Kutanga: Kuparadzana Kukuru Mumasangano Emitemo

Zvirongwa zvapamutemo kupota nyika zvakakamuraniswa muzvikamu zviviri zvikuru: mutemo wavagari vemo nomutemo woutsotsi. Nepo masangano ose ari maviri achivavarira kuchengeta nhevedzano, kupedza gakava, uye kupa ruramisiro, anoshanda mumitemo yakasiana zvikuru, zvinangwa, uye miuyo. Nokuda kwomunhu upi noupi angasangana nenhau dzapamutemo , kana muridzi webhizimisi anoronga zvibvumirano, murwi anotarisana nokudzingwa, kana kuti munhu anopomerwa mhaka youtsotsi (‘kunzwisisa misiyano iyi yakakomba. Nyaya inopa kunzvera kukuru kwetsika dzechipungano, rondedzero, mipimo yezvibvumikiso, zvibvumirano, miuyo, uye miuyo. Inosimbisawo kuti aya masangano anopesana uye anogovera mienzaniso inoshanda sei kunzwisiso.

Mutemo Wehurumende Chii?

Mutemo wehurumende unodzora kukakavadzana pakati pemasangano echikwata chavanhu chavanhu voga(incicrecul) , mabhizimisi, kana kuti masangano. Chinangwa hachisi chirango asi chisarudzo: kutema mhaka uye kugovera mushonga webato rakakuvadzwa. Kusafanana nomutemo weutsotsi, unotsvaka kuranga chakaipa pahurumende, mutemo wehurumende unonangidzira ngwariro pakubatanidza munyajambwa kana kuti kusimbisa maruramiro akatyorwa.

Kutora Mativi Nemashoko

Munhau yehurumende, munhu anotanga kukwirira mhaka i chazartiff. Munhu kana kuti sangano riri kukwidzwa ndiro [ defant[. Mupurisa anofanira kuva akamira zviri pamutemo. Zvava nekuvadziko kana kuti kuvadziko. Nhau dzehurumende dzinogona kubatanidza chinhu chipi nechipi chinobva mutsaona yemotokari kunharo yenzvimbo yepfuma.

Mienzaniso Yemhosva Dzemitemo Yehurumende

  • [[[FOL:0] Kukakavara:[[FT] Mutengesi anokwidza mutengi nokuda kwokukundikana kubhadhara zvinhu zvinogoverwa.
  • [[[FFT:0] Madanho: Munhu anofamba netsoka anokwidza mutyairi nokuda kwokuregeredza pashure pokurohwa mumugwagwa.
  • Mutemo wemhuri:[ zviitiko zvokurambana, hondo dzokuchengeta vana, uye zvikumbiro zvokurera vana.
  • [ mutemo weProperty: gakava reLandlor-metain pamusoro penzvimbo dzinochengeterwa kana kuti kutemerwa zvitsama.
  • [[[FOL:0] mutemo wokusabvumirana: Kuparadza kwezvibvumirano kana kuti kupara mhaka kworusaruro.

Mutoro Woufakazi Mumutemo Wavagari Vemo

Nhau dzavagari vemo dzinoshandisa hwirudzuro rwoufakazi. Ikoku kunoreva mutongi anofanira kupwisa kuti shanduro yavo yezvinoitika inobvira zvikuru kuva yechokwadi kupfuura (nenhau), “davi.” Iri idanda rakaderera zvikuru kupfuura mupimo unoshandiswa mumutemo woutsotsi, uko kunoratidzira idi rokuti mhaka dzevagari vemo dzinobatanidza maruramiro avanhu panzvimbo pefariro dzorusununguko.

Kugadzirisa Kunoita Mutemo Wehurumende

Apo mutongi anohwina mhaka yavagari vemo, mushonga unodokuva nguva dzose muripo wemari (kurasikirwa) kana kuti nyaradzo inoreveka (zvakadai semurayiro unomanikidzira mukwiridziridziri kuita kana kuti kumisa chiito chakati). Kusungwa hakusati kuri chisarudzo mudare ravagari vemo. Mishonga inozivikanwa navose inobatanidza:

  • [[FOM: 0] Kukuvadza:[[FT: 1] Mari yokufukidza kurasikirwa chaikoiko, zvikwereti zvokurapa, mibhadharo yakarasika, kana kuti kuvadziko yezvinhu.
  • Kukuvadza: Mari yawedzerwa inopiwa kuranga kusazvibata kwakaipa (kunowanika bedzi muzvinoitika zvakati zvetort).
  • Mubato weSangano: Murayiro wedare unogombedzera boka kuita musengwa webvumirano (vanowanzotenga nzvimbo).
  • Chisarudzo chokuzivisa: Kutaura kwedare kwamaruramiro amativi pasina kukuvadza.

Mutemo Wematsotsi Chii?

Mutemo weutsotsi une chokuita nezviito izvo hurumende yakarambidza nemhaka yokuti zvinotyisidzira chengeteko yavose, nhevedzano, kana kuti tsika. Hurumende . inopa mhaka kumunhu ( dendendix [) nokuda kwokupara mhosva. Uzivi hunopesana ichirango, kudzivisa, kuvhara, uye kuvandudza. Matsotsi anorongwa sematsotsi (mhosva huru dzakafanana nokuponda kana kuti kupamba) kana kuti zvisakafanira (mhosva dzakakomba dzakafanana nokubasa kana kuti denho yakapfava).

Kutora Mativi Nemashoko

Mumhaka youtsotsi, nguva dzose hurumende iboka rinopa chibvumikiso, rinomirirwa negweta reruwa, murovereri mhaka wehurumende, kana kuti muchuchisi wehurumende. Mupomerwi wacho mupomerwi. Munyajambwa haasati ari murwi kumhaka yacho asi angaoneka sechapupu. Hurumende inotakura mutoro wose wechibvumikiso.

Mienzaniso Yevanhu Vaiita Zvematsotsi

  • mhosva dzemhosva: Homicide, kudenha, umbavha, masimba masimba omumba.
  • [[[FOR:0] mhosva dzakaipa: Burgry, fraceny, arson, utsotsi.
  • mhosva dzezuva rechena: Kubiridzira, kutengesa, kuba chiziviso.
  • Mhaka dzemirimo: COM, kuparadzirwa, kugadzirwa kwezvinhu zvinodzorwa.
  • [[[FULT:0] mhosva dzemitemo:[[FT:1] DUI, kusafamba zvakanaka, kudarika.

Mutoro Woufakazi Mumutemo Weutsotsi

Zviitiko zveutsotsi zvinoda mupimo wakakwirira zvikurusa woufakazi unozivikanwa kumutemo: kupfuura kupanikira kune mufungo. Ikoku kunoreva kuroverera mhaka kunofanira kubvumikisa rutivi rwuri rwose rwoutsotsi zvokuti hakuna munhu ane mufungo angagona kupanikira mhaka yomukwirirwi. Kana vatongi vane kusava nechokwadi kupi nokupi kune mufungo, vanofanira kusunungura.

Migumisiro Nemutongo

Kutenderwa kwoutsotsi kunogona kutungamirira kuzvirango zvakakomba, kubatanidza kusungwa, faindi, kuedzwa, basa romunzanga, kana kuti chirango chorufu (mumiganhu inoibvumira). Utanhamari hunotsamira parudzi rwoutsotsi, nhau youtsotsi yomukwirirwi, uye nhungamiro dzokutonga. Somuenzaniso, nguva yokutanga DuI ingaunza nhambo pfupi yetorongo nerezinesi, nepo kutenderwa kwokuponda kunogona kuguma nokuiswa mutorongo kwoupenyu kana kuti tongero yorufu.

Kusiyana Kunokosha Panyaya Yokutamba

Nepo mutemo wavagari vemo noweutsotsi uchipindirana mune dzimwe nharaunda (zvakadai seapo chiito chiri zvose zviri zviviri utsotsi nedenho yakakomba) yakafanana neiyi, vanoderera munzira dzinokosha.

Aspect Civil Law Criminal Law
Parties Plaintiff (private party) vs. Defendant State (prosecutor) vs. Defendant
Purpose Compensate victim; resolve private dispute Punish offender; protect public
Burden of Proof Preponderance of evidence Beyond a reasonable doubt
Outcome Money damages, injunction, specific performance Fines, imprisonment, probation, death
Right to Attorney No automatic right (but often hired) Constitutional right (6th Amendment)
Decision Maker Judge or jury (often judge alone) Judge and jury (defendant can waive jury)
Double Jeopardy Not applicable (civil suits can be refiled) Prohibited (5th Amendment)

Kupinda Munzvimbo Dzakanyanya: Pavanosangana Nemhondi

Zvimwe zviito zvinoputsa zvose zviri zviviri mutemo wehurumende neweutsotsi panguva imwe cheteyo. Somuenzaniso, mutyairi akadhakwa anoparira tsaona ine ngozi anogona kutongwa nokuda kwokuuraya munhu mutsipa (mhosva) uyewo kupiwa mhaka nemhuri yanyajambwa nokuda kworufu rwakaipa (chivil). Mhaka mbiri dzacho dzinozvimirira). Kutonga kweutsotsi kunoda ufakazi husingapanikirwi, nepo sutu yavagari vemo inoda bedzi kupiwa uchapupu. Ndicho chikonzero nei VaSamson vakawanwa vasingafaniri kupondwa muutsotsi asi gare gare vakawana kuva vane mhaka yokuurawa kusina mhaka mudare ravagari vemo.

“ Kusava Nechokwadi Kune Mwero” Vs. “Prefting” muMuitiro

Musiyano mumitoro unotsanangura miuyo mizhinji inoratidzika kuva inopokanidza. Mukutonga kwevagari vemo, vatongi vanogona kuwana mupomerwi ane mhaka kunyange kana mhaka yeutsotsi yaguma mukuva inorevererwa. Somuenzaniso, nyajambwa anokundikana kunyengetedza muchuchisi kuti anyore pomero dzemhosva anogona kuisa mhaka mudare rehurumende uye kugona kuwina kuvadziko. Iyi gadziriro yemiitiro miviri inogovera vanyajambwa nenzira imwe kururamisiro apo gadziriro yeruramisiro youtsotsi inoperevedza.

Apo Mutemo Wavagari Vemo Unoparira Kuratidzirwa Kwoutsotsi

Panenge pawanwa nyaya yokubiridzira vanhu, magwaro angaratidza uchapupu hwokubiridzira pawadhiropu kana kuti kupomera nhema, izvo mupurisa wehurumende anogona kutaura nezvokuchengetwa kwemitemo.

Misiyano Yemusikirwo: Kufamba Kunoita Nhau Mumatare

Mapu yenhau dzevagari vemo nedzeutsotsi inoratidza zvinangwa zvavo zvakasiyana.

Zvinoitwa Nehurumende

  1. [[FOLT: 0] Complant yakapfigirwa: Placttiff anonyora mashoko akanyorwa anopa maidi nezvinotemwa zvapamutemo.
  2. Kushanda kwemuitiro: Mukwirirwi anoziviswa nenzira yepamutemo ndokupiwa banza rokupindura.
  3. Mhinduro kana kuti kufamba: Mukwirirwi anofaidza mhinduro inobvuma kana kuti kuramba pomero, kana kuti chiito chokudzinga.
  4. [[FOL:0] Thvhoro: Vose vari vaviri vanotsinhana ufakazi, mufambiro, uye magwaro okukumbira.
  5. [[FOM:0] Kufamba kwokutonga:[[FT:1] Vaparidzi vangakumbira dare kuti risarudze mhaka yacho pasina dare kana pasina maidi ezvokunyama ari mugakava.
  6. [[FOLT:0] : Kutongwa kwebhenji (kutonga kwoga) kana kuti kutonga kwedare rinobetsera vatongi kunoitika. Mupurisa anopa ufakazi pakutanga; mukwirirwi ipapo anopa dziviriro.
  7. Kutonga nokutonga: Kuwana idi kunosarudza kuvadziko nekuvadziko.
  8. [[FOL:0] Appal:[ Vari kurasikirwa vangakwirira kudare rapamusoro rakavakirwa pazvikanganiso zvomutemo.

Kupara mhosva

  1. [[FLT: 0] Kuisa mutemo kana kuti kuraira: kuendesa vanonyumwirwa muchitokisi, kana kuti kumutsa zvikumbiro zvokuoneka.
  2. [[FOLT: 0] Anenge akapomerwa anounzwa pamberi pomutongi, anoziviswa nezvemhosva, uye anopinda mukumbiro (asina mhaka, kana kuti asina makwikwi).
  3. Kutonga: Mutongi anosarudza kana mukwirirwi achigona kusunungurwa achimirira kutonga ndokuronga migariro.
  4. kutonga kwokutanga kana kuti vatongi vakuru: Mutongi kana kuti hwirudzuro huru dzedare rinobetsera vatongi kuti vawane chisakiso chinobvira chokutonga.
  5. Kutora nokutanga dare: mativi ose ari maviri anotsinhana ufakazi; dziviriro ingaita zvokutumira zvinhu kuti idzvinyirire ufakazi hunowanwa nenzira isiri yapamutemo.
  6. Purani: inopfuura 90% yemhosva dzoutsotsi inoguma nechikumbiro panzvimbo pokutongwa.
  7. [ :[ Kana pasina kukumbira, vatongi (kana kuti mutongi) vanonzwa ufakazi. Kuchuchisi kunofanira kubvumikisa kuva nemhaka pasina panikiro ine mufungo.
  8. [ Kuisa mhaka: Kana ukawanirwa mhaka, kutonga kwakaparadzana kunoisa chirango.
  9. Appal:[ Mukwirirwi anogona kukwidza mhaka(hurumende kazhinji kazhinji haigoni kukumbira kusunungurwa (ngozi yakapetwa kaviri).

Basa Rokungwarira: Varume Vane Simba uye Vanorevesa Zvakasimba

Mumwe wemisiyano inokosha zvikuru pakati pomutemo wehurumende neweutsotsi kubatwa kwevavariro. Mumutemo weutsotsi, mhosva zhinjisa dzinoda vakuru vakuru vapa .(a] “pfungwa dzakakanganisika." Kupomera kunofanira kubvumikisa kuti mukwiridziridzi akaita noruzivo, noune ungwaru, kana kuti nokuregeredza kweutsotsi (apo pamutemo). Pasina ichi chinhu, munhu haagoni kupiwa mhaka youtsotsi. Somuenzaniso, kutora sambarira yomumwe munhu haisiri tsaona nemhaka yokuti pakanga pasina vavariro yokuzvinyima kwechigarire.

Mutemo wehurumende, mukupesana, kazhinji kazhinji unoisa ganhuriro pasina chibvumikiso chedonzo. Munhau dzeregeredzo, ngwariro iri pakuti mukwirirwi akaputsa basa retarisiro, kwete paicho akarangarira. Njodzi huru yezvigadzirwa nechakaipa, yakadai semhosva yezvigadzirwa zvakashata, kunyange kana zvakashandisa tarisiro yose inobvira. Nenzira yakafanana, kuputswa kwebvumirano hakudi kuratidzirwa kwokutenda kwakashata; boka rinogona kuva rinosungirwa kukundikana kuita kunyange kana kundikano yacho yave iri yetsaona.

Kudzivirirwa Kwebumbiro Remitemo: Nei Mutemo Wematsotsi Uchichengetedzwa Zvakawedzerwa

Nemhaka yokuti mutemo woutsotsi unotyisidzira rusununguko, Bumbiro Remitemo reUnited States rinopa vakwirirwi dziviriro huru idzo dzisingapo mumhaka dzehurumende.Idzi dzinobatanidza:

  • Akarurama kuzano: Vakwirirwi vanofanira kupiwa gweta (Gideon v. Wainwright). Magweta echipulga haana vimbiso yakadaro.
  • [[FT:0] Akarurama kuramba akanyarara: Mupomerwi wetsotsi haagoni kugombedzerwa kupupurira; muroveri wemhaka haagoni kutsinhira pamusoro pokunyarara.
  • [[FT:0] Kudzivirirwa pakunzvera kusina mufungo nepfari: Ufakazi hunowanwa pasina rugwaro (kana kuti chisipo) hungabviswa.
  • [ Chikamu chengozi chakakasharara: Kana angosunungurwa, munhu haagoni kuedzwazve nokuda kwemhosva imwe cheteyo.
  • [[FOL:0] Kutonga kwakakomba: nokuda kwemhaka dzakakomba, mukwirirwi ane Findment yechitanhatu yamaruramiro okutonga dare rinobetsera vatongi.

Munhau dzehurumende, vakwirirwi vane dziviriro shomanene dzebumbiro remitemo.

Kubva Mudare Kusvikira Kuupenyu Hwose: Chikonzero Nei Izvi Zvichikosha Kwauri

Kunzwisisa musiyano woutsotsi hwevagari vemo hakusi kungodzidza bedzi, kunoumba nzira yaunopedza nayo zvinetso zvemitemo:

  • Kana uri nyajambwa wemhosva: Ungafanira kusarudza kana ungabatira pamwe nomuchuchisi (uyo anodzora mhaka youtsotsi) uye kana achizopinza gweta rapachivande pamutemo kuti anyore dare rehurumende. Nzira mbiri dzinogona kupfuurira panguva imwe cheteyo.
  • Kana ukapomerwa mhaka: Unoda mumiriri wetsotsi wetsotsi nokukurumidza. Kunyange kana usina mhaka, ungangotarisana nesutu yavagari vemo (mutoo, pashure pechisarudzo chisina kutongova nemhosva mumhaka yebhatiri, nyajambwa anopomerwa anogona kukwirira nokuda kwechakaipa).
  • Kana ukabatanidzwa mugakava rebhizimisi: rwisano zhinjisa dzebhizimisi inhau dzehurumende (*) kuderera kwechibvumirano, kuparadzana, kudzongonyedza zvinhu zvendangariro. Asi kana kubiridzira kana kuti kuba kunobatanidzwa, kuroverera mhaka kungavawo kunobvira.
  • Kana ukasaina chibvumirano: Uri kupinda muhurumende yehurumende. Nzwisisa kuti kundikano yokuita inogona kutungamirira kumitoro yemari, kwete jeri.

Ngano Dzinowanzotaurwa Nepfungwa Dzisiri Dzakanaka

Kusanzwisisana kunoverengeka pamusoro pomutemo wehurumende nowoutsotsi kunopfuurira:

  • Myth: Munhu anogona ku “wedzerwa” nokuputswa kwehurumende. FACT: Hurumende bedzi inogona kuunza pomero dzoutsotsi. Mapato ehurumende anogona kuunza pomero dzeutsotsi. face “maPlatects" kana kuti“mitemo.
  • [[FLT: 0] Myth: Mukwiridzirwi mumhaka yavagari vemo ane maruramiro kugweta. Chibvumirano: Hakuna maruramiro ebumbiro remitemo okupa zano mumiitiro yehurumende, kunyange zvazvo nyika zhinji dzichigovera betsero yakaganhurirwa muzvinoitika zvakati (mutomo, kubviswa, kuchengetwa kwavana).
  • [[FLT: 0] Mhiko: [kana munhu akawanwa “asina mhaka” mudare ravagari vemo, havana mhaka. Sangano: Chisarudzo chehurumende chokusatera chinoreva bedzi mupurisa kukundikana kusvitsa mupimo weapost accureance; hachizivi kuti haana mhaka.
  • Mhiko dzemhindu: Nhau dzeutsotsi nguva dzose dzinoenda kukutonga. FOC: Voruzhinji (anopfuura 90%) vanopedzwa nechikumbiro.
  • Mhiko: Zvisarudzo zvose zviri zviviri zvavagari vemo neutsotsi zvinofanira kuva zvinobvumirana. Fact: Munyaya dzeutsotsi dzehurumende, zvisarudzo zvinofanira kuva zvinobvumirana; muzvinoitika zvehurumende, masangano anowanzobvumirana nezvisakafanira zvisarudzo (g., 5 mu 6 jubhers). Hurumende inotonga inosiana.

Nzira Yokuwana Nayo Betsero: Kwokudzidza Zvakawanda

Kana uchida kunzwisisa mitemo yemamiriro ezvinhu, kubvunza gweta rakakodzera ndiyo nzira yakanaka.

  • [[Nto:0] Cornell Legal Information Institute (LII) inopa tsananguro dzakajeka, dzakajeka dzechiNgezi dzemifungo yapamutemo.
  • U.S. website ye [ inogovera kupetwa kwemhaka dzehurumende nedzeutsotsi.
  • [[Nto:0] American Bar Association's Division for Public Education inopa nhungamiro nokuda kwavadzidzi navose.

Kupedzisa: Kuisa Chivako Chepamutemo Nechivimbo

Mutemo wavagari vemo noweutsotsi imbiru mbiri dzegadziriro yeruramisiro, imwe neimwe ine mitemo yayo imene, miitiro, uye nharidzano. Mutemo wehurumende unotsvaka kutsiva nokupedza gakava dzakavanzika kupfurikidza nemishonga yemari kana kuti nyaradzo yakarurama, uchitsamira pahwaro hwakafanorongwa hwoufakazi. Mutemo weutsotsi unovavarira kuranga vaiti vezvakaipa ndokudzivirira nzanga, uchiraira chibvumikiso chinopfuura kusava nepanikiro ine mufungo uye uchipa dziviriro dzakasimba dzebumbiro remitemo. Kunyange zvazvo pane dzimwe nguva dzichipa dziviriro dzakasimba dzapamutemo. Kunzwisisa mirangariro yavo kunobetsera vanhu kuita zvisarudzo zvoruzivo, kudzivirira pomero, kana kuti kungonzwisisa kuti mutemo unoshanda sei muupenyu hwezuva nezuva.

[[FLT: 0]