Chibvumirano cheCovic, kubatanidzwa kwokushingaira kwevagari vemo muupenyu hwezvamatongerwe enyika, hwenzanga, kwave kuchizivikanwa sechinhu chikuru chenzanga dzehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu. Kunobatanidza mabasa akapararira, kubva pakuvhota nokuzvipira kukwikwidza nokubatira pamapurai enzvimbo. Kunzvera kuti iyi mibato yakavapo sei munguva inopfuura inopa chiono chinokosha chokunzwisisa utano hwehurumende yedu inosarudzwa navanhu uye ukama hunochinja pakati pavanhu nehurumende dzavo. Uku kunzvera kukuru kunonzvera miitiro yehurumende yehurumende kubvira pakati pezana ramakore rechi20 kusvikira kuzuva razvino, kuongorora magariro enzanga, ruzivo rwamagariro, uye masimba ezvamatongerwe enyika izvo zvakavaumba, uye kupa nzwisiso yeizvo nguva yemberi ingave yakabatanidza kuva vagari vemo yenhaka.

Zana Remakore Rechi20: Nguva Yakazonaka Yokumanikidzwa

Makumi amakore akatevera Hondo yeNyika II, zvikurukuru ma1960 na 1970, anomirira nhambo yemidzi mikuru inounganidza nokutora rutivi kukuru kwevagari vemo. Iyi nhambo yakapupurira kuwedzera kwechiito cheboka chakabatana chaisundwa namasangano ane simba enzanga ayo akachinja zvikurukuru nzvimbo yezvamatongerwe enyika. Sangano rekodzero dzavagari vemo, kutsutsumwa kwehondo dzinorwisa synd·Vietnam, uye kukwidziridza kwoutere hwamadzimai namasangano emhoteredzo zvakanyandura mamirioni avagari vemo kuti vaende kumigwagwa, kurongedzerwa pamwero yenzanga, uye kukumbira chinjo yetsika.

  • Kupinda kweChibvumirano cheRevoting Rights Act ya1965 kwakaratidzira nhambo yechinjo huru, kuchitungamirira kukuwedzera kukuru mukunyoresa kwevondi pakati penzanga dzeAfrica muSouth. Grasroots dzakadai seDare reChidzidzi Nonlib Coordinating (SNC) rakaitisa nhandare yesuo kusvikira kusuo rapasuo raisangana nechishoro chamasimba masimba, bva dzakabudirira mukubatanidza chizvarwa chimwe.
  • Kumuka kweMasangano eMasangano eMasangano eMashizha: Iyi nhambo yakava nemavambo okutsungirira mapoka ezveuranda akadai seNational Organization for Women (NOW), Environmental Defense Fund, uye American Civil Liberaties Union (ACLU). Masangano aya akapinza simba remasangano euswa mumuitiro unotsigirwa nemitemo.
  • Kuratidzira kwePublic sechishandiso chikuru: muna 1963 March paWashington uye zvimurenga zvamatombo zva 1969 zvinoratidzira kuti kutsutsumwa kwapachena kwakava sei mutoo mukuru wokuti vagari vemo vataure zvinodikanwa zvavo. Pakuzosvika pakuvamba kwama 1970, nzvero dzavose dzakaratidzira kuti voruzhinji veAmerica vakanga vatora rutivi muchimiro chakati cheratidziro kana kuti tsinhirano kanenge kamwe muupenyu hwavo.

Nhambo ino yairatidzirwawo nemwero yakakwirira yechivimbo mumasangano, iyo nenzira inopesana zvose zviri zviviri zvakagonesa nokudzvinyirirwa.Vagari vemo vakadavira kuti hurumende yavo yaikwanisa kuita chimwe chinhu kuzvinodikanwa zvavo, uko kwakanyandura pfungwa yokubudirira mukuita chiito.

Kuchinja Kwesangano: Ma 1980 Nama 1990

Sezvo ma1980 akavamba, nzvimbo yebvumirano yehurumende yakachinja zvikuru. Simba rokuunganidza vanhu vakawanda pashoma napashoma rakava zvimiro zvakagadzirwa, zvisingapinduri mhindu.Nguva iyi, pane dzimwe nguva yainzi “kubatanidzwa,” yakaona kuitwa kwebasa rokusabvumirana uye kuchinja kubva pakuramba kuenda kubasa nebasa remitemo.

  • Kuwedzera kweMasangano asingapinduri mhindu: Pakati pa 1980 na 2000, nhamba yamasangano asingabhadhari purofiti muUnited States inopfuura kaviri. Masangano aya aifamba kubva kumapoka makuru ekodzero dzechinyakare akadai seHuman Reconsole kuzviuru zvemabhangi ezvokudya zvomunharaunda nesangano rokubudirira renzanga.[1] Zvino angagona kubatanidzwa nokupa, kushanda pamabhodhi, kana kuti kuzvipira panzvimbo pokupinda masangano.
  • ChiVholunteerisom seNational Priestle: Ma 1990 akaona simbiso yakakuchidzirwa pabasa rokuzvipira, yakaratidzirwa nokusikwa kwaAmeriCorps muna 1993. Iyi purogiramu yehurumende yakakurudzira chizvarwa chitsva kupinda mubasa renzanga, kubatanidza basa rehurumende nebasa renyika. Mitengo inobva kuBrouau yaStuaty Statistics yakaratidza kuti mwero yavazvipiri yakakwirira pa 29% yavagari vemo vakuru pakati pama19920.
  • MIRANGARIDZO YOKUVARA MHINDURO: Ma 1980 na 1990 akapupurirawo chinjo dzokugadzirwa kwezvinhu idzo dzaizochinja bvumirano gare gare. Muchina wefax neemail dzapakuvamba zvakava zvishandiso zvekurukurirano yokukurumidza pakati pavatsigiri, zvikurukuru mumasangano emhoteredzo nekodzero dzavanhu. Kuwa kweBerlin Wall muna 1989 kwakawedzerwa murutivi kupfurikidza nokuparadzirwa kwamashoko kupfurikidza nefax nemifananidzo yapachigaro.

Zvisinei, uku kutangwa kwesangano kwakavawo nendyiko. dzimwe nyanzvi dzakataura kuti kuchinja kubva kumasangano anotsamira pamitezo (semibatanidzwa yavashandi namasangano ezvamatongerwe enyika) kuenda kumibatanidzwa yezvemari isina purofiti kwakanetesa hurumende yehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu yakananga. Vagari vakava vapi vanozvipira vasingaiti basa kana kuti vazvipiri venhambo nenhambo panzvimbo pokuva vaiti vezvisarudzo vanoshingaira munzanga dzavo.

Zana Remakore Rechi21: Kuchinja Kwemadhigirii Nokuderera Kwenyika

Kuwedzera kweInternet, makombiyuta, makombiyuta, uye ruzivo rwokugadzira zvinhu zvakatanga nzira itsva dzokukurukurirana nadzo, kuronga, uye kudzora. Iyi mhindu yemadhigirii yakaita kuti pave nokuwana mashoko uye yakaita kuti vanhu vakwanise kukurumidza kuunganidza zvinhu.

  • Sacial Media sechishandiso chokuronga: Platforms dzakaita seFacebook, Twitter, uye gare gare Instagram neTikTok zvakava chinhu chikuru kugadziriro yezvino uno. Nhimbe yapurezidhendi ya2008 yeBarack Obama yakaratidzira simba rokuronga magedhoni, namamirioni avatsigiri vanoshandisa manyuko anoshandisa windi kuronga zvinoitika nemari.
  • Pamutemo Kukumbira Nemhomho: Nzvimbo dzakafanana neChinjo.org naGoFoundMe vakabvumira vanhu kutanga nhimbe panhau ipi neipi, kufuratira vachengeti vemasuo. 2011 Occupy Wall Street rakashandisa zvinobudisa nhau zvenzanga kuparadzira shoko rayo munyika yose, nepo richiratidzirawo ganhuriro dzegadziriro yavanhu, vanotungamirira vasina tsvina.
  • Yakakudziridzwa Kubatanidzwa Pakati peUpwere: Maturusi eDnographic akaderedza zvikuru mipinyi yokupinda vanhu vaduku. Kunzvera kwa2018 Pew Research Center kwakawana kuti 47% yavechiduku vane makore 13-17 vakanga vapinda mumibato yehurumende yeInternet, yakadai sokusaina mikumbiro kana kuti kugoverana mashoko pamusoro penhau dzenzanga, mugore rapfuura. Chizvarwa ichi chinowanzonzi “vagari vemo,” uye mabasa avo anobatanidza kuziva paIndaneti nechiito chekushandira.

Fundo Dzenhau: Nhare Dzakasimbiswa Nemanotsi

Masangano akawanda anoratidza simba rokuchinja magetsi nemagetsi muzana remakore rechi21:

  • Chiringiri cheArab (2010-2012):[[FLT] Nhevedzano dzemapepanhau, zvikurukuru Facebook naTutter, zvakabetsera kuronga kuratidzira muTunisia, Egipita, uye mamwe marudzi eArabhu. Vashandisi vakashandisa aya maturusi kugoverana mashoko, kutsinhiranisa mienzanisiro, uye kuparadzira zvinoitika kuvateereri vomunyika yose, kupfuudza varegi vadzorwi vehurumende.
  • Milive Milive Matter (2021-10): yakavambwa pakuvamba sechinodzivisirwa pashure pekubviswa kwemupfuri weTravon Martin, Black Live Confect yakachinja kuva rimwe ramasangano makurusa enzanga munhau yeU.S. chivako chayo chakaisvonaka chinotsamira zvikuru paTwitter, Instagram, uye Facebook nokuda kwokuronga kushora nokuziva masimba masimba.
  • Vakadzi vaMarch (2017): Zuva rapashure pekutsaurirwa kwaDonald Trump, vanhu vanofungidzirwa kuva mamiriyoni 4,6 vakatora rutivi mukuramba kukurusa kwezuva rimwe munhau yenyika. Chiitiko chacho chakarongwa chose chose kupfurikidza nechinoitika cheFacebook peji nekurukurirano dzemichina dzinopindwa.

Miitiro Yazvino: Kuparadzana, Kupindira Kwepwere, uye Utano Hwendangariro

Miitiro inoverengeka iri kubuda iri kuongorora kuti vanhu vanopinda sei muupenyu hwehurumende inosarudzwa nevanhu:

  • Masangano eChertaticism sechikamu chinobatanidza:[FRANT:1] Anoziva nenzira inowedzera kuti kuva namagariro akadai sedzinza, boka, vatano, uye boka revatano kuumba zvinoitika zvavanhu nefariro dzezvematongerwe enyika. March nokuda kweMibereko Yedu nenjodzi dzemhoteredzo zvinotungamirirwa navanhu vaduku kazhinji kazhinji kazhinji kunobatanidza kunzvera kwapamhene, kubvumira kuti masimba masimba emhoteredzo nepfuti anotapura zvikuru nzanga.
  • Chiratidzo chewechiduku-Led Active paRise: Vanhu vaduku havasati vachingotora rutivi bedzi zvikuru / ivo kazhinji kazhinji vari kutungamirira kudzorwa. Sangano renyika yose remamiriro okunze epwere, rakamutswa naGreta Thunberg nechimurenga chapachivanze peparamende yeSweden muna 2018, rakaunganidza mamirioni avadzidzi mumakondinendi matanhatu. Chiito chepwere chavewo chiri chinhu chikuru kukurwa kworumano kukudzorwa kwepfura pfuti zvikuru muParkland, Florida chikoro muna 2018.
  • Utano hwendangariro neSistainable Activism: Kune zivikanwo inowedzera yokuti kuneta nokukuvadzwa migove inokosha kubvumirano yenguva refu yenzanga. Masangano ari kuwedzera kubatanidza tsigiro yezvoutano hwendangariro muzvivako zvawo. Miitiro yakadai se “kudzivisa, yamuro, uye kurongeka kwekuvadziko kuri kuva mupimo mumapoka akawanda avatsigiri.

Basa Redzidzo Mukubatanidzwa Mune Zvokuberekana

Masangano edzidzo anoita basa rinokosha mukusakurira chizvarwa chinotevera chavagari vemo vakavimbisana. Dzidzo yeCovic yaderera muutanhamari mugadziriro dzezvikoro zvakawanda chifo cha 1970, asi kwave kune fariro ichangobva kutangazve mukugadzirira vadzidzi nokuda kwokutora rutivi rwedemokrasi. Mukuwirirana ne Chibvumirano pamusoro peDzidzidzo dzeCUNIC chakatangwa neCongress muna 2019, mirayiridzo yetsika yakanaka yakabatanidzwa nemitengo yakakwirira zvikuru yokuvhotera, kuzvipira, uye zivo yezvamatongerwe enyika pakati pavaduku.

  • Programs dzedzidzo: Iyi purogiramu dzinobatanidza basa renzanga nomuraidzo wekirasi. Nzvero dzinoratidza kuti vadzidzi vanotora rutivi mukudzidza basa vane bviro huru yokuvhota nokupinda mumibato yenzanga savakuru.
  • Debate na Delibratic Forums: Zvikoro zvinosimbisa gakava, miedzo yokuseka, uye kurukurirano yakarongwa pamusoro penhau dzenharo zvinobetsera vadzidzi kukudziridza unyanzvi hunodikanwa nokuda kwehurukuro yehurumende inoremekedza. Zvirongwa zvakafanana ne National Speech & Retagency Association zvinogovera zvikuva kuti vadzidzi vabatane nemisoro yakaoma.
  • Hurumende yeSangano reProfessor and Youth Council:[ Apo vadzidzi vanopiwa mitoro chaiyoiyo [“kwakadai sokushandisa bhajeti kana kuti kuronga chinjo dzemiitiro kuboka ravo rechikoro] zvinovaka pfungwa yesimba rezvamatongerwe enyika rinogona kugara kwoupenyu hwose.

Zvinetso Zvinoramba Zvichinetsa Zvokuita Basa Rakawanda

Kunzwisisa matambudziko aya kunokosha pakugadzira nzira dzokupindira dzinoita kuti vanhu vabatane.

  • Political Polatity: Kukamuraniswa kwepfungwa kunoparira kuva kwakaoma nenzira inowedzera kuvagari vemo kuwana mativi avawirirani. Kunzvera 2021 kwakaitwa nePew Research Center kwakawana kuti inenge hafu yeAmerica inotaura kuti “vanonzwa vaneta” nezvamatongerwe enyika. Kudzorwa kunogona kutungamirira kuwirirano dzinodzivisa kuvimbisana, zvikurukuru nokuda kwavane mwero uye vanozvimirira.
  • MISNOXIS and Disformation: Kupararira kunokurumidza kwamashoko enhema kana kuti anotsausa paIndaneti kunoshatisa chivimbo mumasangano namaidi. Ikoku kunoomesa basa ravadzidzisi vehurumende navanorwira mari vanotsamira pamashoko akarurama kutsigira. [[FLT:] Reuters Institute Digital News Report[ yakawana kuti 27% yavapindutsi vanoshandisa zviteshi zvavo zvikuru zvenhau, chikuva umo mashoko okushatisa musoro anoshatsarira.
  • [[FTL:0] Mipinyi yematuro: Mugariro wenzanga, dzinza, nzvimbo, uye mutauro zvose zvinopesvedzera zvinogona kutora rutivi. Mitemo yeID, maawa okuvhota, uye kushaikwa kwebetsero yomutauro zvinotapura nomutoo usingaenzaniswi mari yakaderera nenzanga duku. Nenzira yakafanana, paradzano yemitengo inoreva kuti vagari vemo vazhinji vanoshaiwa kuwanikwa kwakavimbika, kuibvisa muzvimiro zvepaIndaneti zvokuvimbisana.

Vatyairi Vanokosha Vakachinja Makore Ane Makumi

Vatyairi vakawanda vanonyanyowanda vakapesvedzera nguva dzose kuvimbisana kwehurumende mumakore makumi manomwe apfuura:

  • Tchekinology Innovation: Kubva paterevhizheni kuparadzira zvinotyisa zvehondo yeVietnam kusvikira kumitemo inowedzera Black Live Matter musangano, chizvarwa chimwe nechimwe chakaona nzira dzacho dzokuvimbisana dzakaumbwa noruzivo rwokugadzira zvinhu ruripo. Chikamu chinotevera chingava uchenjeri hwokugadzira, hungagona kubetsera kuita mashoko omunhu oga kana kuti “akashandiswa zvisina kufanira.
  • [[FLT: 0] Demographic Shifts: United States yazova yakasiana zvikuru mudzinza nedzinza, uye iyi chinjo inoratidzirwa mukuita uye zvokutanga zvamasangano ehurumende. Zviverengero zvavagari vemo zvemireniyumu neGen Z zvine bviro huru yokupinda panhau dzeruramisiro yedzinza, chinjo yemhoteredzo, uye kusaenzana kwemari kupfuura zvizvarwa zvakura.
  • Mitengo yezvemari:[ Nhambo dzenhamo yemari] yakadai sekuwedzera kukuru kwemubato wa2008] kwakanyandurwa nenhau. Nhasi, mutengo unokwira wekurarama uye wezvikwereti zvavadzidzi uri kuunganidza vavhoti vaduku munzira itsva.

Kubatanidzwa Kwechibvumirano Chakakura: Kuziva Kwatinoziva Nako Zvatinoziva

Kunzwisisa miitiro kunoda kuyera kukuru. Manyuko makuru emashoko pamusoro pekuvimbisana kwevagari vemo anobatanidza C Moveporal Survey’s Cvic Chivic Chinement Source [ (aibatira neU.S. Censuwareaunt Bureau), American National Evolution Studies (ANES), uye nzvero dzemasangano akafanana nePew Research Center ne Corporation for National and Community Service. Maturusi anoshandiswa aya anoratidza zvisaririra zvakadai sevhoteration, maawa okuzvipira, mumitengo, uye kutora rutivi mumisangano yavose. Kubva muna 1970, inonyorwa nedare ramasangano. Kubva pa [B]

Mugumisiro: Kushanduka Kunopfuurira Kwougari Huri Kugara Uchishingaira

Kubvira pakuronga kwema1960 kusvika kumanhimbe ezvirongwa zvema2020, kuvimbisana kwevagari vemo muUnited States kwakabvumikisa kuva zvose zviri zviviri kushivirira uye kuchinjika. Nhambo imwe neimwe yakaunza zvinetso zvayo nezvinogadziriswa, asi chinhu chikuru chinoramba chisina kuchinja: kuti hurumende yeruzhinji yakanaka inoda kuti vanhu vaparidze kushingaira. Sezvatinotarira mberi, nzira inovimbisa inobatanidza mberi inobatanidza kugadzira zvinhu zvitsva nepo ichitaura nezvokupfuurira kufambira mberi, ichisimudzira kubatana pakati pezvirongwa zvisingadikanwi, hurumende, uye mabhizimisi, uye kupfuura zvose, kuisa dzidzo yehurumende inopa mari mubatanidzwa wehurumende uyo munhu ari wose kuti aite rutivi. Nhau yebvumirano yehurumende haisati iri yokuramba, asi yokuchinja nguva dzose inhau iyo chizvarwa chimwe nechimwe chine simba rokunyorazve.