Pfungwa yokuparadzana kwemasimba inokosha mukushanda kwehurumende inoruramisira. Inovimbisa kuti hapana sangano rimwe kana kuti boka rine simba rakanyanya, rinotsigira gadziriro yokuongorora nokudzikamisa zvinodzivirira kodzero dzevagari vemo. Iyi nheyo, yakadzika midzi muMutemo weU.S. uye mamwe masangano ehurumende akawanda munyika yose, haisati iri gadzirirowo zvayo yetsika asi musengwa wouzivi wokudzivisa udzvinyiriri uye kusimudzira utongi hunozvidavirira. Kunzwisisa kuti simba rinokamuraniswa sei uye nei kuchida kuti ritarisirwe pamavambo aro, kuitwa kwaro kunoshanda, uye kushanda kwaro kunopfuurira munguva yokuwedzera simba repamusorosoro nenyika yose.

Mavambo Okuparadzana Kwesimba

Midziyo youngwaru yeparadzano yamasimba yakaronderwa zvikuru kumuzivi weFrance Montesquieu, ane 1748 anoshanda Mudzimu weMitemo [ wakataura kuti rusununguko runochengetedzwa zvakanakisisa apo chirongwa chehurumende, mukuru wehurumende, uye mabasa okutonga ehurumende zvinochengetwa namasangano akasiyana. Montesquieus akapesvedzera zvikuru pfungwa dzavaNgezi veAmerica, avo vakanga vachipanikira simba guru pashure peruzivo rwavo namadzimambo namatomhongi. Muchinjo huru iyi inopawo simba. [FLT:] Fadrist.[47:5], James Madison, akanyora kuti “kubatanidza masimba ose, makurukota, uye kudzorwa kwechikurukota, mumite, mumiteveri, mutsarudzo, mutsarudzo rwakana rwokuvara.

Munhau dzakapfuura, mienzaniso yapakuvamba yehurumende, yakadai sebumbiro remitemo rakavhengana reRoma yakare (nemitemo, Dare, uye magungano), inokarakadzwa pachiremera chakakamuraniswa, asi gadziriro yazvino uno yemitumbi yakashata inhaka yakananga yerondedzero yezvamatongerwe enyika yokuNzverwa. Kuedza kweU.S. kwakava mutevedzeri wehurumende dzakawanda dzinosarudzwa navanhu, kunyange zvazvo chimiro chadzo chakananga chehurumende dzinosarudzwa navanhu, kunyange zvazvo gadziriro yapurezidhendi ine paradzano yakasimba yeparamendes system inobatanidza masimba makuru nemitemo.

Kunzwisisa Mapazi Matatu

Kuparadzaniswa kwamasimba ehurumende kunokamuranisa mitoro yehurumende kuva mapazi matatu akasiana, rimwe nerimwe rine mabasa aro amene anokosha neganhuriro. Mapazu aya imitemo, zviremera, uye dare. Nepo U.S. ari muenzaniso wakatanhamara, mamwe marudzi mazhinji (kubva kuGermany kusvika kuIndia/adopt zvivako zvakafanana. Pasi apa, tinonzvera bazu rimwe nerimwe muudzame hwaro, kubatanidza masimba aro, ganhuriro, uye kushanda chaiko kwenyika.

Bazu Romutemo

Bazu remitemo rine mutoro mukuru wokuita mitemo. MuUnited States, bazu iri rinoitwa neCongress, boka rebaobal rinoumbwa neImba yaVamiririri neDare. Kamuri rimwe nerimwe rine masimba akasiyana akarongedzerwa kudzikamisa kumirira kwevagari vemo (Imba) uye kumirira mamiriro ehurumende akaenzana. Iri baobaral rimene chimiro chokuparadzana kwomukati kwamasimba, kuvimbisa kuti hakuna mutumbi mumwe wemitemo unogona kudzora muitiro wokuita mutemo.

Mabasa makuru ebazi remitemo anosanganisira:

  • Kudzokorora nokuvhota mutemo: Mabhiri anofanira kupfuura makamuri ose ari maviri muchimiro chakafanana asati atumirwa kuna Purezidhendi.
  • Kudzora mari inoshandiswa nehurumende nokubhadhara mitero: Simba rechikwama chacho icherekedzo huru yemitemo pamukuru mukuru; zvikwereti zvose zvemari zvinofanira kutangira muImba.
  • Zvibvumirano zvokurevesa: Dare reSanihedhe rinofanira kutendera zvibvumirano zvamarudzi ose kupfurikidza nevhoti mbiri nhatu.
  • Kusimbisa kugadzwa kwapurezidhendi: Dare rinosimbisa vanyori veKabhinati, vatongi vomubatanidzwa, nhume, uye vamwe vakuru vakuru venzvimbo yakakwirira.
  • Kusarudza nokubvisa: Imba inogona kubvisa vakuru vakuru vehurumende (kubatanidza Purezidhendi), uye Dare rinotonga uye rinogona kuvabvisa kupfurikidza nevhoti yavaviri vatatu.

Dare rinotungamirirawo bazu ravakuru kupfurikidza nokutonga, kunzvera, uye Hurumende Accouncistic Office. Iri simba rokunzvera rinokosha nokuda kwokuoneka nokuzvidavirira. Somuenzaniso, kutongwa kwedare mukusakwanisa kweuchenjeri kana kuti kusazvibata kwavakuru vakuru kunogona kutungamirira kukuchinja mitemo kana kuti, muzvinoitika zvakanyanyisa, zviito zvokusawirirana.

Bazu Rine Vatungamiriri

Bazu guru rine mutoro wokugadza mitemo nokutungamirira hurumende. Rinotungamirirwa naPurezidhendi, uyo anobatirawo soMutungamiriri wemauto ane zvombo uye mumiriri mukuru worudzi. Simba raPurezidhendi rakakura asi rakaganhurirwa nemamwe mapazu. Mukuru mukuru anobatanidza kwete bedzi White House asiwo masangano ehurumende, madhipatimendi (se Department yeSanihedhedriti neDefensi), uye mumiriri mukuru anoshandisa muitiro.

Mabasa makuru ebazi rinotungamirira anosanganisira aya:

  • Kushandisa nokusimbisa mitemo inopiwa neDare: Purezidhendi anorayira masangano kuti aite mitemo.
  • Kugadzirisa nyaya dzokune dzimwe nyika uye kukurukurirana nehurumende: Purezidhendi anotaurirana zvibvumirano, anogadza nhume, uye anomiririra United States pasi pose.
  • Achigadza vakuru vakuru vehurumende navatongi: Nesimbiso yeDare, Purezidhendi anozadza nzvimbo mumasangano anobetsera vatongi navatungamiriri.
  • Kupa mirayiro yavakuru vakuru: Iyi nhungamiro inobata kushanda kwehurumende yehurumende, asi inofanira kuvakirwa mumutemo uripo kana kuti Bumbiro Remitemo.
  • Mutemo wokuzvidira: Purezidhendi anogona kuramba zvikwereti zvinopfuudzwa neCongress, kunyange zvazvo kudzorwa kwematatu kuchigona kuita kuti chikwereti chacho chisashande.

Simba ravakuru vakuru rakura zvikuru munguva, zvikurukuru munharaunda dzakadai sechengeteko yenyika, masimba enjodzi, uye chiremera chokudzora. Mapurezidhendi azvino uno anowanzotsamira pamirairo yavakuru vakuru kufambisira mberi purogiramu dzemitemo apo Dare rinodzorwa. Zvisinei, Dare Rapamusorosoro ranzvera nguva nenguva kukunda. Somuenzaniso, mu [FLT][1] Prevench metage Comment & Tube Co. v. Sawter , Dare rakatonga kuti Prezidentius Truman aikwikwidza zvigadziko zvesimbi mukati mehondo yeKorea yakanga isina kudzosa, kuisa miganhuro yesimba reokambani pasina kubvumira.

Bazu Rokutonga

Bazu rinotonga rinorondedzera mitemo uye rinovimbisa kuti inoshandiswa zvakanaka. Rinoumba gadziriro yematare ehurumende, neDare Rapamusorosoro sedare. Dare redare ramajangaridhia rakazvimirira, navatongi vakagadzwa nokuda kwoupenyu (pamutoo wakanaka) kuti ridzidzivirire padzvinyiriro yezvamatongerwe enyika. Uku kuzvimirira kunokosha nokuda kwokutsigira nokudzivirira kodzero dzomunhu oga.

Mabasa makuru ebazu rinotonga anobatanidza:

  • Kududzira Bumbiro reMitemo nemitemo: Simba reDare Gurusa rehwirudzuro, rakatangwa mu [[FLT]] Marbury v. Madison [183] [[FLT]], rinobvumira kuputsa mitemo inoputsa Bumbiro remitemo.
  • Kupedza kakavadzano dzemitemo: Dare rinodzivisa mhaka dzevagari vemo nedzeutsotsi, richigovera dare reruramisiro.
  • Kudzivirira kodzero dzevanhu: Nokutonga nyaya yokutaura wakasununguka, maitiro akakodzera, kuenzana, uye kuva woga, vatongi vanochengetedza rusununguko rwepamutemo.
  • Mitemo inotonga inoshandiswa nguva dzose: Guru ravafundisi rinotonga — kubva kumatare oruwa kusvikira kumatare eruwa kusvikira kuDare Repamusorosoro — kubudisa muenzaniso unosungisa uyo unotungamirira matare akaderera navatambi vehurumende.

Uyezve, vatongi vanogadzwa naPurezidhendi uye vanosimbiswa neDare, vachipa mapazu ezvematongerwe enyika basa rokuumba dare. Kunyange zvakadaro, vatongi vehurumende vakambosimbiswa, vanobvumira kutonga vasingatyi kutsiva.

Kuongorora uye Dzikamo Zvinoshanda

Kuparadzaniswa kwamasimba kunowirirana negadziriro yecheki nedzikamo, izvo zvinobvumira bazu rimwe nerimwe rehurumende kuganhurira masimba avamwe. Iyi tsika inokosha nokuda kwokuchengeta ruramisiro nokudzivisa udzvinyiriri. Inoparira simba uko pasina bazi rinogona kuita pasina tarisiro inobvira kana kuti kudzongonyedza kubva kune rimwe bazi. Pasi apa pane mienzaniso mikuru yenzira nedzikamo zvinoshanda nayo mukushanda.

Kuongorora Mutezo Padare

  • Dare reHurumende rinogona kukurira dare rapurezidhendi nevoruzhinji vari mumakamuri ose ari maviri.
  • Dare rinofanira kusimbisa kugadzwa kwapurezidhendi, kubatanidza mitezo yeCabinet, vatongi vomubatanidzwa, uye nhume.
  • Dare rinofanira kutendera zvibvumirano kupfurikidza nokuvhota kwezvikamu zviviri muzvitatu.
  • Congress inodzora bhajeti yacho — simba rechikwama chacho — uye inogona kuramba kutsigira zvirongwa zvokutarisira.
  • Dare rinogona kuongorora uye kuita kuti nyaya dzitarisirwe kuti dzitarisire zviito zvevakuru vakuru.
  • Congress inogona kushora ndokubvisa Purezidhendi, Mutungamiriri wehurumende, uye vamwe vakuru vakuru vehurumende nokuda kwe “kurangarira, chiokomuhomwe, kana kuti mamwe matsotsi makuru uye kukanganisa.”

Mukuru Mukuru Anoongorora Mutemo

  • Purezidhendi anogona kurayira mutemo unopiwa neCongress.
  • Purezidhendi anogona kudana kuti Congress kuti ive musangano chaiwo (kusingawanzoshandiswi).
  • Purezidhendi anogona kupa mirayiridzo yavakuru vakuru yokuti masangano anotungamirira akananga, achipesvedzera kushandiswa kwemitemo.
  • SoMutungamiriri weDare, Purezidhendi anogona kutumira mauto pasina kutenderwa nesangano risati raitwa, kunyange zvazvo Congress ichidzora kutsigira nemari uye inogona kuzivisa hondo.

Kutonga Kunonzvera Kutungamirira Nomutemo

  • Dare Rapamusoro Zvikurusa rinogona kuzivisa mitemo kana kuti zviito zvehurumende zvisiri pamutemo kupfurikidza nehwirudzuro yokutonga.
  • Matare makuru anogona kurayira kuti zviito zvepamusoro zvinoputsa mutemo kana kuti Bumbiro Remitemo zvirege kuitwa.
  • Matare anodudzira mitemo, achiganhurira zvikuru kuti mukuru mukuru anogona kuiita.

Kuongorora Murairo Noukuru Paimba Yamajeri

  • Dare remitemo rinogona kutanga kana kuti kuparadza matare ehurumende epasi ndokusarudza simba rawo (pasi peganhuriro dzebumbiro remitemo).
  • Dare rinogona kukarakadza chinjo dzebumbiro remitemo kuti riputse zvisarudzo zveDare Gurusa (muchib., 13, 14th, uye 15 Amendments dzakachinja DHD Scott).
  • Purezidhendi anogadza vatongi, uye Dare rinovasimbisa, richiumba kuumbwa kwedare rinobetsera vatongi.
  • Dare repamutemo rinogona kurambidza uye kubvisa vatongi vehurumende nokuda kwokusazvibata.

Aya masimba anobatana anotanga gadziriro yokudzivisana. Somuenzaniso, mukati mechinyatiso cheWatergate Dare Gurusa rakaraira Purezidhendi Nixon kubudisa tepi yakarekodwa (mu[FLT]] United States v. Nixon[[FLT]]] [[FLT]]), uye Congress yakashandisa simba rayo rokurayira kumanikidza kurega kwake. Misi ichangobva kupfuura iyi, Congress anoshandisa kuongorora zviito zvechiremera kubva mumuitiro wokuchinja vanhu kuti vasarukire. Mute mutsika itsika itsika inokambira parukirati, kwete chipukanana, nokuti inoda kubvumiranwa kwakafara nokuda kwezviito zvikuru.

Kuparadzana Kwesimba Mumufungo Wakaenzana

Nepo muenzaniso weU.S. uri mukurusa anozivikanwa, mamwe mademokrati anoshandisa kuparadzana kwamasimba nenzira yakasiana. United Kingdom, somuenzaniso, inoshanda mugadziriro yeparamende umo mukuru mukuru (Mukuru mukuru naKabhinati) anotorwa kudivikwa kudare uye anozvidavirira kwariri. Kubatanidzwa kwamasimba muUK kunoreva kuti Mutungamiriri weProfester ndiye mukuru mukuru wehurumende uye mutezo weParamende. Zvisinei, judiary yakazvimirira uye kuparadzaniswa kweImba yaLords (basa rePurecutialths rakabviswa muna 2009 nokusikwa kweDare rapamusoro reUK) zvinongogovera kunzvera. Masangano eParamendementa anogona kuva anobudirira zvikuru mukupfuudza mutemo, asi anogona kupa simba zvikuru muboka apo boka rinotonga rine voruzhinji.

Mukupesana, nyika dzakadai seGermany neFrance dzinobatanidza zvinhu. Germany ine Dare reFederal Constitution rakasimba rinoita hwirudzuro huru yedare, uye Bundestag (kuparadza) inosarudza Chancellag (kuparadza) asi isingagoni kuibvisa nyore nyore (vhoti inotenderwa isina chivimbo). French’s Fith5 Republic ine simba guru, asi Dare reMitemo rinohwirudzura mitemo nokuda kwebumbiro remitemo. Iyi migariro inoratidzira kuti kuparadzanisa kwamasimba hakusi chigadzikiso chimwe chezvisakiso chose; inofanira kuchinjirwa kutsika yenyika yezvamatongerwe enyika nenhau.

Kunyanguvezvo, nheyo yapakati inoramba ichitsigirwa zvikuru: kuparadzanisa simba kunodzivisa autocracy. Mukuwirirana ne .V] Mitemo yeDemocracy (VV-DEM) chirongwa [, nyika dzine nzvero dzakasimba zvikuru pasimba rehurumende dzinova nengozi shoma zvikuru yokuva nokudzokera shure kwedemokrati.

Zvinetso Zvenguva Ino Nokutsoropodza

Pasinei zvapo namasimba ayo, kuparadzana kwamasimba kunotarisana nedenho dzinokosha munguva yazvino uno. Nhau imwe huru ndi inokunda. Mapurezidhendi amativi ose ari maviri akawedzera kushandiswa kwemirairo yehurumende, zvirevo zvengozi, uye chiito chekurumidziro chehurumende, uye kusashandisa chimwe chinhu. Vatsoropodzi vanopikisa kuti iyi ishatisa basa rewiscligist pabazu uye inoparira “chinjo.". Somuenzaniso, kushandiswa kwemirayiro yevakuru vakuru kuisa chinjo huru pakutama, murairo wemhoteredzo, uye zvikweretiso zvavadzidzi zvakaparira hondo dzapamutemo uye ganhuriro dzemitemo yapamutemo. Dare rapamusorosoro pane dzimwe nguva rakadzosa (g., rinorova mativi ezvirongwa zvokurambidza kana kuti chirongwa chesimba cheProgiramu.)

Imwe denho ndi chiito chemitemo kana kuti chitsoropodzo. Vatsoropodzi vanotaura kuti matare pane dzimwe nguva anogadzira maruramiro matsva kana kuti kuputsa mitemo yakagadzwa nehurumende yakavakirwa padudziro hurusa dzeBumbiro reMitemo. Nharo pamusoro pebasa rakafanira rejudicary .Kunyange iri inofanira kushandisa kudzora kana kuti kushandisa revo yapakuvamba yeBumbiro reMitemo remitemo. Panguva imwe cheteyo, murairo wokuisa pamutemo panzvimbo inotangira panzvimbo inotangira parusariranwa yemitemo [ kupfurikidza nokusimbisa kunowedzera kuisanwa kwapamhikanwa kwavose kunotyisidzira kuvimba mumatare. 2016 Merrick Garland Res Supreme Court Rest Courts uye kusimbisa gare gare gare gare gare, Kvauni, uye Barrkt anoenzanisirat anobva mumie.

Mukuwedzera, bhinyi rinodzorwa nedare inyunyuto yenguva dzose pamusoro peparadzano yamasimba. Apo mumwe mubato anodzora White House uye mumwe anodzora nzvimbo imwe kana kuti dzose dziri mbiri dzeCongress, chiitwa chemitemo chinogona kumisa. Ikoku kunogona kutungamirira kukudzima kwehurumende, bhajeti dzinononotswa, uye kusakwanisa kukurukura zvinetso zvechikaro. Mamwe masayendisiti ezvamatongerwe enyika anotaura kuti gadziriro yakawanda inoita kuti ive yakaoma nenzira yechienzi kupfuure mutemo mukuru, uko kunogona kuva chinetso mukurumidziro. zvisinei, tsigiro dzeparadzano dzinopindura kuti gira mutsetse womugwagwa itsika inodzivirira chinjo yokusangwarira inodzorwa nezvinodzorwa nezvikuru zvechinguvana.

Pakupedzisira, kuumbwa kwamasangano okutonga anobatanidza mibato yemitemo, yehurumende, uye yedare (mutoo, Federal Commissions Commission inogona kuita mitemo, kuisimbisa, uye gakava retsoropodzo) kwakadzikamisa mitsetse yakajeka yokuparadzana. Iyi “bazu rechina” rehurumende, nepo ichishanda zvakanaka, inomutsa mibvunzo pamusoro pokuzvidavirira nohuhumbi hwemitemo. Dare rapamusoro rakataura izvozvi kupfurikidza nedzidziso isiri youtereri nemibvunzo mikuru, ichida kuti Dare rigove nenhungamiro yakajeka apo kugovera simba kumasangano, asi nhau yacho inoramba ichikurukurwa zvinonzwika zvikuru.

Kukosha Kusingaperi Kwokuparadzana Kwesimba

Pasinei zvapo nokusakwana kwaro, kuparadzana kwamasimba kunoramba kuri madikanwa nokuda kwehurumende inoruramisira nokuda kwezvikonzero zvinoverengeka. Chokutanga, inopinza kuisa simba [ musangano rimwe, ichikuita kuti kuve kwakaoma zvikuru nokuda kwomudzvinyiriri kana kuti dare rinodzorwa namasimba masimba kubata udzori. Nhau inoratidza kuti hurumende dzinodzora dzinonetesa kuparadzana (kwakadai seHungary nePoland pasi pehurumende dzemisi ichangobva kupfuura iyi)

Chechipiri, inokurudzira batira pamwe nokubvumirana pane zvisina kufanira [ pakati pamapazu. Nemhaka yokuti hakuna bazi rinogona kudzora roga, vatambi vezvamatongerwe enyika vanofanira kukurukura, kuwirirana, uye kuvaka bvumirano. Ikoku kunogona kunonoka kuita chisarudzo, asi kunovimbisawo kuti miitiro inoratidzira pesvedzero huru zvikuru uye ingava inodenha kana kuti inodzvinyirira zvikuru.

Chechitatu, [[NHAU] inodzivirira kodzero dzevanhu nerusununguko . dare razvimirira rinogona kuputsa mitemo inoputsa rusununguko rwebumbiro remitemo, uye mutezo wemitemo unogona kuisa mitemo kuti adzore kushandiswa zvisina kufanira kwehurumende. Chibvumirano chekodzero dzemunhu chinosimbiswa zvinobudirira zvikuru apo matare asingaongwi nemukuru kana kuti nedare rinotonga.

Chechina, iko kuzvidavirira nokujeka . Bazu rimwe nerimwe rine nzira yokunzvera nayo vamwe, kufumura chakaipa nokumanikidza vakuru vakuru kururamisa zviito zvavo. Kutongwa kwedare, mirangariro yapurezidhendi zvose zvinoparira chinyorwa chavose chehurumende icho vagari vemo vanogona kunzvera.

Kudzidza zvakawanda pamusoro penheyo dzenhau uye kushandiswa kwazvino uno kweparadzano yamasimba, varavi vanogona kubvunza [FLT]] zvinyorwa zveNational Archives , izvo zvinobatanidza Bumbiro reMitemo neMazita. Kuwedzera, [FLT][5] SAUM] nzvimbo yeDare reHurumende reDare zvinogovera mirangariro inoenzanisira nokuyera mumabasa. Nokuda kwemifungo, [FLT][FLT] proct:[FF]

mhedziso

Mumhedziso, kuparadzana kwamasimba inheyo inokosha inoparira gadziriro yehurumende yedu. Kupfurikidza nokukamuranisa mitoro pakati pemitemo yehurumende, zviremera, uye mapazu edare, uye kushandisa cheki nedzikamo, tinogona kuva nechokwadi chokuti hurumende yedu inoramba yakanaka uye iri yakarurama nokuda kwavagari vose. Nepo pasina gadziriro yakakwana, uye dzvinyiriro dzapanguva ino dzinodenha simba rayo, gadziriro yakagadzwa naVavambi inopfuurira kugovera nheyo yakasimba yakasimba rehurumende yedemocracy. Sezvo vagari vemo vanonzwisisa kuti iyi mibato inoshanda sei uye inoita sei muitiro wezvamatongerwe enyika kuvadzivirira. Kuparadzana kwamasimba masimba hakuko kunokosha rondedzero yetsika; itsika yezuva nezuva kuti mitemo inoitwa sei, inoitwa sei, inoitwa, uye inoturikirwa. Kuchengetedzwa kwayo kunotsamira pakuzivikanwa kwomutemo wavose.