Ukama pakati pomurangariro wavose neBumbiro reMitemo hahuna kumbobvira hwava hwenguva dzose. Kuvambira paNguva yaVakasimbwa kusvikira nhasi, kuderera nokuyerera kwemirangariro yakakurumbira kwakasunda matare nevanopa mitemo kutsanangurazve zvibvumikiso zvenheyo zverusununguko. Kunzwisisa kuti mirangariro yeboka inoshandura sei kuva chinjo yapamutemo kunokosha nokuda kwokunzwisisa kuti kodzero dzose dziri mbiri dzinodzivirirwa nokudzorwa sei munzanga yedemocracy. Nyaya ino inonzvera nhau, inonzvera yakavakirwa pamadzitateguru, uye mibato inosimudzira kupfurikidza nayo mifungo yavose inoumba pamutemo nekodzero dzavanhu muUnited States.

Nhoroondo: Kuchinja Kwakaita Bumbiro Remitemo

MaFramers akagadzira Bumbiro reMitemo kuva gwaro benyu, bva vaisagona kuve vakakarira chinjo dzekudengenyeka kwapasi mutsika dzavose idzo dzaizomanikidza kugadziridzwa nokududzirwazve. Nhau yekodzero dzebumbiro remitemo ndeyenhau inochinja murangariro wavanhu pamusoro pemiganhu yepamutemo yakadzika midzi.

Kubviswa Kwouranda uye Kutevedzerwa Kwechi13

MuRepublic yapakuvamba, uranda hwakagamuchirwa zvikuru, kunyange pakati paVavambi vazhinji. Asi pakasvika 1830, sangano rinokura rokudzivisa rakavamba kuchinja mwoyo nendangariro. Bhuku renhauro dzakadai saFrederick Douglas’s autobiography uye basa risingashiviriri revashingairi seWilliam Lloyd Garrison rakashandura zvishoma nezvishoma murangariro wavose mukurwisana nesangano. Sarudzo yaAbraham Lincoln muna 1860, pachikuva chapachikuva chinoshora kukura kwouranda, yakanga iri ratidziro yakananga yemirangariro iyoyo inokurumidza. Nepo Hurumende yeChivilic Warty yakanga iri chisakiso chapamhiko cheRendemented yeThth Rempletes muna 1865, zvikonzero zvekushorwa kwavose muuranda zvakaita kuti kushande mato yezvamatongerwe enyika.

Kushatirwa Kwavakadzi Ne Amendement yechigumi Nepfumbamwe

Kurwisa kwavakadzi kwakasvika pamakumi manomwe amakore. Mapepa okuvhota akatanga kutarisana nokunyombwa kwakapararira noutsinye. Zvisinei, pakasvika pakuvamba kwezana ramakore rechimakumi maviri, mubatanidzwa wegadziriro youswa, chinjo dzezvemari (vakadzi vakawanda vanopinda mumabasa), uye kubudirira kwemabasa avakadzi mukati meHondo Yenyika I kwakachinja murangariro wavose zvinoshamisa. Masangano akavamba kupa kodzero dzokuvhota kuvakadzi, uye pakasvika 1919 Congress akapfuudza Demendment. Nhimbe yeRevotion yakabudirira nemhaka yokuti, sokuratidza kwaizodai kungave kwaratidza, voruzhinji veAmerica vakanga vasvika pakudavira kuti kurambwa kwavakadzi kwakanga kusina kururama.

Musangano Wekodzero Dzevanhu Womuma1950 uye wema1960

Zvichida muenzaniso wakajeka zvikurusa wemurangariro wavanhu wokumanikidza chinjo yebumbiro remitemo iMutezo weChivil Rights. Kwamakumi amakore pashure pokugadziridzwazve, kusarura dzinza kwakatenderwa pamutemo muPlessy v. Ferguson. Asi utsinye hwaJim Crow, hwaitepfenyurwa paterevhizheni itsva, hwakatyisa rudzi. Mifananidzo yomwoto nembwa dzamapurisa muBirmingham, uye kupondwa kwevatsi vezvekurwira kodzero dzemitemo seMedgar Evers, kudzorwa kwevachena neBlack America zvakafanana. Pakasvika 1964, tsigiro yavose yekodzero dzevagari vemo vemo vavanhu vose yakanga yasvika pasimba guru renhau reChivivil Rights Act uye, gore rakatevera, Voting Rights Act. Chisarusarusarudzo cheBrown v. Dare reEducation re1954) rakanga ragadza pamutemo, asi dzvinyiriro yomutemo wavanhu vose yakanga yavapo.

Kukura Kwezana Rechimakumi Maviri Nechishanu Kwapera: Kuva Wega Nekodzero Dzevanhu

Kodzero yokuva voga, yakatanga kuzivikanwa muna * Griswold v. Connecticut* (1965) pamusoro pokudzivisa kubata pamuviri, yakanga ichipesvedzerwa zvikuru nezvimiro zvendangariro zvavanhu vose. Pakasvika 1960, vazhinji veAmerica vaidavira kuti kudzora kubereka kunofanira kuva kwapamutemo, uye chisarudzo cheDare rakaratidza kuti chinja ikoko kwaiitika. Nenzira yakafanana, kunyoreswa pamutemo kweroorano imwe cheteyo mu * Obergefell v. Hodges* (2015) yakatevera chinjo inoshamisa mumurangariro wavose. Muna 1996, 27% bedzi weAmerica akatsigira roorano yakafanana; pakasvika 2015, nhamba iyoyo yakanga yakwira kusvika ku60%. Dare rakajekesa zvakajeka "kunzwisisa kwavose" mumurangariro wavose.

Zvinotaurwa Nevenhau Zvinokanganisa Maonero Anoita Vanhu Pakodzero Dzevanhu

Kubva pamuchina wokudhinda kuenda kuzvinhu zvinobudisa nhau, mashoko anopiwa anogona kukurumidza kana kuti kumisa kuchinja kwekutsanangura kwebumbiro remitemo.

Terevhizheni Nekodzero Dzevanhu Vose

Kusvika kwamashoko eterevhizheni kwakaunza nhambo huru dzezvipembedzo nemhinduro dzamasimba masimba mukamuri dzokugara muAmerica. Uhwu ufakazi hunooneka hwakapfuura mapepeti enhau ndokuparira pfungwa yokupupurira pamwe chete kworudzi. Kushambadzwa kweSalma kuMontgomery, somuenzaniso, vezvamatongerwe enyika vakamanikidzirwa vakanga vasingadi kumira. Sezvo ACLU yakapupurira, kufukidzwa kwezvinobudisa nhau kunogona kubatira se "chikuva pamutemo" nokuda kwekodzero, asi kunogonawo kuparira kujeka kutungamirira kuganhurirwa kwamaruramiro.

Zvinobudisa Mashoko Nezana Remakore Ramakumi Maviri Rokutanga

Mabudi ezvokushandira ruzhinji akadai setwitter, Facebook, uye Tik Tok akabatanidza mano okuumba murangariro wavanhu vose. Mitezo yakadai se Mirimo mitema Makuru yakawana kudzorwa kupfurikidza namavhidhiyo evhairasi anoratidza masimba masimba amapurisa, kuchitungamirira kukuraira kwakapararira kwokudzivisa kupunzwa kwehosha nedzimwe dzidziso dzebumbiro remitemo. Zvisinei, maarusaiti mamwe chetewo ayo anoparadzira aya mavhidhiyo anoparadzirawo digintry, zvakadai sezvirevo zvokuvhotera zvisiro zvenhema izvo zvakagovera kuJanua 6 Republic. Ukama pakati pezviteshi zvemistry nekodzero dzemitemo yemitemo ikodzero mbiri dzinodzivirira: inogona kutsigira nokukurumidza kukura rusununguko rwavagari vemo kana kuti ruvivire kuvimba nomutemo womutemo.

Kuongorora Nyaya Mupesvedzero Yezvinobudisa Nhau Pakodzero Dzevanhu

  • wiewillall na LGBTQ+ Kodzero: Zvimurenga zvamatombo zva 1969 zvakashumwa pakuvamba, asi kufukidzwa kwakatevera mumapepanhau engochani uye pakupedzisira zvirevo zvikuru zvakabvisa nzwisiso yavose yeutsinye hwamapurisa mukurwisana neLGBTQ+ vanhu vamwe navamwe. Iyi ngwariro yezvinobudisa nhau yakabetsera kuparira sangano razvino uno rekodzero dzevatano nengochani.
  • Kuvamba nokusasarura: Edward Snowden's 2013 anodzudza mapurogiramu eNSA anoongorora, akafukidzwa zvikuru ne * Guardian* uye * Washington Post*, yakamutsa kurukurirano yavose pamusoro pedziviriro dzeFine Amendment yeDramende yeChirungu munguva yemitengo. Dare rakapindura neUSA Freedom Act ye 2015, richiisa miganhuro mitsva pakuunganidzwa kwemashoko.
  • Gantions neMiss Shootings: shoo dzepfuti zhinji kazhinji kazhinji dzinotungamirira kumisungo mukutsigirwa kwavanhu nokuda kwokudzora pfuti, asi dzinokurudzirawo Second Amendment. Nzvero dzinoratidza kuti kuvhozhokera kwenhau kunogona kupesvedzera zvikuru kana mirangariro yepfuti sekodzero kana kuti ngozi.

Mafungiro Oruzhinji Anoshatiswa Sechinorambidza Kodzero Dzebumbiro Remitemo

Polling has become a sophisticated tool for measuring where the public stands on specific constitutional questions. Legislators and judges alike pay attention to poll data, though the weight it carries varies.

Kupesvedzera Kunoita Muitiro Nezvisarudzo Zvedare

Kunyange zvazvo vatongi vachinzi vazvimiririre pane zvavanoda, Dare Gurusa rinowanzobvumirana nemaonero evakawanda panyaya dzinotemesa musoro. Kuongorora kwetsika kwakaitwa nenyanzvi yezvemitemo Barry Friedman kwakawana kuti Dare hariwanzobva pamaonero avanhu kwenguva refu, zvikurukuru panhau dzemagariro avanhu. Somuenzaniso, kutsigira chirango chorufu kwachinja nezvinofungwa nevanhu; apo kuongorora kwakaratidza kuramba kutsigira muma 2000 ne2010, kuuraya kwakaderera, uye nyika dzinoverengeka dzakabvisa chirango chorufu. Nenzira yakafanana, kuongorora kubvisa kubvisa pamuviri kunoratidza voruzhinji vanotsigira chimiro chakati chokuwana zviri pamutemo, izvo zvingave zvakatoita kuti chirambidzo chehurumende chive chambova muganhu chehurumende pamberi * Dobbs Health Organization of Jackson’s * yakadzorera kunhau yacho.

Miganhu Yemafungiro Anoshatiswa

Zvokufungidzira nguva dzose hazvisi zviratidzo zvakarurama zvechinjo yebumbiro-mitemo. Mashoko emibvunzo anogona kutapura zvikuru miuyo. Kunzvera kunobvunza pamusoro pe "maruramiro okutakura zvombo" kungapa mhinduro dzakasiana-- siyana kupfuura imwe pamusoro pe "zvombo zvinorambidzwa". Uyezve, murangariro wavose unogona kuva usina kudzika: vanhu vazhinji havasati varangarira zvikuru kushambadzwa kwemitemo. Nokuda kwezvikonzero izvi, 1960s akaona zvinhu zvikuru zvinotsigira zvose maruramiro ekodzero echikwata nedzevagari vemo pamapfundo akasiyana- siyana, zvichitsamira pamatarisikire emibvunzo. Mirangarirowo inotamburawo ne "tsika inodzorwa " --cresters angataura zvavanofunga kuti zvinogamuchirika munzanga panzvimbo yezvavanodavira zvirokwazvo. [[FLT:]

Misiano Yoruwa Neyokugara Munharaunda

Murangariro wavose pakodzero dzebumbiro remitemo unosiana zvikuru nenharaunda neboka ravagari vemo. Somuenzaniso, tsigiro yeroorano youtevedzani yakanga yakaderera munhau muSouth uye pakati pavaAmerica vakura. Iyi misiano nemhaka yokuti gadziriro yehurumende inobvumira nyika kuva marabhoritari edemokrati. Apo California yapfuudza programu 8 inorambidza roorano imwe cheteyo yevatano yavanhu muna 2008, yakaratidza murangariro woruzhinji wechinguvana uyo gare gare gare wakadzorwa nematare ose ari maviri echiito chokurangarira. Nhasi, mikana mikuru yevechiduku yeAmerica inotsigira kubvisa mimba, murairo wepfuti, uye dziviriro nokuda kweLGBTQ+ vanhu, apo zviverengero zvakura zvichiramba zviripo. Izvi zvinokarakadza kuti mifungo yavose ichapfuurira kutendeuka semasangano maduku.

Simba Rokupindira Muchikwata Chokumanikidza Vanhu

Masangano evatungamiriri vezvitendero ave ari nzira inobudirira zvikuru yokumanikidza kuchinja kwebumbiro remitemo, kazhinji kacho kutangira pamitemo uye pakutonga.

Boka Romukadzi Rinoshayisa Mutsigo

Nhimbe yekodzero dzokuvhota dzavakadzi rakanga riri kirasi yakatanhamara mukuita chiito. Sangano reNational Woman American Suffgend Association raishandisa kufora, kukurudzira, nzara, uye kusateerera kwavagari vemo kuchengeta nhau yacho mundangariro dzavose. Murangariro wavanhu pakupedzisira wakaita kuti Demendment yechigumi namapfumbamwe ive isingadzivisiki.

Sangano Remhoteredzo Namaruramiro Okumhoteredzo Ine Utano

Kunetseka kwevanhu pamusoro pokusvibiswa kwemhepo muma1960 nema1970 kwakatungamirira kuNational Environmental Policy Act nokusikwa kweEPA.

Makambani Emazuva Ano: Black Life Confect and Police Reformation

Black Live Matter, yakatanga muna 2013, yakachinja kurukurirano yavose pamusoro pekudzivirira kweTsvene Amendment kwekutsvaka kusina mufungo nepfavirira, kurambidza kweSendment pachirango chine utsinye nechisina kurovedzeka, uye kudzivirira kwe144th Amendment. Kupfurikidza nokuramba, masangano enzanga, uye muitiro wokuchinja, sangano rakabvisa pfungwa dzavose panhau dzakadai sechiratidzo chakakodzera, pasina kurova maruramiro, uye makamera. Pakazosvika 202020, pashure pokupondwa kwaGeorge Floyd, mabhii akaratidzira kuti voruzhinji veAmerica vakatsigira kuchinja kukuru kwemapurisa (apoka makore mashomanene pakuvamba). Kunyange zvazvo chinjo inodzoso chave isina kururama, sangano racho rakabudirira rakaisa mibvunzo iyi yemitemo pamakuru enhau yenyika.

Nzira Dzokutsigira Kuita Zvinhu Dzinoumba Mafungiro

  • Kusateerera: Kuputsa mutemo kune rugare (mutoo, zvigaro, zvivharo) kunogona kuparira tsitsi nebumbiro renhau, sezvinoonwa mukuramba kwezvokudya kwama 1960.
  • Rigio: matare akarongwa, anowanzodzorwa namapoka akadai seNACP Legal Defense Fund kana kuti ACLU, anogona kumanikidza matare kupindura mibvunzo yebumbiro remitemo uye, uyewo, kuumba kunzwisisa kwavose.
  • Chivako chekoshesa: Kuunganidza mapoka akasiana - siana (vatungamiriri vokutenda, mibatanidzwa yavashandi, masangano ekodzero dzavagari vemo) kusimbisa shoko ndokuratidzira tsigiro yakafara.
  • Kuvimbisana navaiti vemitemo: Marchs, horo dzetaundi, uye nhimbe dzerunhare zvinoratidza vakuru vakuru vakasarudzwa kuti vagove vavo vanoitira hanya zvikuru nhau dzebumbiro remitemo.

Zvinetso Zvinoita Kuti Vanhu Vaone Kuti Vanhu Vane Zvavanoda

Kunyange zvazvo maonero anoita vanhu achigona kuita kuti kodzero dziwedzere, zvinopawo zvinetso zvikuru. Mune zvimwe zviitiko, pfungwa dzakawanda dzave dzichishandiswa kururamisa kudzvinyirirwa kwekodzero dzevanhu vashoma, sokushandiswa kwevanhu vokuJapan muHondo Yenyika II, iyo yakatsigirwa zvikuru panguva iyoyo uye yakatsigirwa neDare Repamusorosoro mu * Korametsu v. United States * (1944). Mhaka yacho inoramba iri muenzaniso wokunyevera wokuti rusaruro runozivikanwa zvikuru runogona sei kubvisa dziviriro dzemitemo.

Kutsanangura Zvinhu Zvisina Kunaka Nokuita Kuti Zvivepo

Munhambo yezvinobudisa nhau zvakakamuraniswa, murangariro wavose unogona kushandiswa kupfurikidza nenhimbe dzemashoko. Kutaura kwenhema pamusoro pokunyengera kuvhota, ngozi dzeganda" kwakavhundutsa murangariro wavanhu uye kwakatungamirira kumirano yemitemo pakodzero dzokuvhota, mirairo youtano hwavanhu, uye rusununguko rwedzidzo. Kudzorwa kunoreva kuti mirangariro pakodzero dzemitemo inogarwa kazhinji kazhinji inokamuraniswa zvikuru nemitemo, kuchiita kuti kuve kwakaoma kuvaka bvumirano inodikanwa nokuda kwokugadziridzwa kana kuti kutsanangurwazve kukuru kwedare. Somuenzaniso, murangariro wavose pamusoro pekodzero dzokudzora pfumba dzavanhu wakaramba wakatsigarira, nezvinoteverwa zvikuru zvinonzvera zvekare zvikuru asi zvakadzika mifungo yamasimba makuru. Uyu muvengi unoratidza kwete bedzi kusabvumirana zvapachokwadi asi kushanda nemasangano anoona zviri pachena kufanana neNRA.

Basa Rematare Semasangano Okupikisa

Bazu redare rakagadzirwa, murutivi, kudzivirira maruramiro mashomanene kubva kuvazhinji vanonyengerwa. Iri basa rokudzivisa rinowirirana namano rinova chinhu chikuru cheBumbiro reMitemo, asi rinogonawo kuparira kusawirirana nemurangariro wavose. Apo Dare rinofamba zvikuru kupfuura murangariro wavose (sezvo vamwe vakakwikwidziridza * Rade v. Wade*), rinoparira denho huru nokuda kwechinjo nekuzvinyima.

Kugadziriswa kweBumbiro reMitemo: Kuedzwa Kukuru kweConsensus

Kugadziridza kunoda vhoti mbiri-tatu mudzimba dzose dziri mbiri dzeCongress uye kukwezvwa nedzitatu dzenyika. Iyi shoo yakakwirira inoreva kuti kugadziridza kunodokuva nguva dzose kunoratidzira chinja kukuru uye kwenguva refu mumurangariro wavose. Semuenzaniso, kutsigirwa kwakafara muma1970 asi pakupedzisira kwakava nehurumende nhatu kupfupikiswa, kunoratidzira kudzongonyedzwa kwapashure kwakawedzerwa nokutya kuchinja mabasa echirume. Idi rokuti Mutemo wemitemo wave wakagadziriswa ka27 bedzi mumakore anopfuura 230 rinoratidza kuti wakaoma sei kunyange murangariro wavanhu kushandura chinjo inodzorwa mumutemo. Kazhinji kazhinji kazhinji, kodzero dzinowedzerwa kupfurikidza nokududzira rugwaro ruripo.

Kupedzisa: Ukama Hune Simba uye Huri Kupfuurira

Kubatanidzwa pakati pemurangariro wavanhu nekodzero dzebumbiro remitemo hakusati kuri nhau yechisakiso chakapfava netapuro. Chimiro chendangariro chavanhu chinoumba mhoteredzo yezvamatongerwe enyika umo vatongi vanogadzwa uye nhau dzinosarudzwa, asi Bumbiro remitemo rinopawo musengwa wenheyo dzinotsungirira dzinogona kudzivisa zvinhu zvikuru. Chikamu chenhau cheAmerica chinokarakadza kuti munguva refu, murangariro wavose wave uchinangidzira kukukura kwekodzero nemhindu yenhau, asi nzira iyoyo haiwanzova yakanaka. Vadzidzisi navadzidzi vanobatanidzwa nenhau iyi vanofanira kuziva kuti Bumbiro reMitemo haisati iri chinyorwa chapamutemo asi igwemanyuko mapenyu ine rezvirevo zvinoramba zvichikurukurwa mumatare, magadzirwo, uye dare revo yavose. Kunzwisisa kuti murangariro wavose wakasimba munhau, tinogona kunzwisisa zviri nani kuti basa rinoitwa muvagari vemo mumwe nomumwe nomumwe anoumba rusununguko rwamangwana.