Pepanhau reTenth Amendment kuUnited States Constitution ichinhu chinoumba Bill of Rights, rakagadzirirwa kuchengeta dzikamo yesimba pakati pehurumende yenyika nenyika. Iyi yakaitwa musi waDecember 15, 1791, inochinja nheyo yehurumende nokuzivisa kuti masimba ose asina kupiwa hurumende kana kuti anorambidzwa kuhurumende akaiswa kunyika kana kuti vanhu. Nyaya ino inogovera kuongororwa kwakajeka kweTendith Amendment, ichiratidza kwayakabva, kuongorora kutsanangura kwayakaita nyaya dzinokosha dzedare, uye kuongorora basa rayo rokutonga, uye kuongorora basa rayo rinopfuurira munharo pamusoro pekodzero dzenyika nekodzero dzevanhu.

Nhoroondo yeMitemo Yegumi Ye Amendedzero

Magenesi eTenth Amendment iri munharo huru dzinoda kudzorwa dzorusununguko rwa 1787-1788 pashure pokunge Bumbiro reMitemo raitwa muPhiladelphia. Anti-Federalist, kubatanidza vanhu vakatanhamara vakadai saPatrick Henry naGeorge Mason, vakataura kuti Bumbiro reMitemo rakakarakadzwa rakabvumira hurumende huru, masimba asina kunyorwa aigona kukurira uchangamire uye kutyisidzira rusununguko rwomunhu. Vakaraira mutemo wekodzero waizoganhurira chiremera chehurumende ndokudzivirira hurumende padzinopindira. Federalists, inotungamirirwa naJames Madison, pakutanga yakadzivisa chirevo, kuti Bumbiro remitemo pacharo rakanga riri muganhu wakakwana. Zvisinei, kudzivirira uchangamire, Madison akavimbisa kupinza mubatanidzwa hurumende itsva yangogadzwa.

Mukati meChibvumirano Chokutanga muna 1789, Madison akakarakadza nhevedzano yegadziridzo dzakatorwa mukokorodzano dzenyika dzinokwidziridza. Nyaya yegumi neyokupedzisira yeBill of Rights yakagadzirwa kuti ipedze kutya kunopfuurira kwesimba guru. Mutauro wayo wakadzokorora mashoko eMitemo yeConfederation yeChikamu cheConfederation uye Virginia Ratification Convention’s Reconstriation. Kupfurikidza nokuchengeta masimba asingatenderwi kunyika kana kuti vanhu, Pendementededed yakatsvaka kusimbisa kuti hurumende yedare reCommunity yakanga iri imwe yemasimba akaganhurirwa.

Rugwaro rweMitemo Yegumi Ye Amendedzero Nerevo Yayo

Mashoko akazara eTen Standardefment anoti:

“ Masimba asina kupiwa kuUnited States neBumbiro reMitemo, kana kuti anorambidzwa kuUnited States, akachengetwa kuUnited States, kana kuti kuvanhu.”

Pakutarira kwokutanga, mutauro unoratidzika kuva wakananga, asi kududzira kwawo kwakaparira gakava guru. Kuchinja hakupi zvirokwazvo simba ripi neripi; panzvimbo pezvo, kunobatira somutemo wokuvaka, kunoyeuchidza vadudziri kuti chiito chipi nechipi chehurumende chinofanira kurondwa kukupa chiremera chakananga. Iko kunobvumawo uchangamire huviri (masangano) anochengeta masimba awo amapurisa omuzvarirwo nechiremera zvokutonga sezvaanoona kuti akakodzera, chero bedzi vasingapunzi vanoputsa mutemo womubatanidzwa kana kuti Bumbiro remitemo. Chitsama. Chitsamachiso chinoti “kana kuvanhu” chinosimbisa kuti uchangamire hunogara pakupedzisira muvagari vemo, kwete mumasangano ehurumende.

“ Chitrust” Kana Kuti Chirambidzo Chinoganhurirwa Here?

Nokuda kwenhau yakawanda yeAmerica, Dare Gurusa rakarangarira Tenth Amendment se “Trusandment” [8] kutaura kwokuzvidira kusina kuganhurira simba rehurumende kupfuura izvo masimba akadudzwa akatodzorwa. Mu United States v. Darby[ [1941], Dare rakatsinhira kuti kugadziridzwa kwacho “magariro asi kubvumirana uko kwose kusina kuchengetwa. Mumurangariro uyu, sezvo Congress yakashanda mumasimba aro aro akapiwa (zvakadai seCommercio Claus), Confment [Z] [Z] [41] [1941], Dare racho rakavamba kusimbisazve kudzokorodza mamiriro ezvinhu egumi echibvumirano, matsva.

Kududzira Kwapakuvamba Nokumuka Kwesimba Renyika

Chiedza chokutanga cheTenth Amendment chakauya Mcloch v. Maryland (1819). Nhau yaibatanidza kana Kondirakiti yaigona kuronga bhangi renyika yose(a simba risina kurongwa muBumbiro reMitemo. Chireverse John Marshall akatsigira bhangi senzira iri madikanwa neyakafanira yokuuraya nayo masimba akarongwa uye yakakurumbira kuzivisa “kurega kuguma kuve kwapamutemo, kurege kuri pakati poukoshinamuganhuro, uye nzira dzose idzo dzakakodzera... igweve pamutemo. Dare rakaramba kuedza kwaMaria nyika kubhangi, rinosimbisa ukurumbiso pasi peSuprey Clauslaus. Nepo Dare regumi rakaregistmercement rakarence rakarectiona rakakurumbira zvikuru naMary, Marshall rinori rinoridzika mifungo yaro inopfuura zvikuru kurava chiremera chapamutemo.

Muzana remakore rechi19 rose, Dare reTenth Amendment rakaita basa rakaganhurirwa. Kashoma kuti risarudze mitemo yehurumende yaivhozhokera zvakananga masimba emapurisa ehurumende, somu United States v. DeWitt [1869], iyo yakaita kuti chirambidzo chehurumende pakutengeswa kwemafuta akati chishaye simba. Asi muitiro wakapararira wakanga uri wokubatana kwehurumende, zvikurukuru pashure peHondo yeChizvarwa cheNyika nekwakakwakwakwakwakwa kweKineti, uko kwakapa simba reCongress rokuita kodzero dzevagari vemo dzinorwisana nechiito. Pakazosvika zana remakore rechimakumi maviri maviri, simba rezvokutengeserana rakanga rawedzera kubvumira kurongwa kwehurumende pakugadzira, zvitima zvemararuwe, uye nyika dzemonosiya kodzero dzokutsigira kushandedzera kwadzo.

Chibvumirano Chitsva Nokuchinjwa KwechiFederal

New Dec ye1930 yakagadziridza nenzira inoshamisa dzikamo yehurumende. Purezidhendi Franklin D. Roosevelt purogiramu, dzakadai seNational Industrial Recovery Act ne Agricultural Sect, yakasundira miganhu yeChornment Claus kuti idzore basa remari raisiiwa kunyika. Schechter Poult Corp. v. United States[FLT] [1935] [1935], Dare rakaparadza NRA sechienzi inodzorwa uye kuputsa mutemo weDemendero yePrement, ndokusaidzosa mari yaidzorwa mumitengo yezvokutengeserana isingakanganidzi kutengeserana. Njongodzi.[FLT] United States [193]

Zvisinei, pashure petyisidziro yedare-yakavhundutswa nenhevedzano yezvirega basa, Dare rakachinja nzira. NLB v. Jones & Laughlin Steel Corp. [1937] [[FLT]] na United States v. Darby[ [1941], Dare rakabvumira murairo mukuru wehurumende yebasa nemiripo, zvinosiya nenzira inobudirira Pendementmenteded regumi semuganhu une rerevo. Nokuda kwehafu inotevera yecentur, kudzosera kwakadziswa sechipfupiso kumashure sezvo Hurumende yakawedzera chiremera chayo pamusoro pokutengeserana, mitero yavagari vemo, uye maruramiro anotungamirira hurumende iri pedyo nehurumende dzakawanda.

Kudzokororwa Kwazvino Uno kweMitemo Yegumi

Kutanga muma1990, Dare Rapamusoro Zvikuru pasi poMutongi Mukuru William Rehnquist rakaronga kosi itsva yehurumende, richimutsidzira Tenth Amendment sechirambidzo chinogombedzerwa nokuchengetwa. zvisarudzo zvitatu zvinokosha zvinoratidzira uku kutangazve:

United States v. Lopez (1995)

Mu United States v. Lopez, Dare rakarova GunשFree School Zones Act ya 1990, uko kwakakuita mhaka yehurumende kuva nepfuti pedyo nechikoro. Hurumende yakataura kuti mutemo wakadonha mukati meCHEMCHEL Clause nemhaka yemasimba masimba ane chokuita nepfuti anotapura mari yenyika. Muchisarudzo cha564, Dare rakaramba chibvumikiso ichocho, richirangarira kuti basa racho rakanga risina kudzora “chinhu chokuita nezvokutengeserana” uye rakanga risiri rezve zvoupfumi. Chitonga chakaratidzira nguva yokutanga mumakore 60 ayo Dare rakaputsa mutemo wehurumende nokuda kwesimba gurusa rezvokutengeserana, uye chakasimbisa chose chose basa rokuchengeta bhizimisi.

Shicilelaz v. United States (1997)

Mu Printz v. United States, Dare rakarangarira gadziriro yeBrady Handgun Violence Prevention Act yaida kuti vakuru vakuru voruwa navakuru vakuru vomunzvimbomo vadzore kunzvera vatengi vepfuti. Dare rakataura kuti Tenuth Amendment inorambidza hurumende yehurumende ku “murayiro” vakuru vakuru vakuru vehurumende kuti vape purogiramu dzehurumende. Murangari Antonin Scilia akasimbisa kuti murairo wakadaro“ unodzivisa mitsetse yokuzvidavirira yezvamatongerwe enyika” uye unoputsa nheyo youchangamire hwehurumende. Chisarumbidzo chakasimbisa perero chehurumende sehurumende dzakaparadzana.

Sebelius (202)

Mhaka yeTemplate yeTrence yeTimesement inokosha zvikurusa yemisi ichangobva kupfuura iyi National Federation of Independent Business v. Sebelius, iyo yakadenha Dare reAffordal Care Act. Dare rakatsigira murairo womunhu oga pasi pesimba reMitestance rinobhadhara asi rakabvisa gadziriro yakatyisidzira kunyima mari yose yehurumende yeMedicaid kubva kunyika idzo dzakaramba kukudza Medicaid. Mutongi mukuru John Roberts, kunyora nokuda kwemitengo, akarangarira kuti tyisidziro yokurasikirwa neMidid mari iripo inobhadharwa mari inobhadharwa ne 10% kana kuti kupfuura yebhajeti rehurumende pakudzorwa kwokudzosa, achiputsa muganhu wePrejimendement nokushandisa pamutemo. Magaro anodzoro anotsigira kuti ashate kuva anodzorwa kudzosera kudzo.

Nhau Dzazvino Uno Nenharo Dzegumi Dzokuchinja

Nhasi, Tenth Amendment inowanzoshandiswa munharo pamusoro pezvoutano, dzidzo, kudzora mhoteredzo, muitiro wokutama, uye zvinodhaka.

Kurapwa

Kupfuura Affordble Care Act, mashoko akadenha zvirevo zvehurumende pamusoro pezvinodikanwa zvebasa zveMedicaid, kubvisa mimba, uye kupiwa mirimo inotenderwa. Dzimwe nyika dzakaita kutsinhana kwoutano kwadzo dzimene nepurogiramu, dzichitaura chiremera muTenth Amendment kubvumira mitemo kuwiriranisa nemigariro yomunzvimbomo. Kudzivisawo hurumende kudzivisa ganhuriro dzehurumende dzokubvisa pamuviri. Somuenzaniso, kufanana neCalifornia neNew York dzakapa mitemo inodzivirira kubviswa kwechizvakaidzwa, dzichitaura kuti mutemo wezvokurapa unopinda mukati mamiriro ezvinhu azvo echipurisa anochengetedzwa.

Kunyoreswa pamutemo

One of the most vivid Tenth Amendment battlegrounds is marijuana policy. Although marijuana remains a Schedule I controlled substance under federal law, more than 30 states have legalized it for medical or recreational use. Federal enforcement has generally deferred to state laws under the Obama‑era Cole Memorandum (later rescinded under the Trump administration) and subsequent guidance. State officials often invoke the Tenth Amendment to defend their legalization statutes, arguing that the federal government lacks the constitutional authority to force states to criminalize marijuana. The tension between state legalization and federal prohibition persists.

Kutama uye Kudzivirira Muitiro

Mitemo yeSaintctuary guta nehurumende — uko zviremera zvomunzvimbomo zvinoganhurira batira pamwe nokuchengetwa kwevatami vehurumende. Mu Doroba reChicago v. Zvikamu (2017]), Funty yakaputsa migariro yehurumende yaida zviremera zvehurumende zvokubetsera zviremera zvokupinda munyika, kududza nheyo dzinorwisana nemirairo yokubuda nokupinda munyika dzinodzorwa nokudzorwa kwemari dzinobva ku Pripz. Nenzira yakafanana, mitengo mizhinji yakasungirira hurumende pamusoro penhamburiko dzehurumende dzokurega kudzorera mumaguta anoyera, ichitaura kuti Hurumende yegumi inorambidza hurumende kudzorwa kupfurikidza nokutyisidzira.

Kudzorwa Kwemhoteredzo

Clean Air Act neClean Water Act yakaparira rwisano kwenguva refu. Mitemo yakadai seTexas neWest Virginia yakadenha mitemo yeEPA inodzosa kubudiswa kwegasi rinodziya, ichiti hurumende iri kupindira pamabasa etsika ehurumende setsika yokushandisa nyika nemagetsi. Mu West Virginia v. EPA [2022], Dare Rapamusoro rakamisa chiremera cheEPA chokuisa tsvina pasi peCeoooa Act, kusimbisa nheyo yokuti panofanira kutaura zvakajeka apo inoronga kuchinja chiyero chehurumende.

Kusunungurwa Kwechigumi uye Kusunungurwa Kwemunhu Mumwe Nomumwe

Kunyange zvazvo Pession yeThith Amendment ichinyanya kunetsa nezvehurumende, simba rayo parusununguko rwomunhu mumwe nomumwe rakakura. Nokuchengeta simba kunyika, kugadziridzwa kunoparira rabhoritari yehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu uko mitemo yakasiyana - siyana inogona kukura, kuratidzira mipimo yomunzvimbomo nezvinodiwa. Kusiyana uku kunogona kuwedzera rusununguko kupfurikidza nokubvumira vagari vemo kutamira kunzvimbo dzine mitemo inowirirana nezvitendero zvavo.

Kudzivirira Kodzero Pakukundwa Kwematongerwe Enyika

Nemhaka yokuti hurumende dziri pedyo zvikuru navanhu, dzinogona kubatira sedziviriro padzinodzorwa nerusununguko rwehurumende. Tenth Amendment inopa hwaro hwebumbiro remitemo kuti hurumende dzidzivise mirairo yehurumende ingadzongonyedza paudzori hwomunhu oga. Somuenzaniso, hurumende inodzivirira pakuru nokuda kwekodzero dzepfuti, rusununguko rwerudzidziso, uye kuva woga kazhinji kazhinji kazhinji inopfuura iya inogoverwa nehurumende. Nenzira inopesana, hurumende dzinewo simba rokuwedzera kodzero dzevanhu kupfuura mwero wehurumende, sezvinoonekwa mumitemo yehurumende inorambidza rusaruro pahwaro hwevatano kana kuti chiziviso chevatano.

Kukwanisa Kuchinja - chinja Maruramiro

Chitendero chimwe chetecho chehurumende chinobvumira nyika kuvandudza rusununguko chinogonawo kubvumira ganhuriro dzinosiana zvikuru munyika yose. Kubvisa mimba, mitemo yokuvhota, uye kuenzana kweroorano (kuna ]... Obergefell v. Hodges) dzakanga dziri nzvimbo umo kusavapo kwemipimo yehurumende yakafanana kwakatungamirira kurusarurano rwakati. Vatsoropodzi vanotaura kuti kutsamira paTenth Amendment yokudzivirira chiito chehurumende kunogona kusekesa kodzero dzinokosha apo zviremera zvinoisa ganhuriro idzo voruzhinji vorudzi rungaramba. Nokudaro, kugadziriswa kwemipimo yerusununguko rwemunhu mumwe nomumwe kunotsamira pamamiriro ezvinhu omunzvimbomo okuzvisunungura sorusununguko rwehurumende kana kuti semotokari huru yedzvinyiriro yehurumende.

mhedziso

Dare reThine reMitemo reMitemo reChigumi rinoramba riri chinhu chinokosha uye chinopikisa mutemo wemitemo weAmerica. Mutauro waro wakapfava, wakaisvonaka unopesana nenhau yakaoma yokududzira yakabva pedyo negomo rokuzvidzora nesimba rehurumende. Sezvo Dare Gurusa reMitemo rinopfuurira kuisa miganhu yechiremera chehurumende, kugadziriswa kuchaoneka zvisingadzivisiki munharo pamusoro pezvoutano, muitiro wemirimo, kubuda munyika, uye ganhuriro yemhoteredzo. Vadzidzi, vadzidzi, uye vagari vemo, kunzwisisa Pendementation inokosha kunzwisisa kubatana kukuru pakati pouchangamire hwehurumende, chinzwanorudzi, uye rusununguko runorondedzera American. Kuoma kwendangariro kunobatwa nomutemo hakuzokanganisi chinhu asi chinhu asi chinhu chinovimbisa kuti kurukurirano pamusoro pomugariro mukuru wehurumende yedu inoramba kuva nesimba guru.

Nokuda kwokuravazve, bvunza [[FLT: 0] Chibvumirano [ nokuda kwokunzvera kwakakwana, [[FLT:] Cornell Information Institute nokuda kwenhau dzinopetwa, uye Coyez Project [[FL:5] nokuda kwezvisarudzo zvikuru zveDare Gurusa.