Kutanga: Kuchinja - chinja Kwekubatanidzwa

Kuvhota mutsamba, kunowanzonongedzerwa kukuvhota, kwakabuda seimwe yemiitiro inokakavadzana zvikurusa yokuwedzera kutora rutivi kwedemokrase musarudzo dzazvino uno. Muchimiro chakwo chakapfava zvikurusa, kuvhota tsamba kunobvumira vagari vemo kukanda mabhii avo kure kupfurikidza nokupedzisa nokudzorera pepa rovhota nomugadziriro yeposi kana kuti bhokisi rokudonhedza rakachengeteka, panzvimbo pokuoneka mumunhu munzvimbo yakasarudzwa. Mumakumi maviri amakore apfuura, uyu mutoo wakabva mugadziriro yakashandiswa zvikurukuru navashandi vehondo, vagari vemhiri kwamakunze kwemakunze, uye avo vane urema hunoshandiswa namamirioni evhotera muanopfuura United States nedzimwe hurumende.

Ukuru hunokura hwokuvhota kwaita kuti pave nokunzvera kukuru kwedzidzo mumigumisiro yako pakuvhota. Chibvumirano chinobatanidza kwete bedzi kana vanhu vachivhota (vachidzoka) asiwo mawirirano avanoita nomuitiro wokuvhota (hwupi kana vainzvera, kana kuti vainzvera nhau, uye vanonzwa vakabatana negadziriro yehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu. Vatsigiri vanotaura kuti kunyora tsamba kunoderedza mhinganidzo dzokuvhota kuti vatsigire, nepo vatsoropote pamusoro pechengeteko, kundikano yemitengo, uye kubvisa kwebvirirano. Kunzwisisa izvozvi kunokosha nokuda kwomugadziri wemitemo, vatongi vesarudzo, uye vagari vanotsvaka kusimbisa masangano ehurumende yehurumende yehurumende.

Kubudiswa Kwematsamba Nemashoko Akasiyana - siyana

Kuvhota tsamba haisi chinhu chichangobva kuitwa. Muitiro wacho unovambira shure kuHondo yavagari vemo yeAmerica apo varwi vakakanda mapepa okurega kurwa. Muzana ramakore rakatevera, mapepanhau akawedzera zvishoma nezvishoma gadziriro dzokuvhota dzinoshayikwa. Pakasvika 1970, hurumende zhinjisa dzakabvumira muvhoti upi noupi akanyoreswa kukumbira muvhoti aishairwa pasina pembedzo. Zvisinei, hakuna kutozosvikira kuma 2000 apo maruwa anoverengeka akavamba kuchinja kuva masangano anovhota namatsamba.

Oregon akatungamirira muna 1998, achiva nyika yokutanga kuita sarudzo netsamba. Washington akatevera muColorado muna 2011, uye Hawaii neUtah muna 2020. mapiyona aya akagovera rabhoritari yokuzvarwa nayo kuti adzidze migumisiro yokuvhota pakuvimbisana kuvhota. Zvakaitika zvinopa mashoko anokosha pakutora vhoti, kutora rutivi kwenhamba, uye zvinetso zvekushanda.

Kumuka Kwokubudisa Matsamba: Vatyairi Nechiyero

Kukura kwokuvhota kwamakumi amakore mashomanene apfuura kwakafambidzana nezvinhu zvinoverengeka zvakabatanidzwa. Kuvandudza kwemibato yokutsikirira, kutumira, uye kurovha kwakaita kuti muitiro wokuvhota ushande zvikuru uye uone. [[[FLT:]]] Kuchinja kwapamutevedzero zvishoma nezvishoma kwakabvisa zvisakiso, kuchiita kuti kuvhotera kushaikwe kuvapo kuvavhotera vose vakanyoreswa mumashoko akawanda. [[FLT:]]

COVID-19 denda reCovid yakashanda semuvhiyi ane simba. Muna 2020, pakati peitiro hanya dzoutano nemirairo inodzorwa nenzanga, inopfuura hafu yavavhoti veU.S. vakakanda zvivhoti zvavo nepositi, mukuwirirana neEcommental helper Commission. United States idzo dzakanga dzambodzivisa kuvhota tsamba dzakagamuchirwa gadziriro dzekurumidziro kuti dzibvumire kusvika kwakafara. Iyi nhano isingaenzaniswi yakagovera vanzveri mashoko akapfuma zvikuru nenhau pamusoro pechengeteko nepereko.

Betsero Dzokutumira Tsamba Nokuda Kwokugoverana Mubato Wetsamba

Kuwanwa Nokuzivana

Kuvhota tsamba kunobvisa chimwe chemhinganidzo hurusa kukutora rutivi: chinodikanwa chokuenda kunzvimbo yokuvhota mukati mamaawa akaganhurirwa. Nokuda kwavanhu vakwegura, vanhu vane urema, avo vasina zvokufambisa zvakavimbika, uye vatarisiri vane rudungwe rusingachinjiki, mano okuvhota kubva kumba anogona kuva anochinja. Zvidzidzo zvinoitwa ne [[FLT:] Pew Research Center zvinoratidzira kuti vavhoti vane urema vanochinja pamwero mukuru zvikuru mumitengo yamapoto inoenzaniswa nezvisarudzo zvamagamuchidzanwa.

Kupfavisa uye Kuderedza Funganyo

Vagamuchiri verock pamusha vanogona kuizadza pamwero wavo vamene, vanzvere vatsvaki namarobhoti. Ikoku kunoderedza funganyo yakabatanidzwa nokufamba - famba nzvimbo dzokuvhotera dzakatsvikinyidzana, mitsetse mirefu, uye midziyo inovhiringidza. Nzvero inobva MIT CONT DIT DAR and Science Lab inoratidza kuti vavhotera mumatsamba ose vanotaura kuti gutsikano yakakwirira zvikuru nechinoitika chokuvhotera kana kuchienzaniswa naavo vari munyika chaizvoizvo namasangano ezvokuvhotera.

Mukana Wokuita Zvisarudzo Zvakazivikanwa

Kuva nevhoti iri mumaoko kwamazuva kana kuti mavhiki kunobvumira vavhoti kunzvera madzinza akasiana-gova avanhu nezvikarakadzo vasati varatidzira zvisarudzo zvavo. Ikoku kungakurudzira kuvimbisana kwokufunga zvikuru namakwikwi okusarira echikoro, zvakadai sezvigaro zvezvigaro zvezvikoro zvomunzvimbomo kana kuti sarudzo dzedare. Ufakazi hunobva kuColorado hunokarakadza kuti vavhoti vetsamba vane bhosvots, kubatanidza maruva ose, kubatanidza madzinza akatanhamara zvishoma, kana zvichienzaniswa navavhoti.

Zvinetso Nokutsoropodza Kuparadzira Tsamba

Kusakendenga Nokuodzwa Mwoyo

Vamwe vacherechedzi vanonetseka kuti kuvhota posi kungaderedza mativi omutambo nemunzanga eZuva reSarudzo, kungaderedza pfungwa yebasa rehurumende. Chidzidzo 2021 mu Mufambiro wetsika [ chakawana ufakazi bedzi hune mwero hwokuti tsamba nevhota dzinonzwa dzisina kubatanidzwa zvikuru nomuitiro wevhota, asi tapuro yakasiana nechiverengero chavagari vemo. Muduku, zvikurukuru, angashaiwa simba renzanga rinobva mukuvhoterana nevavakidzani.

Zvipingamupinyi Zvinoshanda Uye Zvinonyatsoitika

Pasinei zvapo nereruworo, kuvhota kunotanga nhevedzano yakwo imene yezvinetso. Vallots vanogona kurasika mukufamba, kunonotswa nepostora, kana kuti kurambwa nemhaka yokusaina kusaina kusawirirana, nguva dzinoshayikwa, kana kuti mashoko asina kukwana. Brennan Center ye Justice mishumo yokuti mukati memarusarudzo, vanopfuudza vanopfuura 500 000 vakarasika vakarambwa munyika yose (hhwuri mwero we1%). Chikamu ichocho chiduku, chinomirira makumi ezviuru zvevarashivho. Kuramba kwakadaro kunogona kudzosa chose chose chose uye kutapura mapoka maduku.

Nhau Dzechengeteko Nedzechivimbo

Kuitira hanya pamusoro petsotsi retsotsi, kunyange zvazvo risingawanzowaniki, razova pfundo guru rokutaura muhurukuro yezvamatongerwe enyika. Nhevedzo huru yetsotsi(*) isingadzivisiwi zvikuru-pfuvurisa) inobvisa chivimbo chavanhu mukuvhota. Nzvero ya2020 nePew Research Center yakawana kuti 72% yavaAmerica avo vakavhota neposi vaivimba kuti vhoti yavo yaizoverengwa, kana kuenzaniswa na 89% yemunhotera.

Kutapura Muchina Wokugadzira Zvinhu: Zvinoratidzwa Nokutsvakurudza

Mubvunzo mukuru unoramba uri: Ko kuvhota kunowedzera zvomenemene kuvimbisana kwomuvhoti here? Mhinduro inojekeswa uye inotsamira pamashoko akapoteredza. Zvidzidzo zvichishandisa mijenya inobva Oregon, Washington, neColorado :states ine gadziriro dzevhoti nenguva refu imo-matsamba, zvinowana wedzero duku asi dzinokosha mukuvhota, kazhinji kazhinji dzinovambira pa 2 kusvikira ku 5 muzana. Somuenzaniso, kunzvera kwa2017 kwakabudiswa mu Mutemo wekuvhotera mapepa [

Zvisinei, tapuro haisati iri yakafanana muchiverengero chose chavagari vemo. Kuvhota kunoratidzika kuva kwokuwedzera kukurusa kwokutora pakati pavavhoti vasingawanzovaki [1] Avo vanosarudza panhambo nenhambo asi kwete sarudzo dzose. Vane tapuro yakajeka zvikuru pamuitiro wokuvhota kwomuitiro, uyo angasarudza pasinei zvapo nounyanzvi. Zvikurukurukuru, kunzvera kunoitwa ne [[FLT:] Vanosarudzira maruramiro Lab vakaratidza kuti kuvhota posi - revota inogona kuderedza mukaha pakati pekukwirira napasi pokuvhota, kunyange zvazvo kusingaibvisi chose chose chose. Chinhu chinofadza chinoratidzika kubatsira kubetsera kubetsera pakati pezvinenge zviri pakati pezvinoitwa nevanoshatsatsa, avo vangatarisana nezvinetso zvokuwana kana kuti vasarira kumira basa.

Kutengesa Mari Nematsamba Zviduku

Vavhoti vaduku (vavane 18-29) vakavhota munhau pamwero yakaderera kupfuura masangano akura. Kuvhota tsamba kunopa bviro yokupinda muboka iri kupfurikidza nokuderedza rwisano yevhota. Mukati mekuvhota 2020, Center for Information and Research on Civic Learning and Civicment (CIRCLEment) paTufts University inoshuma kuti vanhu vaduku vakatendeuka pamwero wekare, pamwero mukuru unoshandisa tsamba netsoro. Zvisinei, fundo dzinoratidzawo kuti vaduku vanoramba zvikuru mapepa avo etsamba nemhaka yenhau kana kuti dzidzo yokupedzisira, vachikarakadza kuti kumhanya nokuwana dzidzo kunonetsa.

Tsaona dzeCase: Kuedza kweHurumende neMail-in Voling

Oregon: Piona

Oregon's yakazara iposi, panzvimbo payo chifo cha 2000, yakagovera makumi maviri amakore edata yorurefu. Nyika yacho iri pakati penhamba yakakwirira zvikurusa muvhoti munyika yose, kazhinji kazhinji inopfuura 70% mukusarudza kwapurezidhendi kana kuchienzaniswa neavhareji yorudzi ye 60%. Nhau dzinoonekawo Oregon yawedzerawo kutora rutivi munzvimbo yomunzvimbomo uye kuresarudzo yegore. Sangano rinova netsigiro yakafara pakati peOregoria, na [[FLT: 0] Munyori wehofisi yeHurumende anoshuma mwero yokugutsikana pamusoro pe 80%.

Colorado: Muenzaniso Wokubatanidzwa

Colorado yakaita vhota reposi renyika yose muna 2013 uye yakagamuchira kunyoresa kumwe chete kwomuvhoti nezuva rimwe chete neramagetsi. Mubatanidzwa wacho wave uchishanda zvikuru. Maererano noMunyori weColorado weHurumende, muvhotaro 2020 yakasvika 8.0.3%, mumwe wemwero wakakwirira zvikurusa munyika. Hurumende inoshandisawo kusaina kwakasimba kwechokwadi uye inopa vavhoti mikana yoku "Vheenzai" inopesana, inoderedza mwero yokurambwa. Chinoitika chaColorado chinoratidza kuti kuvhota, kana kwabatanidzwa nenzvimbo dzakasimba, zvinogona kuparira kuvimbisa pasina kutendeka.

California 2020: Kuwana Kwakawanda Pakati Penhamo

Mukupindura kudenda racho, California yakatumira mavhoti etsamba kuvhota vose vakanyoreswa nokuda kwesarudzo yaNovember 2020. Turtout yakakwira kusvika ku 8 0.8% yavavhoti vakakodzera (8.8,%) vakakwirira zvikurusa munyika chifo cha 1952. Nzvero yakaitwa neUniversity yeCalifornia yakawana kuti wedzero yakaziviswa zvikuru pakati pavavhoti veruvara rwavaduku navavhoti vaduku. Zvisinei, California yakawanawo mwero yakakwirira zvikuru yokuramba bhora bhora munhamba dzakati dzakati, ichisimbisa kuramba kupfuurira kusvika kumaposita uye kudikanwa yokushandisa kugadzira nokugadzira.

Kushanda Kwechikwata Chokurera Vana Chichikurumidza Kuitwa

Denda racho rakabatira senzvero yokumanikidzirwa mukuvhota tsamba pamwero usingaenzaniswi. Muna 2020, mabhora mamirioni anopfuura 65 akakandirwa neposi munyika yose muna 2016. Nyika zhinji dzakagamuchira gadziriro dzekurumidziro, uye vavhoti vakachinja nokukurumidza. Nzvero dzakaitwa nePew Research Center dzakaratidza kuti 70% yeposi muvoti dzakataura kuti zvaizova bviro yokushandisa mutoo wemasarudzo munguva yemberi, kunyange pasina denda. Ikoku kunokarakadza kuti kuwedzera mukuvhota mutsamba kungaparira chinjo dzinogara kwenguva refu mumufambiro wevota.

Bva denda racho rakafumurawo kushata. Kunonoka kwebasa reposita, mahofisi esarudzo asingatenderwi, uye nhungamiro dzehurumende dzinochinjanisa zvakaparira nyongano uye, mune zvimwe zvinoitika, kurasika. Chinoitika chacho chakasimbisa ukoshi hwokushandisa mari mukutarisira sarudzo, kubatanidza kudonhedza mabhokisi akakotsekana, rovedzo yavakasimba yavashandi, uye nhimbe dzedzidzo yavose. Pasina kuisa mari yazvo, chipikirwa chokuvhota tsamba chingangowanwa bedzi.

Nguva Yemberi Yokutumira Matsamba: Miitiro Nekurangarira Miitiro

Kuvhota kuchatsamira pazvinhu zvinoverengeka zvikuru. Zviitiko zvinoparira [ pamwero yose iri miviri yehurumende nehurumende zvinonetsa. Dzimwe nyika dzakasundwa kubvumira zvhotera kusaregeredza nokure kana kuti kusarudza tsamba musero, nepo dzimwe dzakaisa ganhuriro itsva, dzakadai sokuda kana kuti kuganhurira kupinza kwemitezo. Basa remitemo rinoparira kusvika kusina kuenzana munyika yose.

Misiano yemiitiro yemakombiyuta inopa zvose mikana nenjodzi. Gadziriro dzinovandudzwa dzokurongedza, makombiyuta okukumbira, uye siginicha yemagetsi inogona kuwedzera kuchengeteka nokuvimbwa. Zvisinei, zvigadzikiso zvemichina zvisina kutsarukana zvinogona kuvamba itiro dzakavanzika kana kuti kukundikana kweruzivo rwemitoo. Kuvhota kwapanyundo, nepo kuchiwanzokarakadzwa, kunoramba kuchisimbiswa pamwero mukuru uye kukwidziridza purogiramu yako imene yechengeteko nemibvunzo yokuwana.

Njere dzinoratidza kuti pane zvadzinoziva dzichaumba kugamuchirwa kwenguva refu. Nhamburiko dzokubvisa tsamba muvhota(kunyange kupfurikidza nezvinotaurwa zvisina donzo kana kuti nhau dzinonyandurwa dzemhosho dzinoparadza.

Mugumisiro: Kuwana Kwaunoita uye Kuperera

Kuvhota kwakaratidza kuva chishandiso chine simba chokuwedzera kuvimbisana nevavhoti, zvikurukuru pakati pemapoka anotarisana nemhinganidzo dzokutora rutivi. Ufakazi hunobva kunyika dzakawanda hunoratidzira kuti apo dzinoitwa nokungwarira (kubatanidza kusaina uchokwadi, kunyora, uye kuvhota dzidzo) . . . Kubatanidza kutora posi kunogona kuwedzera kuderera nokuzvidzora apo kunenge kuchengetwa kwakakwirira kwechivimbo nechengeteko. Zvisinei, kuvhotera hakusati kuri kubvisa mavambo okuramba, uye kunogona kuparira zvinetso zvitsva zvakadai sokurambwa, kunonoka kweposita, uye kutora.

Nguva yemberi yokuvhota icharamba ichida kunzvera, gadziriro yomuitiro wokurangarira, uye musengwa kuzvose zviri zviviri kuwanikwa nokuperera. Sezvo muvhota unowedzera zvikuru uye zvinodikanwa pagadziriro yokuvhota zvichakura, kunzwisisa miuyo inojeka yokuvhota tsamba kuchava kunokosha nokuda kwokuva nechokwadi chokuti hurumende inosarudzwa navanhu inoramba yakasimba, isingachinjiki, uye isingachinjiki.