Chitanga: Mbiru Mbiri Dzokururamisira

Gadziriro yedare inoshanda sechinhu chikuru chenzanga ipi neipi yakarongeka, ichigovera nzira dzokupedza nayo makakatanwa, kuranga zvakaipa, uye kutsigira mutemo. Mugadziriro iyi, mapazu maviri anokosha(chicivil) nomutemo woutsotsi (anoshanda asi anowirirana. Kunzwisisa misiyano mikuru pakati pamapazu aya haisi dzidzowo zvayo yedzidzo; kunokosha kuti munhu upi noupi anofamba nenhau dzepamutemo, adzidze mutemo, kana kuti atsvake zvake kuva mugari wemo akadzidzira. Nyaya ino inochinja mabasa akasiana emutemo wevagari vemo neutsotsi, inogovera kutarira kwakakwana nheyo dzawo, miitiro, uye kushandisirwa kwenyika chaiko. Kuzopera, uchava nechiito chakajeka, chinoshanda chenzira imwe neimwe yemashandiro yebazu mukati medare guru.

Mutemo Wehurumende Chii?

Mutemo wehurumende unodzora kakavadzano pakati pebato ravanhu voga(individhios) , mabhizimisi, kana kuti masangano (panoti rimwe boka rakakuvadzwa nezviito kana kuti mabasa erimwe. Donzo guru romutemo wehurumende harisi rokuranga, asi kugovera mushonga webato rakakuvadzwa. Uyu mushonga kazhinji kazhinji unoshandisa rudzi rwemari inobhadharwa, asi unogonawo kubatanidza mirairo (mitemo yedare yokumisa kana kuti kumanikidza chiito) kana kuti kuita chimwe chinhu (kubatanidza mubato kuti uite musengwa webvumirano). Mutemo wehurumende wehurumende wakavakirwa papfungwa yokudzorera boka rakakuvadzwa kunzvimbo yavakanga vari mukuvadziko, zvikuru sezvinobvira.

Mavara Makuru Omutemo Wenyika

  • [[FOLT:0] Tsvakata: Nhau dzinomuka pakati pebato rapachivande, kwete hurumende. Muputi (munhu anounza sutu) anotanga mhaka mukurwisana nomukwirirwi.
  • [[FT:0] Kudzosera mashoko Focus: Chinangwa chikuru ndechokuita kuti munhu akuvadzwa arambe akakwana. Kukuvadza kwokuranga kungapiwa muzviitiko zvinopesana, asi muripo ndiwo matongerwe.
  • Mutoro weChibvumikiso: Mupurisa anofanira kubvumikisa nhau yavo ne kurangarira ufakazi[, kureva kuti kungabvira zvikuru kupfuura kuti mukwiridzirwi akafanirwa.
  • [ Kutongwa neMugariro: Nhau zhinji dzevagari vemo dzinopedzwa pamberi pokutongwa kupfurikidza nekurukurirano, kutaurirwa, kana kuti kugadzikiswa, kudzivisa ndyiko nokusava nechokwadi kwemuedzo wakazara.

Marudzi Anozivikanwa Navose Emhosva Dzavagari Vemo

Mutemo wehurumende unosanganisira kupopotedzana kukuru.

  • [[FFLT:0] Contract Dispect: apo mumwe munhu anokundikana kutsigira mugumo wavo wechibvumirano (mutoo, bhizimisi rinokundikana kuendesa zvinhu sechipikirwa).
  • Zvinotaura:[ Zvikanganiso zvevagari vemo zvinoparira kuvadziko, zvakadai sekuvadziko yomunhu oga (kurova uye mufanzo, tsaona yemotokari), kusvibisa (kuchera kana kuti kuchera), kana kuti kusashanda zvakanaka kwezvokurapa.
  • [ Zvirango: Kukakavadzana pamusoro pemiganhu, zvibvumirano zvemuridzi, kana kuti muridzi wenzvimbo.
  • Mutemo Wemhuri:[ kurambana, kuchengetwa kwavana, kurerwa navabereki vasiri vatevedzeri, uye antimony.
  • [[FOL:0] Nharo dzeTsvene: Kuparadza kwakaipa, rusaruro, kana kuti mubhadharo neawa kuputswa.

Kugadzirisa Kunoita Mutemo Wehurumende

Kana mutongi akatonga nyaya yehurumende, dare ringapa mumwe kana kuti mimwe mishonga:

  • [[[FLT: 0] Kukuvadza kwokuparadza: Mubhadharo wemari nokuda kwokurasikirwa chaikoiko, zvakadai semari yokurapa, mibhadharo yakarasika, kana kuti kuvadziko yezvinhu.
  • Kukuvadza kunopinza: Mari yokuwedzera inopiwa kuranga zvikurukuru kusangwarira kana kuti mufambiro wakaipa, uye kudzivisa mufambiro wakafanana munguva yemberi.
  • Rusununguko Rwokuzvinyima: Murairo wedare unoda mukwirirwi kuita kana kuti kurega kuita chimwe chinhu (mue., rega kuvaka chivako chinoputsa maruramiro enzvimbo omuvakidzani).
  • Specific Accounting: Haiwanzoshandiswa, ikoku kunosunda boka kuita mashoko chaiwoiwo ebvumirano, kazhinji kazhinji mukutengeserana nzvimbo.

Mutemo Wematsotsi Chii?

Kunyange kana utsotsi huchikuvadza munhu zvakananga, hunorondedzerwa sokuputswa kwefariro yavose. Hurumende (hurumende) inotonga mupomerwi .(anonzi mupomerwi) achitsvaka chirango chakadai sokuiswa mutorongo, faindi, kana kuti basa renzanga. Zvirongwa zvinonyanyodzorwa zvomutemo weutsotsi kumisa utsotsi, kuranga vapari vemhosva, kudzorera vane mhaka, uye kuisa mhaka mumaoko avanhu vane ngozi kudzivirira vanhu vose. Mutemo weutsotsi unosimbiswa mumiraudzo (mitemo yakanyorwa) unorondedzera mhaka dzoutsotsi dzakananga nezvirango zvavo.

Zvinhu Zvikuru Zvinoshandiswa Nomutemo Wematsotsi

  • [ Thombo: Utsotsi hunorangarirwa kuva zvikanganiso muhurumende kana kuti vanhu, kwete bedzi munyajambwa mumwe nomumwe.
  • Hurumende Kutonga: Mhaka dzinounzwa nomuchuchisi (gweta reruwa, gweta rehurumende, kana kuti Attorney weU.S.) nokuda kwehurumende.
  • Mutoro wakakwirira weChibvumikiso: Kuchuchisa kunofanira kubvumikisa mhaka yomukwirirwi kudarika kusava nechokwadi kune mufungo.
  • [[[FT:0] Chirango chinodzorwa: chakarongedzerwa kuranga, kwete kuripira vanyajambwa. (Note: matare angaraira kutsiva, asi ikoko kwakaparadzana netongero youtsotsi.)

Zvikamu Zvoutsotsi

Utsotsi hunowanzorongwa noukombi:

  • Kuputsa: Kuputsa kuduku, kazhinji kazhinji matikiti emotokari kana kuti marara. Chirango chinowanzova nguva yakaisvonaka, isati iri yejeri.
  • Misdemers: yakakomba zvikuru kupfuura zvikanganiso asi yakakomba zvishoma kupfuura zvisakarurama. Mienzaniso: kuba kuduku, kudenha kusingadzoreki, kudarika kwokutanga. Nguva huru yejeri inowanzova gore rimwe kana kuti risingasviki.
  • [[FOLT:0] Nemhaka dzakakomba zvikurusa, dzakadai sokuponda, kubata chibharo, umbavha, kutengesa pfuti, uye mirimo. Kudavira kunotakura mitongo yerinopfuura gore rimwe mutorongo, uye muzvimwe zviitiko, kusungwa kwoupenyu kana kuti rufu.

Zvirango Nemhosva

Zvirango zvinosiyana - siyana zvichikonzerwa nemhosva, simba, uye nhoroondo youtsotsi yomupomerwi.

  • [[FORT:0] Kuisa: Jail (pamifungo yakaipa) kana kuti torongo (nokuda kwematsotsi).
  • [[[FOL:0] :[ Zvirango zvemari zvinobhadharwa kuhurumende.
  • Chiratidzo:[ Supercentation munzanga mumigariro (pamutoo, kuidzwa kwemirimo, nguva dzokusvika panguva).
  • Basa rekomupiyuta: Basa risingabhadharwi nokuda kwesangano risingapinduri kana kuti risingabhadharwi rehurumende.
  • [[FT:0] Restitution: Dare rakarayira muripo kunyajambwa nokuda kwokurasikirwa kwakabva zvakananga muutsotsi (kunyange ikoku kunoiswa sorutivi rwomutongo woutsotsi).

Misiyano Mikuru Pakati Pomutemo Wehurumende Noweutsotsi

Kunzwisisa misiyano iyi kunokosha kunyanzvi dzemitemo, vadzidzi, uye munhu upi noupi angabatanidzwa mumutemo.

Mibato Nezvinogovera

  • Civil: A pasttiff (munhu kana kuti sangano) rinovamba kupomera mukwirirwi. Gweta romupurisa rinomirira fariro dzavo.
  • -riminari: Hurumende (mupomeri) inovamba mhaka mukurwisana nomukwirirwi. Munyajambwa haasati ari mubato; vangava chapupu. Mupomeri anomirirwa nomurevereri.

Mutoro uye Mupimo Woufakazi

  • : Mupofu anofanira kubvumikisa nhau kupfurikidza ne nduramo youfakazi[(] kuti sezvingabvira zvikuru kupfuura (i., > 50% bviro) kuti mupomeri anochinjirwa anochinjika.
  • 'rimina: Kukwidziridza mhosva kunofanira kubvumikisa kuva nemhaka [ kupfuura kupanikira kune mufungo. Ikoku kunoreva kuti hakuna tsananguro inotendwa nokuda kwoufakazi huripo. Iyi mipimo yakakwirira namaune kudzivisa zvitendero zvisina kururama.

Kubva Pabasa uye Kubhadharwa

  • Mutongo unoguma nemutoro kana kuti pasina mungava. Mitengo inobatanidza kuvadziko dzemari, mirairo, kana kuti chiito chakananga. Hakuna nguva yejeri kana kuti chinyorwa chetsotsi.

Kuenda Kuimba Yamajeri

  • Civil: Kodzero kukutonga kwedare rinobetsera vatongi iri iripo munhau dzakawanda dzevagari vemo, asi mapato angaibvisa achida kuti kutonga kwebhenji kuitwe. (Mutongi anosarudza). Majeri muzvinoitika zvevagari vemo anowanzoumbwa nemitezo 6 kusvikira ku 12.

Kumirira Kwepamutemo

  • : Mapati angaripira magweta akavanzika kana kuti kuzvimirira amene (pro). Hamuna kodzero yebumbiro remitemo kugweta rakasununguka munhau dzevagari vemo.
  • Urindi: Vakwirirwi vane kodzero yebumbiro remitemo kugweta rakagadzwa redare kana kusungwa kuri chirango chinobvira (IPFT Amendment, Gideon v. Wainwright).

Mienzaniso Yemhosva Dzevagari Vemo Nedzematsotsi

Mienzaniso yenyika chaiyoiyo inosimbisa kuti chiito chimwe chetecho chakaipa chingatungamirira sei kuzvose zviri zviviri mhaka yavagari vemo neyoutsotsi (imwe neimwe ine zvinoitika zvakaparadzana, mipimo, uye miuyo.

Mienzaniso Yomutemo Wavagari Vemo

  • [[FT:0] Kusvika kweContract:[[FT:1] A freancer anokundikana kupedza basa pashure pokugamuchira muripo. Mubati anokwirira nokuda kwokudzorwa kweripo nokurashikirwa kwenguva yakarasika. Dare rinobhadhara kana kutaura kwacho kukapupurirwa nefungidziro youfakazi.
  • Indaneti yomunhu oga (tsaona): Mutyairi anomhanya chiedza chitsvuku ndokukuvadza mumwe mutyairi. Boka rakakuvadzwa rinokwidza mhaka nokuda kwendyiko dzokurapa, rinorasikirwa nemibhadharo, uye marwadzo nokutambura. Vatongi vanosarudza mhaka yakavakirwa paufakazi.
  • [[FOLT:0] Imhosho yePropection:[[FT:1] Vavakidzani vaviri havabvumirani pamusoro poruzhowa runopinda panzvimbo imwe. Muvakidzani akatapurwa anokwirira mhaka kuti abvise fenzi nokukuvadza. Mutongi angapa murayiro pamwe chete nomuripo nokuda kwokushandisa nyika yakarasika.

Mienzaniso Yomutemo Woutsotsi

  • Kupaza (Larcey): Munhu anoba murap kubva muchitoro. Mafaira anopomera. Kupomera hurumende kunofanira kubvumikisa zvinhu zvoumbambi (kutora zvinhu, pasina kubvumirana, nevavariro yokunyima zvechigarire) pasina panikiro ine mufungo. Kana akawanwa ane mhaka, mupomerwi angatarisana nefashoni nejeri.
  • [[FORT:0] : Munhu anouraya mumwe namaune. Hurumende inotonga nokuda kwokuponda. Chirango chinogona kuva kuiswa mutorongo kwoupenyu hwose kana, mune dzimwe nyika, rufu. Mukwirirwi anofungidzirwa asina mhaka kusvikira anzi ane mhaka pasina panikiro ine mufungo.
  • FAME: Mapurisa anowana mirimo isati iri yapamutemo mumotokari yomunhu. Vanopomerwa vanotarisana nemhosva. Kana vakawanwa vane mhaka, vangagamuchira kuchengetwa, kurapwa kwemirimo, kana kuti nguva yetorongo zvichitsamira pauwandu nechinyorwa chapamberi penguva.

Kuwiriraniswa: Muitiro mumwe chetewo, Mhaka Mbiri

Hakusati kuri kwechienzi kuti chiitiko chimwe chipedze kuviri utsotsi nemhosva dzavagari vemo. Somuenzaniso, O.J. Simpson akasunungurwa pamhosva dzoutsotsi, asi gare gare akawanikwa ane mhaka yorufu rusina kururama mudare ravagari vemo. Musiyano mumiuyo unobva mumitoro yakasiana- siyana youfakazi: vatongi veutsotsi vaifanira kupwiswa pasina panikiro ine mufungo, nepo vatongi vehurumende vaingoda bedzi kuwana noufakazi hwokuti iye akaparira rufu. Uku kusvika kworutivi ruviri kunosimbisa mabasa akasiana - simbi omutemo wevagari vemo neutsotsi.

Basa Rejeri Mumashandiro Ose Ari Maviri

Vatongi nematare anobetsera vatongi kuzivisa zvose zviri zviviri mhaka dzavagari vemo nedzoutsotsi.

Vatongi

Muvose vari vaviri matare avagari vemo neamatsotsi, vatongi vanobatira savatongi vasina kwavakarerekera avo vanovimbisa kuti miitiro yapamutemo inoteverwa, ufakazi hunobvumwa nenzira yakafanira, uye kutonga kunowirirana nomutemo. Mudare rokutonga (hapana dare rinobetsera vatongi), mutongi anosarudza mibvunzo yose iri miviri yeidi (chakaitika) nemibvunzo yomutemo (mitemo yapamutemo inoshanda). Mukutonga kwedare redare, mutongi anorayiridza vatongi pamutemo uye anotarisira muitiro wedare. Mumitongo, vatongi vanopomerwawo mhaka dzinopomerwa mhaka mukati menhungamiro dzapamutemo. Munhau dzevagari vemo, kazhinji kazhinji vatongi vanokwanisa kunzvera kunzvera uye vangabetsera kusangana kuti vadzivise kutongwa.

Juries

Juries anounza mirangariro yenzanga mudare. Mumhaka dzedare, vatongi vanosarudza mhaka kana kuti kusava nemhaka yakavakirwa paufakazi nemirairo yepamutemo. Munhau dzehurumende, vatongi vanosarudza chaizvoizvo mhaka neuwandu hwekuvadziko. Kodzero yokutonga mumhosva dzevagari vemo inoiswa mudare reSaventement for the gemendment yemhosva dzinobatanidza mari dzinopfuura $20, kunyange zvazvo nyika dzakawanda dzichivimbisawo majaji munhau dzakati dzevagari vemo. Kusarudza vatongi [[[FLT:]] [FLT] [FLT]] [] []

Mipimo Yokuhwirudzura Pakukwezva

Pashure pokunge nyaya dzatongwa, mumwe munhu angamhan’arira. matare anoongorora kutongwa kwemhosva. Mumhosva dzeutsotsi, musero wacho unowanzova worumano zvikuru nemhaka yemapango akakwirira(nzi constition) inofanira kuchinjwa kana pakaitika chikanganiso chinokosha. Mumhosva dzevagari vemo, matare anoregeredza kuwanikwa kwechokwadi kwedare kunze kwokunge zvakanganiswa zvakajeka.

Kuwiriraniswa kwoMutemo Wavagari Vemo Noweutsotsi: Kudarika Nokusiana

Kunyange zvazvo mutemo wehurumende newematsotsi uchishanda zvakasiyana, zvinoshanda pamwe chete nenzira dzinokosha, kunzwisisa mharadzano idzi kunokosha kune nyanzvi dzepamutemo uye kuvagari vemo.

Kutya Kwakaviri uye Miedzo Yakaparadzana

Findre Amendment yeChishanu inorambidza munhu kutongwa kaviri nokuda kwe mhaka imwe cheteyo pashure pokukoneswa kana kuti kutenderwa. Zvisinei, nemhaka yokuti nhau dzehurumende neutsotsi dzinorangarirwa kuva dzakaparadzana, munhu anogona kunzi asurutswa mudare ravagari vemo pashure pokunge asunungurwa mudare ramatsotsi (somumaO. J. Simpson mhaka).

Kukunda Chirango

Mimwe mitemo inoparira zvose zviri zviviri mitongo youtsotsi nokuda kwomufambiro mumwe chetewo. Somuenzaniso, kubiridzira kusachengetedzwa kwemagwaro kunogona kutungamirira kupomero dzoutsotsi (neBato reRuramisiro) uye kupomera mhaka kwavagari vemo (nevatambi vemo veSEC kana kuti vamiriri vomunhu oga). Nenzira yakafanana, kuputswa kwemhoteredzo kungaguma nefashoni dzeutsotsi nezvirango zvehurumende nokuda kwendyiko imwe. Uku kuita kuviri kunobvumira nyika kuranga mutadzi nepo kana kuti kutsiva vanyajambwa nokukuvadza.

Basa Revanobatwa

Munyaya dzoutsotsi, nyajambwa anowanzova chapupu, kwete murwi anodzora mhaka. Mumhaka dzevagari vemo, nyajambwa (anotsanangura) ndiye mubato anosarudza kana achifanira kukwidza mhaka, chinotaura kuti chinounza, uye kana achizopedza. Makore achangobva kupfuura akaona kukura kwekodzero dzavanyajambwa idzo dzinotsigira kutora rutivi rukuru zvikuru mukuita mhaka dzoutsotsi, kubatanidza maruramiro okutaura pakutonga (mashoko anorwisana nemitemo). Kunyanguvezvo, musiano unosara: nyajambwa mumhaka youtsotsi haana simba rokurega mhaka, nepo mutengi mumhaka yavagari vemo anogona kurasa utsotsi panguva ipi neipi.

Mugumo: Kuremekedza Tsika Yokushandisa Nharo

Mutemo wavagari vemo noweutsotsi hausati uri gadziriro dzinokwikwidzana; shongwe dzinowirirana dzeruramisiro. Kunzwisisa aya mabasa akasiana - siana kunopa nzira yokuti vanhu vatsvake kugadzirirwa zvikanganiso zvavose, kupa muripo nesununguro inokwana. Mutemo weutsotsi unodzivirira nzanga kupfurikidza nokudzivisa nokuranga mufambiro unotyisidzira nhevedzano yavanhu, nomutoro unorema wechiratidzo chinodzivisa chirango. Kunzwisisa aya mabasa akasiana - siana kunogonesa vadzidzi, vadzidzi, vadzidzi, uye vagari vemo kuti vadzore nhau dzemitemo nenzira yakajeka. Kana uri kufunda pamusoro peboka romutemo, kurava pamusoro penhau yakakwirira, kana kuti kutarisana nenhau yako umene yapamutemo, kuziva misiyano pakati petsika netsoro yomutemo kuchakupa simba kuti ubatane zivo yedare nenzira inobudirira.

Kuwedzera kurava, bvunza [[[FLT: 0][FLT]] .GOGOLTYURAL SERPT'S nokuda kwerondedzero dzemiitiro yehurumende nemutemo weutsotsi. [[FLT][FLT]].GOV shongedzero yemitemo[[FLT]][FLT]] [[FLT]][12]] inogovera mukurumbira mukuru pamashandire ematare. Nokuda kwekunyuruka kwakadzama zvikuru mumutoro wechibvumikiso, ona [[FLT:][FLT] iyi .[FLT:] [FLT] [5]