Mutemo Wehurumende Chii?

Mutemo wehurumende ibazu regadziriro yemitemo inobata nerwisano pakati pavanhu vomunhu oga, mabhizimisi, kana kuti mamwe masangano. Kusafanana nomutemo woutsotsi.Ndouro inonangidzira ngwariro pamufambiro unokuvadza nzanga seboka raro() mutemo wehurumende unoitira hanya zvikurukuru kudzivirira maruramiro avanhu, kusimbisa misengwa, uye kugovera mishonga apo kodzero idzodzo dzinoputswa kana kuti misengwa inoputswa. Vanhu vazhinjisa vanowirirana nemitemo mumitemo wehurumende, kubva pakusaina chibvumirano nokutenga motokari kuti vagadzirise rwisano nemuvaki kana kuti kugadziridza tsaona yemotokari.

Mavambo omutemo wazvino uno wevagari vemo anodzokera shure kuRoma yekare, uko Corpus Juris Civilis (Matsika emitemo yavagari vemo) akaumbwa ayo gare gare akapesvedzera mativi mazhinjisa enyika yeEurope uye, kupfurikidza nokudzorwa kwenyika dzakawanda, nyika dzakawanda munyika kupota nyika. Nhasi, masangano emitemo yevagari vemo anoshanda mumarudzi akadai seFrance, Germany, Japan, uye mazhinji eLatin America, nepo gadziriro dzemitemo dzinozivikanwa navose (se idzo dziri muUnited States neUnited Kingdom) dzinovimba zvikuru nemuenzaniso wokutonga. Pasinei zvapo nemisiyano iyi, vavariro huru dzomutemo wevagari vemo dzinoramba dzichiva dzakawirirana: kugovera gadziriro yakarongeka, ine rugare nokuda kwokugadzirisa kusawirirana uye kukuvadza nzanga dzadzorereka munzvimbo dzadzo dzakamuka mukurwisana.

Nheyo Dzakanaka Dzomutemo Wehurumende

Kodzero Dzevanhu Nemitoro

Mutemo wehurumende unodzora ukama hwepamutemo pakati pemasangano avanhu vamwe navamwe. Inosimbisa icho vanhu namasangano ane mungava nomumwe nomumwe (hwungava kupfurikidza nechibvumirano, musengwa wetarisiro mudanga, kana kuti musengwa wedare. apo boka rinokundikana kuita basa iroro, boka rinoshaikwa rine maruramiro okutsvaka mushonga kumatare avagari vemo.

Kutsiva Chirango

Chinangwa chikuru chekuranga mutadzi hachisi chokuranga mutadzi asi kuita kuti munhu akuvara arambe aripo. Izvi zvinoitwa nokurapa kwakadai semari yabhadharwa, kuita chimwe chinhu (kumanikidza boka kuita zvavakavimbisa), kana kuti mirayiro (kurayira boka kuti rirege kuita chimwe chinhu). Kurangwa kwemhosva hakuwanzoitiki mumitemo yevagari vemo uye kunowanzochengeterwa mhosva dzinobatanidza kuregeredza kwakakomba kana kuti kusazvibata kwemaune.

Mutoro Woufakazi: Kufungisisa Ufakazi

Nyaya dzevagari vemo dzinoda mupimo wakaderera weufakazi kupfuura mhosva dzoutsotsi. Panzvimbo pokubvumikisa kuva nemhaka “kupfuura kupanikira kune mufungo,” mupurisa anofanira kukuratidza kuti“ sezvingabvira zvikuru kupfuura kusati kuri” (i., kunopfuura 50% bviro) yokuti mukwiridziri anofanira kupembedzwa. Ichi chikumbaridzo chakaderera chinoita kuti kuve nyore nokuda kwebato rakakuvadzwa kuwana mubhadharo kunyange apo ufakazi husati huri hwechokwadi.

Gadziriro Yegano Mumutemo Wavagari Vemo

Chisarudzo chemisikanzwa chinobatanidza miitiro iyo mapati anogadzikisa nayo misiano yawo pasina kutendeukira kubetsero yawo amene kana kuti masimba masimba. Mutemo wevagari vemo unopa mitoo yakasiana - siana, kuvambira pakurukurirano dzamasanga kusvikira kukutonga kwedare kwakarongwa. Mutoo mumwe nomumwe une simba rawo umene, ndyiko, uye kuwirirana kunotsamira parudzi rwerwisano.

Kuvhiringika

Kutaurirana ndiwo mutoo wegadziro wakakurumbira zvikurusa uye usina kunyanyorongwa wenharo. Mapati (kazhinji kazhinji neapo kana kuti asina zano rapamutemo) anoenda zvakananga kundonzvera nzvimbo dzinobvira. Nemhaka yokuti kurukurirano ndedzokuzvidira uye dzakavanzika, inobvumira vanhu kugadzira zvigadzikiso izvo dare risingagoni kuraira. Zvisinei, kukurukura kungakundikana kana boka rimwe risingadi kubvumirana pane zvisina kufanira kana kuti kana pane kusadzikama kwesimba kukuru pakati pamapoka.

Kushanda

Muchiziviso, chikamu chechitatu (murevereri) chinoyamura kurukurirano pakati pevadzikani. Murevereri haamanikidzi chisarudzo asi anobetsera mapati kujekesa fariro dzavo, kuziva zvisarudzo, uye kusvika chibvumirano chinogamuchirika. Kutaurirana kunoshandiswa zvikuru mumutemo wemhuri (g., chatanuro nekodzero yokuchengeta vana), kukakavadzana pabasa, uye kukakavadzana kwezvokutengeserana. Kunowanzova kunokurumidzira uye kunodhura kupfuura kupfuudza, uye nemhaka yokuti mapoka anodzora muuyo wacho, zvisanowanzoparira mwero yokugutsikana kukuru. Mitengo mizhinji yemitemo yevagari vemo zvino inoda kuti mapoka aedze kukwidza kushora matare mumarudzi akati enhau, zvakadai sezvirevo kana kuti kurukurirano zvemigariro.

Kubvisa Muropa

Kutora kutsiva kwapamutemo zvikuru kudare. Mapati anosarudza mumwe kana kuti vamiririri vakawanda munhau yacho() kazhinji kazhinji nyanzvi munhau yacho (jere dzinonzwa ufakazi nenharo uye ipapo kupa chisarudzo chinobatira (mubayiro). Kutora kunowanzoshandiswa muzvibvumirano zvemari, magakava okuvaka, uye nhau dzebasa. Inopa betsero dzinoverengeka: inokurumidza zvikuru kupfuura kupfuudzwa, nhau dzinogona kuchengetwa zvakavanzika, uye mapoka anogona kusarudza mitemo nenzvimbo. Zvisinei, kutora kungava kunodhura, uye hwaro hwokufadza kutora nzvimbo yakaganhurirwa zvikuru. Munyika dzakawanda, kudzorwa kunodzorwa nemitezo yakazvitsaurira se [F:] .[FLD]

Kupikiswa

Kupomera muitiro wokuunza gakava pamberi pedare ravose kuti vawane mutongo unomanikidzirwa pamutemo. Inzira yetsika neyokuramba chisarudzo. Kupa murairo kunotevera mitemo yorumano pamusoro poufakazi, kuteterera, uye miganhu. Mapoka anopa mhaka dzavo kumutongi (napane dzimwe nguva mutongi) anoita chisarudzo chinotonga chakavakirwa pamutemo namaidi.

Zvikamu Zvokunyepedzera Kwevagari Vomunyika

  1. ... [[[FLT: 1] Mupurisa anonyora nyunyuto inotaura maidi nemhesvo dzapamutemo; mukwirirwi anopindura nemhinduro kana kuti chiito chokudzinga.
  2. Throsay: Mativi ose ari maviri anotsinhana ufakazi, kutora zvitsama, uye kubvunzurudza kuunganidza mashoko. Iyi nhambo inogona kuva refu uye inodhura.
  3. Tsoka dzePuremment: Mibato ingakumbira dare kupedza nhau dzakati kana kuti kunyange kudzinga mhaka yacho pamberi pokutongwa (g., rutongeso rwamaminiti).
  4. [[FOL:0] : Rutivi rumwe norumwe runopa nhau yarwo kupfurikidza nezvapupu, magwaro, uye chipupuriro chounyanzvi. Mutongi kana kuti vatongi vanopa chisarudzo.
  5. Appal:[ Vari kurasikirwa vangadenha chisarudzo chedare rinotonga mudare rapamberi, vachitaurira kuti zvikanganiso zvomutemo zvakatapura muuyo.

Nemhaka yokuti kutsinhira kunogona kuva kugovera nguva uye kunodhura, mapati mazhinji anonzvera kurukurirano, kurukurirano, kana kuti kurongeka pakutanga. Kunyange zvakadaro, tsinhiro inoramba iri madikanwa apo muenzaniso wapamutemo unodikanwa, apo rimwe boka rinoramba kutora rutivi mumitoo inotsiva, kana kuti apo rutongeso rwavose runenge rwuri madikanwa kujekesa maruramiro.

Kubatira Sechinopedza

Kupa mushonga unowanzotsvakwa munhau dzehurumende. Chinangwa ndechokuti munhu akuvara adzorerwe panzvimbo yaangadai asina kukanganisa kudai pasina kutongoitika. (kuzivikanwa se “asi nokuda kwe” mupimo. Kupa fomu kunogona kuva zvimiro zvinoverengeka, zvichitsamira parudzi rwekuvadziko neyamuro inowanika pasi pegadziriro yemitemo yakakodzera.

Kukuvadzwa Nemambure

Kukuvadzwa kwemari inoshandiswa imari yakagadzirirwa kufukidza kurasikirwa kunotapurwa nemupurisa.

  • Kuparadza kwakakomba: fukidza kurasikirwa chaikoiko kwakadai sendyiko dzezvokurapa, kurasikirwa nemari, kuvadziko yezvinhu, uye marwadzo nokutambura. Muzvinoitika zvebvumirano, kuvadziko yepeni inoparira kupa mutengi “mugadziridzi wemari inotapurwa” (8) ukoshi hweizvo vaikarira kugamuchira.
  • Kurasikirwa kwenhau: fukidza kurasikirwa kusina kunanga kunoparirwa nokupunzika, zvakadai semhindu dzakarasika kana kuti kuvadziko kumukurumbira webhizimisi, chero kurasikirwa kwacho kwaifanoona panguva yakaitwa chibvumirano.
  • Kukuvara kwechimumuno: Chitsama chiduku chokufananidzira chakapiwa apo kodzero yapamutemo yakatyorwa asi hapana kurasikirwa chaikoiko kwakaitika.
  • Kukuvadza kunowirirana: A anopiwa muzviitiko zvisingazivikanwi kuranga mukwirirwi nokuda kwomufambiro wokuzvidza ndokudzivisa mufambiro wakafanana. Masimba ose ehurumende haabvumiri chirango.

Kushanda Kwakananga

Somuenzaniso, kana mutengesi akarambidza kupa chikamu chechinzvimbo kana kuti mufananidzo usingawanzowaniki, mutengi angakumbira dare kuti rirayire mutengesi kuita chibvumirano chacho sezvaakavimbisa. Kuita kwacho kunobatsira chaizvo uye kunopiwa kana mari yaizongova isina kukwana, zvakadai sepanenge nyaya yechibvumirano chacho yakasiyana.

Kuvhiringika

Murayiro wedare ndiwo murayiro unomanikidza mutezo kuita, kana kuti kurega kuita . Inglutions dzinogona kuva dzechinguvana (dzinochengeta mugariro kusvikira panzwi rakazara) kana kuti zvechigarire (kupedza gakava pakupedzisira). Dzinowanzoshandiswa muzvinoitika zvedzidzo kudzivisa kuputswa kwechakaipa, mumutemo wemhoteredzo kudzivisa kushatiswa, uye mumutemo wemhuri kudzivisa kunetsa. Nemhaka yokuti miraudzo inogona kuva nemiuyo yakakomba nokuda kwebato rinodzorwa, matare anoshandisa mipimo yakakomba isati yaapa, kubatanidza kuratidzirwa kwekuvadziko isina kushatiswa uye bviro yokubudirira pazvinodikanwa.

Zvinoitwa Nematare Mumitemo Yevagari Vemo

Dare rinobatira sevagadziri vokupedzisira vekakavadzano dzevagari vemo. Vanodudzira mitemo, vanonzvera ufakazi, uye vanopa rutongeso runobatanidza urwo mapoka anofanira kuteerera. Muhurumende dzehurumende, vatongi kazhinji kazhinji vanoita basa rinoshingaira zvikuru kupfuura vabiyavo vomutemowo zvavo, nemhaka yokuti gadziriro yacho yakavakirwa pamitemo yakabatanidzwa panzvimbo pemienzaniso. Vatongi vanonzvera maidi, vapupu vanopanikira, uye vanonangidzira marutongeso kuti vave nechokwadi chokuti nheyo dzakarurama dzemitemo dzinoshandiswa. Hapasati paine dare rinowanzova dare rinobetsera mukutonga kwavagari vemo; panzvimbo pezvo, mutongi mumwe kana kuti boka ravatongi vane unyanzvi vanosarudza idi nemutemo zvose zviri zviviri.

Kunyengera Kwemadare

  • [ Matare echitunha: anonziwo matare enhambo yokutanga. Anonzwa ufakazi, anoziva maidi, uye anoshandisa mutemo kusvika chisarudzo. Nhau zhinjisa dzehurumende dzinovamba ndokuguma pano.
  • Dare reAppeneta: hwirudzura chisarudzo chedare rokutonga nokuda kwemhosho dzomutemo kana kuti muitiro. Idzo hadziwanzoregazve kuwana zvakawanwa kutoti dzakanganisa zvakajeka.
  • Dare reMitemo yeCassation:[[FLT / Dare reCassation:1] matare makurusa mudare rehurumende. Vanonzwa nhau bedzi dzinomutsa mibvunzo yapamutemo inokosha kana kuti apo matare akaderera akapesana padudziro yomutemo. Zvisarudzo zvavo zvinosungirwa pamatare ose akaderera uye kazhinji kazhinji zvinobatira kubatanidza dzidziso yapamutemo.

Munyika dzakawanda dzemitemo yavagari vemo, matare chaiwo aripo nokuda kwenhau dzakati kuti nharaunda dzenhau — zvakadai sematare ezvokutengeserana, matare evashandi, kana kuti matare emhuri — achibvumira vatongi kutanga unyanzvi hukuru mumativi iwayo. Somuenzaniso, German Federal Fiscal Court anotonga nharo dzemitero, nepo France [[FLT]] Conseil d’État inorangarira mhaka dzinorwisana namasangano ehurumende.

Kuenzanisa: Mutemo Wavagari Vemo unopesana.

Nepo nyaya ino ichinangidzira ngwariro pamutemo wehurumende, kunobetsera kunzwisisa kuti unosiana sei negadziriro dzemitemo yavose. Munyika dzinozivikanwa navose, vatongi vanotsamira zvikuru pazvisarudzo zvedare zvisati zvaitwa (pamberi) samanyuko makuru omutemo. Munyika dzehurumende, mirau nemitemo inzvimbo huru, uye vatongi vanokarirwa kushandisa mutemo sewakanyorwa panzvimbo pokuita mitemo mitsva. Iyi pesvedzero dzinopesana: kurangarira mutemo wevagari vemo kukombamiraudzo, navatongi vanodzora kuunganidzwa kwoufakazi, nepo kutonga kwavose kwomutemo kuri magweta, namagweta kuisa ufakazi kumutongi asingashandiri. Kuramba chisarudzo chisarudzi chinopesana semitoo mitsva inodzorwa mumiitiro yose iri yose iri miviri, kunyange zvazvo pamutemo ichigona kusianotonga.

Kunzwisisa Mutemo Wenyika Dzakawanda uye Kusarudza Chisarudzo

Mitemo yomutemo yavagari vemo ine revo inokosha pakutengeserana kwamarudzi ose. Zvibvumirano zvakawanda zvemiganhu zvinobatanidza mifungo yemitemo yavagari vemo, uye kudzorwa kwamarudzi ose kunowanzova kwapamiitiro yomutemo wevagari vemo. UNIIDROIT Principles of International Commercial Contracts [[FLL:1] uye CISG (United Nations Convention on Contracts for International Sale of Goods) inoratidzira magamuchidzanwa evagari vemo. Nokuda kwemaganda rinopinza mukutengeserana kwamarudzi ose, kunzwisisa zvose zviri zviviri zvibvumirano zvenyika yose uye kudzorwa kwomutemo kukwidzwa kukwidzwa kukwidza kudiridza zvibvumirano zvinobudirira uye kudzo dzomumuganhu.

Matanho Anoshanda Kuvanhu Nemabhizimisi

Kana uri munhu anobata nechinhu chisina kururama kana kuti bhizimisi rakatarisana negakava rebvumirano, kunzwisisa nheyo dzomutemo wevagari vemo kunogona kukubetsera kutungamirira mugariro wacho nenzira inobudirira zvikuru. Kutanga kupfurikidza nokunzvera zvibvumirano zvipi nezvipi zvakanyorwa nokuunganidza magwaro anokosha. Kuedza kutsinhirana kana kuti kubudisa usati watendeukira kurumbidzo; mativi mazhinji anodiwa kana kuti kukurudzira zvakasimba ikoku. Kana uchifanira kuenda kudare, bvunza gweta rinoona nzvimbo inoshanda yomutemo. Nokuda kwezvinotaurwa zviduku, nyika dzakawanda dzevagari vemo dzakapfavisa miitiro miduku yezvibvumirano inoderedza uye inononotsa. Pakupedzisira, iva anoziva ganhuriro dzemitemo yeganhuriro iyo mukati mauri unofanira kuisa mhaka panhambo yenhau. Nemhaka yenguva inogona kuita chiito panguva yako zvakarurama kuti ubhadhane kubhadhara.

mhedziso

Mutemo wevagari unogovera gadziriro inokosha yokupedza rwisano nokupa muripo apo maruramiro avanhu anoputswa. Kupfurikidza nokugovera nzira dzegadziro dzegakava dzegadziro nedzokuyananisa kupfurikidza nokurongedzerwa nokurongerwa(ikubvumira vanhu kusarudza nzira inowirirana nezvinodikanwa zvavo nezviwanikwa. Nheyo dzemibayiro, kungava kupfurikidza nerakatanuro yemari, kana kuti kuita mirairo, donzo rokudzorera ruramisiro nokuchengeta nhevedzano yenzanga. Sezvwedzero huru yemifungo yemitemo yevagari vemo inova inova inokosha zvikuru nokuda kwavanhu vamwe navamwe, mabhizimisi, uye nyanzvi dzemitemo zvakafanana.