Nhoroondo Yezvezvakaitika Kare

Referendoms dzine nhau refu uye dzakasiiwa, dzinobatira semutoo wakananga kuti vagari vemo vaumbe mutemo nemitemo. Nepo shoko rependendium rakava rakakurumbira muzana ramakore rechi 19, muitiro wokuisa zvisarudzo zvakakurumbira une midzi yekare. Chinoitika chokutanga chinozivikanwa chinobva kuRoma Republic, apo panhambo nenhambo magungano evagari vemo anovhotera zvakananga pamitemo nezvibvumirano. Zvisinei, murangariro wazvino uno wedaviti rendentum .*a yakananga kuvhota nenhau yose panhau yakananga pachinhu chakati chakananga. "ea inobuda zvikurukuru nokukwira kwehurumende yehurumende yehurumende yehurumende yeRoma, apo panhambo nerechi18.

Mienzaniso Yapakuvamba Nomuenzaniso WeSwitzerland

Nyika dzezvizvarwa zveSwiss dzinoshandisa mapenduro ezvikepe. Kushandiswa kwemasangano kwakatanga murusando munyika yose munhau yazvino uno muSwitzerland muna 1848, apo vagari vemo vakasarudza bumbiro idzva rehurumende. Ichi chinoitika chakavamba muenzaniso wehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu inoramba iri pakati pezvidzori zveSwisland. Muenzaniso weSwitzerland (apo vagari vemo vanovhota nguva dzose pakugadziriswa kwemitemo yebumbiro-mitemo nemutemo mukuru wenhau wenhau wenyika yose muSwitzerland, (jekana redhisteroidstoratess) iro rinogona kuva rutivi rwenguva dzose rwoupenyu hwezvamatongerwe enyika. Zvimwe mienzaniso yapakuvamba inobatanidza kubatana kwe 1861, iyo inobvumira maruwa kubatana noUmambo hutsva hwakaumbwa hweItaly, uye 1852 French shoperatem iyo Louis-Napolin Bretateat.

  • - Switzerland inotendera bumbiro remitemo rehurumende kupfurikidza nechemenderum.
  • [[FOLT:0] - French perendamu ratatiss removes kudzoka kwoumambo hweBonapartist.
  • 1861 – kubatanidzwa kweItaly mundima dzepakati nedzokumaodzanyemba.
  • 1898 – Kutanga teregura yebumbiro remitemo reAustralian reSaystery rinosimbisa gadziriro yehurumende.

Kukura Kwezvirongwa Zverudzi Muzana Ramakore Rechi 20

Sezvo kudzora kwehurumende yehurumende yeruzhinji kwakapararira, ndozvakaitawo kushandiswa kwemaparera ehurumende. Muzana ramakore rechi20, nyika dzakawanda dzakagamuchirwa kuti dzipedze mibvunzo yebumbiro remitemo, kukakavadzana kwenzvimbo, uye chinjo huru dzemitemo. Irish Home Relain rendiendum, kunyange zvazvo yakadzorwa neHondo Yenyika I, yakaratidzira kudikanwa kuri kukura kwokubatanidzwa kwakakurumbira kwakananga pamusoro pouchangamire hwenyika. United Kingdom inotapunum pamitezo inopfuuridzirwa muEurope Community yakaratidzira pfundo rokuchinja, sezvo yakanga iri nhepfekedzo yokutanga yenyika yose munhau yeBritain uye yakaisa nzvimbo yezvikamu zvenguva yemberi paEuropean convemental. Zvimwe mienzaniso inocherekedza uchangamire hweQuebec muna 1980 muCanada uye 1991 Soviet Union inonongedzera pamusoro pokuchengeta mubatanidzwa kwemibatanidzwa mukuru uye kuratidzira, kazhinji kazhinji kachotooredzo yenyika yehurumende.

  • [[[FLT]] – Kutonga kwapamusha kweIreland terendamu (yakadhindwa).
  • [ - UK vhoti dzokuramba dziri muEuropean Community.
  • 0 – uchangamire hweQuebec sheaderendum (40% mukuda).
  • 1998 – Soviet Union peparesion pakuchengetedzwa kwekushandiswa.
  • 1999 - readsum yeAustralia pakuva republic (yatoparadzwa).

Michina Nemarudzi Ezvigadzirwa

Kunzwisisa vanamakanika kunokosha pakuyera pamutemo wavo wehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu uye simba rinoshanda.

Kuvhara mav. Advisory Referendendums

Musiyano mukuru uri mukuti kana mugumisiro wacho uchibatanidza pamutemo hurumende. Bhenindindindindis inoda mugumisiro kuti iitwe. (zvakadai sekugadziriswa kwebumbiro remitemo muSwitzerland kana kuti Ireland. Adcory requententendoms[ ibvumira vasaruri kuti varatidze pfungwa, asi hurumende inochengeta chisarudzo chokupedzisira. Somuenzaniso, UK inonongedzera kuMutezo unotsiva Vote usingamaniki, asi Paramendime yakavimbisa kuti ishandise mugumisiro wacho. Mukuita, kutakura ukuremedza kwezvamatongerwe enyika, kunyange zvazvo ichigona kuita kuti hurumende dzisaruke.

Kutanga

Kunokosha kusiyanisa pakati pemahestamendi nokutanga. [[FT:0] inobvumira vagari vemo kukarakadza mutemo mutsva kana kuti kugadziriswa kwebumbiro remitemo zvakananga, kazhinji kazhinji kupfurikidza nokukumbira, uye ipapo kuvhota. Mukupesana, metasum inoreva chivhoti pachingaiswa pachiyero pamberi pevhotiro nemitemo kana kuti chibvumirano. Zvizhinji zvinobatanidza, zvakadai seCalifornia, zvinobatanidza maturusi ose ari maviri, zvinogonesa democracy parutivi rwamagamende.

Kufambira Mberi Nemabasa Epamutemo

Muitiro unobatanidza mubvunzo wakajeka (waiwanzotaurwa se "yes/no" fomu), nhambo yenhimbe, uye zuva rokuvhota rakagadzwa. Gadziriro dzapamutemo dzinogadza zvinodikanwa nokuda kwokufamba kuduku, mucheto unodikanwa nokuda kwokupfuudzwa, uye musi wenguva yokuita. Dzimwe nyika, kufanana neDenmark, dzinoda vhoti dzakawanda dzinoshanda pamwe chete nedanho rakati revavhoti vakakodzera kuti vatsigiri vatsiki vatsive. Nyika dzinodzorawo tsigiro, rhendiyo, uye kubudiswa kwemifungo kuti dzichengete kururama. Purogiramu yepepa rebhuti nomutauro wemubvunzo wacho zvinosanoshatirwa kuti zvisarutswe kuti zvisave tsve tsvo.

Zvazvakaita Pahurukuro Yavose Nepakubatanidzwa Kwechibvumirano

Vatsigiri vanoti mashoko anosimudzira kuvimbisana kwevagari vomunyika nokupa vagari vemo njodzi yakananga mukuita zvisarudzo.

Kukurudzira Kupokanidzana Kune Unyanzvi

Referendiums dzinowanzotanga hurukuro yavose. Misangano yenhau, masangano enzanga, uye mabato ezvamatongerwe enyika, zvinobudisa mashoko nokushingaira, kurukurirano, uye kunzvera. Mukati ma2014 kuvhota, muvhoti akasvika 84,6%, uye 97% yavavhoti vakanyoreswa. Nhimbe yacho yaibatanidza misangano yemasangano enzanga, nharo dzakakurumbira, uye kurukurirano dzakapararira dzenzanga. Nenzira yakafanana, kubvisa mimba kweIrland kunoparira mwedzi yekurukurirano yakabetsera vagari vemo vazhinji kunzvera mibvunzo yetsika nemitemo yakaoma. Rudzi rwekurukurirano yenzanga inogona kusimbisa miitiro yedemocratic uye chivimbo, zvikurukuru apo muitiro wacho unorangarirwa sewakanaka uye unonzwika sewakanaka.

Kuchinja Nokutora Rutivi

Kuvhota kukuru munhevedzo kunokarakadza kuti vagari vemo varangane nhau dzavo chaidzoidzo. Kupemberera kazhinji kazhinji kunopfuura uko kwezvisarudzo zvavose munyika umo mavhoti asingawanzo. Somuenzaniso, 2016 Colombian facendium yakadzorwa ne 37% bedzi, nemhaka yokuvimbisa kwakaderera kwevhoti, nepo 2020 yebumbiro remitemo renyika muChile rakaona kutsauka kwe 50% pasinei zvapo nokuvhota kusingatenderwa. Zvisakiso zvinobatanidza kudzorwa kunobatanidza kukwirira kwenhau yacho, mwero wokuvhotera, kurerutswa kwevhotera, uye kutora zvakaenzana nenzvimbo dzinosarudzwa. Kuwedzera kutora rutivi, Hurumende dzakawanda dzinogamuchira kuvhotera, kuvamba, kuvhotera, kana kuti kunyoresa paIndaneti. Zvisinei, kunzvera kunogonawo kunetsa mukuvhotera kwavagari vebasa vakawanda, zvikurukuru mumaguta enguva dzakava Switzerland.

Zvinetso Nokutsoropodza

Pasinei zvapo nebetsero, varoyi vanotarisana nokutsoropodzwa kwakasimba.

Kunyanyokosha Kwenhau Dzakaoma Kunzwisisa

Kutsoropodza kunozivikanwa navose ndekwokuti vaviri "yes/no" mibvunzo inomanikidza zvinhu zvakaoma kuita zvisarudzo zvakanyanyisa. Somuenzaniso, Brexit pendium yakaderedza ukama hwakasiyana - siyana pakati peUK neEU kuitwe "Set" kana kuti "Remaince" ichiita kuti zvigone kubuda zvakawanda (mutoo weNoray-style EEA, kutengeserana kwechinyakare kwakasununguka, kana kuti kusaita). Nenzira yakafanana, 2000 euro yeDenmark yakadatendimu yakada kuzvisarudzira pamari ine migumisiro yakawanda yezve yezvemari. Ikoku kunogona kutungamirira kuvhotera kuvhotera yakavakirwa pamirangariro kana kuti zvigumbuso panzvimbo pokurangarira zvisakafanira.

Zvinogona Kuparadzanisa uye Kuparadzira

Referendendims dzinogona kukudza kukamukana kwenzanga. Mikairo pane dzimwe nguva inogamuchira kutaura kwokuparadzanisa rwisano. Kuzvimirira kweScotland kwa2014, kunyange zvazvo kuri kwavagari vemo, kwakaratidzira misiano mikuru pakati pevatsigiri verudzi navabatanidzwa. Brettipendum yakaona pomero dzokuva nomukakavara, uye muuyo wapashure wakaziviswa kuva wechizvarwa chakapinza, wedzidzo, uye weguta. Mukuwedzera, majekerero anogona kuvhozhokerwa navetendi vezvamatongerwe enyika vanodzivisa masangano anomirira kuwana maruramiro okudavirira. Ngozidzo ndeyokuti voruzhinji vanogona kuita zvisarudzo pamusoro pevaduku vanozengurira, vanoramba, vanoputsa nzanga.

Mashoko Asina Kunaka Nemashoko Asina Kunaka

Munhambo yemitengo, mashoko enhema anotyisidzira zvikuru. Mukati mekuzivisa rugare muColombia muna 2016, kutaura kwenhema pamusoro pegadziriro dzebvumirano yorugare dzakapesvedzera vavhoti vasina kutenderwa. 2019 Bolivian inopa mikana yokusarudzazve Purezidhendi Morales yakatambudzwa nepomero dzefungira nenhema. Masangano enzanga anogona kuparadzira zvinotsausa, kupindira kwedzimwe nyika, uye kubvisa mibato yemashoko. Kushambadza kwepaIndanetineti yezvamatongerwe enyika nokusimudzwa kwekunyora nokunyora nokunyora mashoko kuri kubuda pachena sedziviriro dzinokosha. Dzimwe nyika dzakatanga masangano akasununguka kuti atarisire kutendeka kwezvirongwa zvenhau.

Kukwanisa Kuziva Zvinhu Zvisina Basa

Vavhoti vangashaiwa zivo chaiyo inodikanwa kuita zvisarudzo zvezivo panhau dzoruzivo rwokugadzirwa kwezvinhu (muremu, kuchinjwa kwevhoriyamu, magwaro ebumbiro remitemo, kana kuti zvibvumirano zvokutengeserana). Nzvero inoratidza kuti vavhoti vazhinji vanovimba nezvitendero kana kuti zvibvumirano zvebato panzvimbo pokunzvera kwemiitiro ine udzame. Mumhinduro, dzimwe hurumende dzinogovera tubhukwana tamashoko, kuvhota kwapamutemo, kana kuti magungano evagari vemo kuti vatangire . Convention yeIrst Constitution yeIrciography (20:2.8) uye magungano avagari vemo akatevera akarumbidzwa nokuda kwokunzwisisa zvikuru pamberi pevhoti yenyika.

Kuongorora Zvakaitika Pamabumbiro Anozivikanwa

Kuongorora mienzaniso chaiyo kunoratidza kuti maatomu anoumba sei madhigirii enyika uye kuti anopa zvidzidzo zvokushandisa munguva yemberi.

Brexit Referendem (2016)

UK perestendamu pamitezo yeEuropean Union yakada kuwirirana neyakavapo somuuyo mukurusa wezana ramakore rechi 21. Mubvunzo "Union Kingdom inofanira kuramba iri mutezo weEuropean Union kana kuti kubva muEuropean Union? wakapiwa chisarudzo chezviviri. Muuyo wacho waitsigira kubuda kweMageschwaves (51.9% muyadiro yeReadad shand remisika yenyika yose uye kumiswa kwamakore ekurukurirano. Nhimbe yakaratidzirwa nemashoko akapfuudzwa naanopfuura ("Refly Control", "Brit Mor - Brexit"), kufukidza kukuru kwezvinobudisa nhau, uye kunzvera kuvhozhotera kwapa mari uye kunonzi kupindira kweRussia. Kudzoverwa kwakatevera kwakaratidzira zvinetso zvokushandisa kurukurirano kwaparetasitorendiro apo udzame dzakarenguro dzakaretwa. Chino chakamutswa pamusoro pokuti kana kuti zvinodikanwa zvikuru zviri zvikave zvakava zvakaenzana zvikuru.

Kuzvimirira kweScotland (2014)

Muna 2014, Scotland yakavhota mubvunzo wokuti: Scotland inofanira kuva nyika yakazvimirira here? Turnout yakanga iri chinyorwa 84.6%, uye 55.3% yakavhota "Aiwa. Iyi dhemendimu yakatangira nenhimbe yemakore akawanda yavose nebvumirano huru, kubatanidza kurukurirano dzeTekiniki, pepa reHurumende yeScondian reBrecoshin rePregiment pakati peUK neScottinish , iyo yaivimbisa kuti mugumisiro wacho waizova wakakudzwa. Muitiro wacho wakaonekwa sowakanaka uye wakanyatsodzikamiswa. Zvisinei, 2016 Bretivhoti yeBrtis (iyo inopesana neScotland) inodana kuti iende kuzvimirira kwechipiri, kuratidzira kuti masangano ezvamatongerwe enyika anogona kuva mapfundo ewendimende.

Kubvisa Pamuviri kwechiIrish (19983, 1992, 2002, 2018)

Ireland yakava nenhevedzano yemaparesa pamusoro pokubvisa pamuviri, achiguma na2018 parapiti reRepetal yeSendment. 1983 tapendum yakaisa chirambidzo chebumbiro remitemo pakubvisa pamuviri, nepo gare gare mabhii akanyorera kodzero yokufamba namashoko. 2018 cendendum yakatevera Gungano reVagari vomunyika iro rakagadza nerevetal panhau yacho. Muitiro wacho wakaratidza zviito zvemiitiro yetsika yetsika, chipupuriro chemirangariro, uye kutsigira kugadziridza. Mugumisiro wacho (56.6.4% mukufarira repeal) wakaratidza kuti kuchinja kukuru kwenzanga kunogona kutungamirira pachinjo huru apo inotangira nokutanga nokunzvera. Muitiro wacho unowanzodudzwa semuenzaniso wokugadzirisa mibvunzo yetsika yakananga kupfurikidza nokupfumba.

Kushandiswa Kwemareferendendom Kwenguva Dzose kweSwitzerland

Switzerland inyika yose inotungamirira muhurumende inosarudzwa navanhu zvakananga, nokupera kwevhiki ina gore rimwe nerimwe pamhatsa yenyika, chitsotsi, uye nhau dzemasipala. Gadziriro inobatanidza zvose zviri zviviri zvinotaura mutemo (nokuda kugadziriswa kwemitemo) uye kudzorwa kwemitemo kwemasangano kusingasarudzirwi (zvine ganhuriro zvinogona kudenha mitemo inopfuudzwa neparamende kupfurikidza nokuunganidza siginicha 50 000). Uku kushandiswa kwenguva dzose kunokurudzira kuwirirana kwakakwirira kwezvamatongerwe enyika namasimba anobvumirana pane zvisina kufanira. Zvisinei, kunogonawo kuderedza mutemo unoderedza uye panhambo nenhambo nemitemo yamarudzi ose (g., chibvumirano cha2009). Chinotichinoratidzira kusariranwa chokuzviisa pasi papamutemo mumitezo yokutonga.

Nguva Yemberi Yavanhu Vanotsiva Muhurumende Inosarudzwa Navanhu

Sezvo gadziriro dzezvamatongerwe enyika dzinochinja, basa remadherendi sezvingabvira richawedzera.

Kuchinjira Kumashoko Asina Kunaka Neacho

Kuwanda kwemaAI anenge akagadzirwa uye maaifakesi anopa zvinetso zvitsva zvokuperera. Vazivi vangarwisa kusiyanisa mashoko echokwadi neakarongwa. Dzimwe nyika dziri kuedza purogiramu dzokushandisa madhigirii uye zvirango zvakasimba zvokunyengera paIndaneti. Dare reEurope reMasangano eMitemo yeMaziko eMitemo yeMaziko ePuregital rinoisa misengwa pazvikuva kuti vaderedzeredze mibato yevhotera. Nguva yemberi ingavimbawo nemiitiro yokuvhota inotsamira pamabumbiro okuvhota kuti iwedzere kuchengeteka nokujeka, kunyange zvazvo izvi zvichiunza misengwa yavo vamene yemibato yemiitiro yemitengo nechivigira.

Kugoverana Zvizvarwa Zviduku Nezvine Mhatsa

Vavhoti vaduku kazhinji kazhinji vane bvumirano yakaderera uye shomanene nenhimbe dzegamuchidzanwa. Kuvabatanidza, hurumende dzinogona kubatanidza mahemikoro echikoro, kushandisa manyuko anoshandiravirira nokuda kwamashoko ehurumende, uye kuderedza zera rokuvhota kusvikira ku 16 (semuna 2014 Scotland recommentendmum). Mukuwedzera, nzanga duku dzinobviswa pamutemo . Zvakadai semajusi evagari vemo nemisangano yemagungano. . Iyi vhenganiswa yemanyuko okunzvera nokuvhotera inogona kuva muitiro wetsika.

Kuchinja Mitemo

Zvikarakadzo zvokuvandudza zvinobatanidza kuda kugadziridzwa kukuru nokuda kwechinjo dzebumbiro-mitemo (muremu, 55% kana 60%) kuti vave nechokwadi chebvumirano huru, kugadza zvikumbaridzo zviduku, uye kubvumira nokuda kwemipimo yakasiyana - siyana inoshandiswa (g., kunyorwa kwemabhakitiro kana kuti "kana wezviri pamusoro"). Vamwe vanokarakadza kukumbira kutendiswa kwechipiri pashure penhambo yakati yokudzivisa zvisarudzo zvechimbichimbichimbi. Venice Commission of the Council yeEurope yakabudisa nhungamiro pamipimo yeprocedcual newstan nokuda kwezvokusimbisa rusununguko rwekutaura, kujeka, kujeka, uye bviro yedare. Kuchengeta izvi migariro inobetsera kuva nebetsero.

Marependirumu Munyika Yakabudirira

Nyaya zvadzinowedzera kuwanda (g., muitiro wemamiriro okunze, zvibvumirano zvezvokutengeserana, kudzora kwamashoko), kudikanwa kwemadanho emitsetse yemichero kungakura. Sango reGreek yedaidzo ya 2015 yakanga iri chinoitika chakasiyana apo muvhozhokeri wenyika akakumbirwa kugamuchira kana kuti kuramba migariro yeYuronesia. European Union yakamutsa nharo kuti nyika yose inova nezvibvumirano zvikuru, kunyange zvazvo ichitarisana nemhingamu pamutemo uye zvinoshanda. Mune remangwana, tingaona kuti vasarudzi runorongedze uchangamire hwekurongamira mitumbi inodzo inodzorwa kurudzi rweUrobharani.

Mumhedziso, mapestendium anoramba ari chishandiso chine simba asi chisina kukwana mukuita zvisarudzo zvehurumende. Midzi yawo yenhau, inochinja mamakani, uye miuyo yakasiana - siana inopa zvidzidzo zvikuru. Apo yakagadzirwa nokufungwa uye yakasimbiswa nedziviriro (zvakadai semibvunzo yakajeka, mashoko akavimbika, uye kurangarira kusingaregiwi) anogona kupa vagari vemo yedemokrati yehurumende yemogatori yemone. Zvisinei, kushandiswa kwokusangwarira kwemanyuko kunogona kuratidzira mipano yezvikamu uye kusekesa chivimbo. Sezvo nzanga dzinofamba neganhuriro dzakaoma, dzikamo pakati pedemo yedemocracy icharamba ichiedzwa. Nokuda kwokuravazve, , .[FFT][5]