzisira womupinduri.

Nhevedzano yagara iripo ingatanga nenhevedzano yemibvunzo yakaipa pamusoro pezvakaita mushori, ichiteverwa nomubvunzo mumwe pamusoro pechinangwa chokuvhota chomuvhoti. Panguva apo muvhoti anosvika pamubvunzo wokupedzisira, anenge aiswa pasocial network. Kuwedzera kwacho kunenge kuri kuchinja kwazvaizodai zvisina kuitika kudai mibvunzo yacho yakanga yapiwa nenzira isina kubatana.

Iyi nzira yakaoma kuziva nemhaka yokuti mubvunzo mumwe nomumwe ungaratidzika kuva usina ngozi apo unoongororwa uri woga. Apo bedzi nhevedzano inorangarirwa sechinhu chose chinovapo. Vanzveri vanodana ikoku kuti " muuyo unoparirwa"[ — kushanda kwesonganiro dzakati idzo ipapo dzinopesvedzera mirangariro inotevera.

Migumisiro Yacho Nenyaya Dzemakemikari

Kunzverwa kwokumanikidza kazhinji kazhinji kunoshandisa zviitiko zvokufungidzira kuti zvikarakadze miuyo yakaipa ingavapo mukuva nemutsigiri womubhadhari akati kana kuti muitiro.

Muenzaniso: " kudai waiziva kuti miitiro yeBhangida yeY ingagona kutungamirira kukuvharwa kwezvikoro muruwa rwako, ikoko kungatapura vhoti yako here? Mubvunzo unoreva batano pakati pemitemo yemutengi nemhesano dzechikoro, kunyange kana pasina batano yakadaro. Chikarakadzo chinoratidzirwa sebviro yakavimbika, chinosiya mhinduro yacho kunetseka pamusoro pechinoitika chingave chisina hwaro. Chimiro chinoita chiwirirano chokuita netyisidziro kunyange apo tyisidziro idzodzo dzinooneka kana kuti dzinokudzwa.

Muboka/Muboka reFraming

Kupfurikidza nokukumbira mitezo yeboka — ingave yakavakirwa papati, nharaunda, dzinza, kana kuti pfungwa — munzveri anogona kunyandura mirangariro yokuvimbika.

Somuenzaniso: unobvuma zvinobudisa nhau zvikuru[[FT:2] izvo Candidate Z zvakakwaniriswa, kana kuti unovimba kutonga kweveAmerica chaivoivo [[ kwakafanana? uyu mubvunzo unoratidzira manyuko ezvinobudisa nhau seboka risingavimbiki uye nzvimbo dzinodavirwa sorutivi rwezvakanaka muboka. Kunokarakadza nenzira yamanomano kuti kubvumirana nezvinobudisa nhau kushambadzwa kweboka romunhu amene. Mubvunzo hausati uri pamusoro pezvikwanikiro zvose; unova chizivikaro chamagariro chamagariro uye kuwirirana.

Mienzaniso Yenyika Chaiyoiyo Nokunzvera

Mibvunzo yokuongorora chaiyo inoratidza kuti nzira idzi dzinoshanda sei pakushanda.

Muenzaniso 1: Kunzwa Uine Mhaka Pachose

" Waiziva here kuti Candida A ine mipiro yebvumo [ kubva kuboka iro rokucheka betsero dzeNyamakotsekano yenzanga??[[FLT:]]]

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Muenzaniso 2: Mubvunzo Une Maviri

" Waizotsigira here Candidate B kana waiziva kuti iye [[FT:1] akapinzwa nokuda kwemitero yakakwirira uye yakashorwa nokuda kwemari yemapurisa[??]

Commentiques anoshandiswa:[[FT:1] Chivako chakavhengana kaviri (nhau mbiri mumubvunzo mumwe), mutauro wakatutirwa, uye kuenzana kwenhema. Mubvunzo unounganidza nzvimbo mbiri dzemitemo dzakasiana pamwe chete, kumanikidza mhinduro kuita kumativi ose ari maviri panguva imwe cheteyo. Inoshandisawo mashoko asina kujeka — "Mari inotsigirwa nokuda kwamapurisa" ingagona kureva kuvhotera mukuwedzera kwebhajeti, kwete kupesana nemitemo yose inopesana nepoti.

Muenzaniso 3: Njodzi Inokonzerwa Nokuvhiya

" Kana mitemo yemhoteredzo yeC' yakamanikidzirwa kuvhara mafekitari uye zviuru zvavashandi vakarasikirwa namabasa avo[, ingaita kuti uve bviro shoma yokuvhotera kwaari? ]

Tchechniques dzinoshandiswa: Chiono chakakomba, chinorehwa, uye mutauro wemirangariro. Mubvunzo unopa muuyo wakaipisisa sokunge ndewechokwadi. Haubvunzi kana mudaviri anodavira mamiriro ezvinhu acho angangova anobvira; unongobvunza bedzi nokuda kwedavidzo kumufananidzo, nokudaro uchiparira panikiro pamusoro pemitemo yomutendi.

Misiyano Yepamutemo Neyouori

Nzvero dzechibharo dzinobatanidza nzvimbo yapamutemo netsika. muUnited States, idzo kazhinji kazhinji dzinodzivirirwa sehurukuro yezvamatongerwe enyika muFirst Amendment, asi dzimwe nyika dzakaita zvinodikanwa zvokuzivisa. Somuenzaniso, hurumende dzinoverengeka dzinoda kusunda vashanyi kuvhotera kuziva ari kutsigira danidzo. Kushatisa kunogona kuguma nefaindi kana kuti zvimwe zvirango.

Nenzira inopesana, kunzvera kunomanikidzirwa kunoshurikidzwa namasangano ezvokunzvera ounyanzvi. American Association for Public Opinion Research (AAPOR) Inosiyanisa zvakajeka nzvero kubva mukunzvera kwapamutemo uye inokurudzira vanhu kuva vanongwarira pamusoro pazvo. Sangano rinotaura kuti kumanikidza kuvhota ndiro " kwete nzvero dzose" [[ asi panzvimbo pezvo chimiro chenhimbe dzechirongwa chezvamatongerwe enyika. Vatori venhau navanonzvera maidi vanoramba nomutoo unowedzera kukwidziridza mibvunzo yekusatenderwa sechimiro chediction, zvikurukuru apo vanoparadzira tsoro.

Nokuda kwavanzveri nenyanzvi, kunzvera kunosunda kunopa denho: kunoshatisa mhoteredzo yemashoko ndokushatisa chivimbo chavanhu mukunzvera.

Nzira Yokuziva Nayo Kushatisa: Nhungamiro Inoshanda

Kuziva nzvero inomanikidzirwa kunoda ngwariro yakakomba kumutauro, chimiro, uye mashoko akapoteredza emibvunzo yokunzvera. zviratidzo zvinotevera zvinogona kubetsera vavhoti, vatori venhau, uye vanzveri kutsaura kunzvera kwokumanikidza kubva mukunzvera kwapamutemo:

  • [[FOLT:0] Zvikurusa ukuru: Kuvhota kweLegitima kunoedza mazana mashomanene kusvikira kuzviuru zvishomanene zvavanhu. Kana danidzo ikasvika makumi ezviuru, sezvingabvira ibvunziro yokusunda.
  • Mutauro wakapfeka kana kuti wemirangariro: Mibvunzo inoshandisa mashoko akadai se "corrupt,"" "ngozi," kana kuti "isingachinji" mireza mitsvuku. Nzvero dzapamutemo dzinovavarira mashoko asina revo.
  • Hamuna mibvunzo yezviverengero zvechiverengero chavagari vemo kana kuti mamiriro ezvinhu ekare: Nzvero dzokuvhota dzinodzokorora dzinowanzounganidza mashoko avagari vemo anodikanwa nemhaka yokuti havafariri kunzvera. Vanoda bedzi tapuro inopwisa.
  • Mibvunzo inogovera mashoko matsva: Mipimo yokuvhota yechokwadi yemurangariro uripo. Kana mubvunzo une mashoko akagadzirirwa kuchinja murangariro — zvakadai sepomero kana kuti chiitiko chinofungidzirwa — sezvingabvira ibvunzo inomanikidzira.
  • Kuda kupindura nenzira yakati: Mibvunzo inovamba ne"Usabvumirana" kana kuti "Haungati" yakarongedzerwa kuita bvumirano.
  • [ Hamuna kuziviswa kwokutsigira:[[FLT: 1] Mavhota eLegitimate anowanzozvizivisa amene nomutengi wavo. Kuvhota kwokumanikidza kazhinji kazhinji kunovanza kana kuti kuvhara kutsigira kwavo.

Kutapura Kwakapararira Pahurumende Inosarudzwa Navanhu Nehurukuro Yavose

Vavhoti pavanoramba vachidzokorora mashoko okuongorora, vangabudisa mashoko enhema kana kuti anotsausa pamusoro pevanoda kuongororwa uye nhau.

Uyezve, kuvhota kwokumanikidzira kunogona kudzvinyirira muvhoti. Kupfurikidza nokuparadzira mashoko asina kunaka — kunyange mashoko enhema — pamusoro pomukwikwidziri, vanogona kuodza mwoyo vatsigiri vomukwikwidziri iyeyo ndokuderedza bviro yavo yokuvhota. Ikoku kunokuvadza zvikurukuru mumadzinza ari pedyo apo micheto yenhau. Vamwe vanzveri vakarondedzera kuvhota sechimiro che " kudzvinyirira nenhau yemibvunzo.

Nhamburiko dzezvinobudisa nhau dzinobatanidza zvikuru kuzivikanwa kwokunzvera sounyanzvi hunokosha. Vadzidzisi vanogona kushandisa mienzaniso yokuvhota kuti vadzidzidziswe pamusoro pokuchinja kwokusada kurangarira, unyengeri hune mufungo, uye ukoshi hwokuyera manyuko. Kupfurikidza nokunzwisisa vagadziri vemashoko okusunda mutauro wokuvhota nokushambadzira, vagari vemo vanogona kudzivisa kudzorwa ndokuita zvisarudzo zvokusarudza zvakaziva zvikuru.

Mugumisiro: Kuona Mubvunzo Wacho

Kuvhota kwokumanikidza vanhu hakusi kunzvera, chimiro chokuzivisa kwezvamatongerwe enyika kunonyepedzera senzvero, uchishandisa chimiro chokuvanza chokunangidzira mashoko akarongwa nokungwarira. Simba razvo riri mumanomano avo — shoko rinoiswa pano, mutsetse wakashongedzwa imomo, nhevedzano inovaka nhauro iyo inoita kuti mhinduro isacherekedzwa nokungwarira. Asi kana wangoziva bedzi chokutsvaka, kunyengera kwacho kunova kunooneka.

Mutauro nounyanzvi hwokunyora zvakanzverwa munyaya ino — mashoko akaremerwa, mibvunzo inotungamirira, kufungidzira kusina kujeka, kunyora mashoko enhema, kurayira, kubvunza, migumisiro inorehwa, uye kunyorwa kwezivikanwo — hazvisizvo zvoga kumanikidza kunzvera. Zvinooneka mukuzivisa kwezvamatongerwe enyika, kuzivisa kwenhau, uye hurukuro yezvamatongerwe enyika yezuva riri rose. Kudzidza kuaziva chiito chouchenjeri hwokuzvipinza pachako. Munhambo yemashoko okuzadzwa uye unyanzvi hwakaoma kunzwisisa, mano okuona kupfurikidza nomubvunzo wacho hausi unyanzvi bedzi hupi nounyanzvi; mutoro.

Nokuda kwokuravazve pamusoro petsika dzenzvero nekurukurirano yezvamatongerwe enyika, ona khowudi yeTrasika dze ne Pew Research Center] Pew's kunzvera mutoo weruzivo rwendangariro[. Nhimbe dzekunzvera kwakadzama muhurukuro yezvamatongerwe enyika, rangarira basa rechikwikwidzo George Lakloff pa [FLT:] 4] faming nezvamatongerwe enyika zvetsika . Vatori venhau vanogona kubetserwa ne .