Mavambo Okuparadzana Kwedzidziso Yemasimba

Kuparadzana kwamasimba hakusati kuri kutanga kwazvino uno; mavambo awo ari muuzivi hwezvamatongerwe enyika hwekare. Aristotle akarondedzera hurumende yakavhengana ichibatanidza umambo hweumambo, hukuru hwehurumende, uye hurumende inosarudzwa navanhu, asi gadziriro yazvino uno yakaratidzirwa nenzira isingadzivisiki muNjere. Baron de Montesquieu, mubasa rake ra 1748 Mudzimu weMitemo [[[FOLD:1], yakataura kuti kuva mukuru mukuru mukuru wemitemo, uye simba rokutonga mumaoko mamwe chetewo. Mifungo yake yakapesvedzera zvikuru vaMelikan Vatangi, avo vakaisa dzidziso muU.S. Hurumende yemitemo inopfuumbika kupfurikidza neI II, uye III. James Mascifrome anonyora muNhamba yetsika dzamakuru echiféro, echikuru, uye judiary, mumicratiote, mutsanyo inoziviswa nenzira yakarurama zvikuru. Nhasi, kunyange munyika yose inowirirana ney yezvamatongerwe enyika.

Donzo guru reiyi paradzano yezvivako rakapetwa kaviri: kudzivisa bazu ripi neripi kudzora nokumanikidzira mapazu kubatira pamwe, kuchiparira udzori hwakaipa zvikuru nehwakadzikama. Apo miganhu pakati pamapazu inova yakajeka, gadziriro yecheki nedzikamo zvakagadzirirwa kuchengeta dzikamo inovamba kuputsika. Kunzwisisa miuyo yemhesva yakadaro kunokosha nokuda kwokuchengeta perero yebumbiro remitemo.

Mapazi Matatu: Mabasa Anotaurwa Nemirayiro

Mugadziriro yomubatanidzwa weUnited States, somuhurumende dzakawanda dzinosarudzwa navanhu, hurumende inokamurwa kuva mapazi matatu akaenzana. rimwe nerimwe rine basa guru, asi masimba aro anopindirana munzira dzinoparira kuzvidavirira.

  • Bazu rePuremist: Rinotungamirirwa napurezidhendi, iri bazi rinomanikidzira mitemo, rinoitisa muitiro wokumwe, rinoraira varwi, uye rinotungamirira masangano ehurumende. Simba raro rinorongwa muChikamu II cheBumbiro reMitemo, icho chinopa purezidhendi simba rokuita mitemo nokutendeka, rinogadza vakuru vakuru, uye reveto mutemo.
  • Bheti reBazu:[[FT:1] Congress, inoumbwa neImba yaVamiriri neDare, ine simba rokuita mitemo (Mazita I). Inodzorawo bhajeti, inozivisa hondo, inosimbisa kugadzwa kwevakuru vakuru nedare, uye ine simba rimwe rokusadzidzisa.
  • Jehodicial Bazu: matare ehurumende, anotungamirirwa neDare Rapamusorosoro, anodudzira mitemo neBumbiro reMitemo (Article III). Kupfurikidza nehwirudzuro yedare, simba rakatangwa mu Marbury v. Madison (185), matare anogona kuderedza zviito zvinoputswa namamwe matavi anoputsa Bumbiro remitemo.

Iyi mibato haisati iri yakasiana nenzira yakasimba; gadziriro inoparira kusawirirana namaune. Purezidhendi anogona kuisa mutemo, asi Congress anogona kukurira mutemo iwoyo. Dare rinogona kuputsa mitemo, asi Congress inogona kukarakadza chinjo dzebumbiro remitemo kuti dzishandure tsananguro dzedare. Uku kudyidzana injini yokunzvera nedzikamo.

Kunyanyodzora: Apo Purezidhendi Anobvisa Chiremera

Vatsoropodzi vakadaro vanogona kukanganisa basa rokuita mitemo uye simba redare rinotsanangura mutemo redare rehurumende.

Zvimiro Zvinozivikanwa Navose Zvokushanda Zvikurusa

  • Mirairo neProclations: Mapurezidhendi anopa mirairo yavakuru vakuru kutungamirira mabasa ehurumende. Nepo vazhinji vachiiswa muchiremera chomutemo kana kuti chebumbiro remitemo, kutsoropodzwa kunoitika apo murairo unoumba mutemo mutsva kana kuti kuvhara Dare. Somuenzaniso, Purezidhendi Truman’s 1952 rongeta zvigadziko zvesimbi mukati meHondo yeKorea zvakarohwa neDare Rapamusorosoro mu [[FLTL:]] Protowt Comment / Tube Co. v. Sawater[FL:3], chinoitika chechiratidzo chokuti purezidhendi haagoni kuita dare pasina tendero.
  • Emperency Powers: Mukati menjodzi (hondo, ngwavaira dzomusikirwo, ngwavaira), purezidhendi vangataura masimba ekurumidziro akakomba. National Emerticementation Act ya1976 yakaitirwa kudzora zviziviso zvakadaro, asi purezidhendi akazvishandisa ashandisazve kuvhura zviremera zvakafara. Kunyanyoshandisa kunogona kutungamirira kumugariro wechigarire wekurumidziro, kubvisa rusununguko rwavagari vemo netarisiro yemitemo. Muenzaniso mukuru ndiPrezidhendi Rump 2019 kuti atsaure mari dzehondo dzedaviso yorusvingo, idzo Dare redare rakadenha.
  • Kutaura kwokufananidzira: Dzimwe nguva vaPrezidhendi vanosimudza mashoko anozivisa vavariro yokusaita kuti gadziriro dzakati dzomutemo dzive dzakati. Nepo idzodzi dzinogona kuva chishandiso chapamutemo chokudzivirira maruramiro evakuru vakuru, vanogonawo kushanda sechikamu chezvinhu, icho Dare Rapamusorosaibata mu Clinton v. City of New York[3]
  • Kuiswa kweMitengo: Apo purezidhendi anoramba kupedza mari yakakodzera neCongress, kunosekesa udzori hwemitemo pachikwama. Impoundment Control Act ya 1974 inoganhurira uyu muitiro, asi kukakavadzana kunopfuurira, zvakadai sezvisakafanira zvaPrezidhendi Nixon zvakatungamirira kurwendo rwomutemo.

Fundo Yenhau: Nixon Administration and Watergate

Chinonyadzisa cheWatergate chinomirira muenzaniso unoyera wokunyengera kwevakuru vakuru nemigumisiro yavo. Purezidhendi Richard Nixon akapinda munhevedzano yokubatwa zvisina kufanira, kubatanidza kuputsika kwa1972 padzimbahwe reDemocratic Committee yeHurumende nechifukidzo chakatevera. Apo Congress yakanzvera, Nixon akakumbira ropafadzo yechiremera yokunyima matepi nemagwaro. Dare Rapamusoro mu [FL:] United States v. Nixon[FLT] [[FLT:] [19974]) akabvumirana nokuzvinyima kutaura kweropafadzo yakakwana, achimanikidza Nixon kuti aendereredze. Anodokuva asingatsigiridzi. Nixon, Nixon . Akabvisa zvinyorwa zvokutanga neUS. Kuzvidzosa kuti kunyange hofisi zvapamusoro zvikurusa zviitwe kutungamirira uye kudzokorororo yedare repamutemo.

Mienzaniso Yazvino Uno: Kushandiswa Kukuru Kwechiito Chine Chiremera

Mapurezidhendi emativi ose ari maviri akasundira miganhu yechiremera chavakuru vakuru. Somuenzaniso, Purezidhendi Obama’S Deference for Childhoomed Applys (DACA) muitiro, wakaitwa nemukuru mukuru wehurumende muna 2012, wakapa dziviriro yechinguvana pakudzingwa kwevatami vakaendeswa kuU.S. savana. Vatsoropodzi vakapomera kuti akanga ari munyengeri wechisarudzo wemuchuchisi uyo akadzorwa nenzira inobudirira nemitemo yokupinda munyika. Dare guru muna 2020 rakavharira kuedza kwaTrumpirira kudzokerazve kuDACAA, asi kuva pamutemo kwepurogiramu yapakuvamba ichiripopopo panhano. Nenzira yakafanana, Purezidhendi weBden chirongwa chavadzidzi chokukanganwira, chakaziviswa muna 20222, chakaparadzwa neDare gurusa renhau [FBB].[2020]

Kuwanirwa Mutemo: Apo Dare Rinopfuura Nhano

Kupindira mumutemo kunoitika apo Dare rinoedza kubata masimba ane kodzero yemukuru - mukuru kana kuti yedare rematare, kana kuti parinoshandisa masimba aro nenzira dzinoderedza kuzvimirira kwemamwe mapazu.

Kusimbiswa kweDare Nesimba Rinotumirwa Nezano

Bumbiro reMitemo rinoda kuti Dare ripe zano nokubvuma kugadzwa kwapurezidhendi nezvibvumirano. Zvisinei, Dare reRepublican metal rinogona kushandisa simba iri nokuramba kuva nemhedziso dzekutongwa kana kuti kunonozesa kunyoreswa kwenhambo dzakarebesa. Uyu muitiro, unombonzi “basa uye kudzongonyedzwa,” unogona kuremadza hofisi yebazu gurusa kukwanisa kutungamirira masangano uye kudzosa masimba. Muna 2016, Dare reRepublican-bul reRepublican organ reatempostance Obama’s nonominee reDare guru reMitebhedhina, Merrick Garland, kwericland rinodokubvisa dzidzo yemitemo yehurumende inorangarirwa sekupunzirosarira pasi perejini yaMarizimu reRepublic Republican Republic muna 2017.

Kuzvidzinga Sechombo Chezvamatongerwe Enyika

Kudzosera kupfurikidza nebumbiro remitemo nokuda kweHouse of Desications kuti vape vakuru vakuru kana kuti vatongi vane “Utsotsi hwakakwirira neMisderator.” Kunyange zvazvo yakaitirwa sechenjero pamufambiro wakashata, kunogona kushandiswa zvisina kufanira nokuda kwamadonzo okupesana. Vose vari vaviri Mutungamiriri wePrezidhendi Andrew Johnson (akarairwa 1868 nokuda kwokuputsa Kushandiswa kweProviston Act, gare gare gare akatonga kusatonga kwavakuru vakuru vakuru vehurumende) uye Purezidhendi Bill Clinton (anyorwa nokuda kwa1998) akatarisana nemhoshonga dzinorangarirwa sedzirikirwa mune zvematongerwe enyika. 2019 ne201 dzekudzo dzaPrezidhenti Trum (nokushatiswa kwesimba nokunyandura kupandukira) dzakawedzerazve kukura mibvunzo pamusoro pekuti kusatenderwa kwechiito chezvamatongerwe enyika kwave zvazova chombo chokupedzisira. Chibvumirano chapamutemo chinogona kushatsa mumutemo napa pamutemo.

Kuedza kweLegislative Vetoes neMubatanidzwa weVeto

Muma 1970, Congress yakavamba kushandisa “pane simba rehurumende” kukurira zviito zvokutonga pasina kupfuudza mutemo mutsva. Dare rapamusoro rakazivisa uyu muitiro usingawirirani ne INS v. Chadha [1983], kudzora kuti chiito chipi nechipi nesimba romutemo chinofanira kupfuura nomudzimba dzose ndokupiwa kuna purezidhendi. Nenzira yakafanana, Congress yakaedza kupa purezidhendi mutsetse weCentto muna 1996, asi Dare Rapamusoro rakaurova mu [[FLT:] Clinton v. City of New York [FLT] [FOct3], achisimbisazve kuti purezidhendi haagoni kupfuudza mativi akasarudzwa pasina kuputsa chirango.

Kutonga: Apo Matare Anokurira

Kunyange matare achifanira kungwarira, vatsoropodzi vanogona kukuvadza kodzero dzedare uye kukonzera kuti mamwe mapazi atsakatike.

Mienzaniso Yokutonga Zvikuru

  • Ichiita maruramiro emitemo okubvisa pa “v [FLT:] Mu [[FT:2] . .Wade[FLT] [[FLT]] [1773]), Dare Gurusa rakaita kodzero yemitemo yokubvisa pamuviri yakavakirwa pa“kodzero dzechivande zvisina kunyorwa zvakajeka muBumbiro remitemo. Vatsoropodzi vakapikisa kuti Dare rakareruka basa raro nokuisa mutemo werudzi panhau yetsika dzinokakavara, nokubudirira kubvisa mitemo yehurumende. Chisarudzo chakaramba chiripo kwemakumi emakore kusvikira rabritswa mu [FLT:] Dobs v. Vakadzi vaIswordson Health Organization [FFFoct:] [20]
  • Dare rakawana kodzero yepamutemo yokuroora kana kuroorwa kwoutevedzano kupfurikidza neDzidziso: Mu [[FT:2] Obergefell v. Hodges (2015]), Dare rakawana kodzero yepamutemo yokuroorana kwevatano imwe cheteyo muIndaneti. Nepo ichichengetwa sekodzero dzevagari vemo, chisarudzo chipfupi mutsika umo roorano yakanga ichiri kukurukurwa. Mutongi Antonin Scillai akataura kuti Dare rakanga “rakazviitira nokuda kwesimba kuti risarusarudze chinofanira kusarudzwa navanhu veAmerica."
  • Kupfuura Kufamba-famba Mumaundi okunze:[[FT:1] Mu [[FT:] Kelo v. Guta reNew London (2005], Dare rakatsigira kushandiswa kwenzvimbo dzakakurumbira nokuda kwekubudirira kwezvemari, kutsanangura zvakafara kuti “kushandiswa kwevoruzhinji kunobatanidza kuvamba kwemunhu uko kwakaparira mari yomutero. Iyi chisarudzo chakashorwa zvikuru sechinofuratira vavariro yapakuvamba yokutora Claus, kuchitungamirira kutsika mitemo yakawanda kuganhurira tsvina yakadaro.

Dzidziso Yokubata Mutongi Zvisina Kufanira

Kudzivisa kuita chiito, vatongi vazhinji vanotsigira ganhuriro dzedare — pfungwa yokuti matare anofanira kuzviisa pasi pevatongi panguva ipi kana ipi kana ipi inobvira, kuomerera kumuenzaniso, uye kusarudza nhau. Mienzaniso yakatanhamara inobatanidza uzivi hwaMutongi Felix Frankfurter hwekuva muduku kwedare neMutongi wokupedzisira Ruth Bad Ginsburg kuti matare anofanira kubatira se “sangano rinotonga risingachinji nzanga. Zvisinei, mutsetse pakati perondedzero yapamutemo neasina kukunda hauna kujeka, uye gakavadzano pakati pechiito nechinodzodzodzodzo kunopfuurira kurondedzera American Juriprissa.

Michina Yemaketi Nedzikamo

Kunzwisisa zvinhu izvi kunokosha kuti tinzwisise kuti tsika yacho inofanira kugadziriswa sei.

  • Presidential Veto: Purezidhendi anogona kudzorera mutongo kuCongress nokuramba. Congress inogona kudzora wirirano nevoruzhinji vane mativi maviri ane tatu mumakamuri ose ari maviri. Simba iri rinovimbisa kuti mutemo unoratidzira bvumirano huru.
  • Utariri hwePurofesa: Congress inogona kunzvera zviito zvavakuru vakuru kupfurikidza nokunzwa, zvikamu zviduku, uye mishumo. Office yeMasano yeRefulumend Recouncial (GAO) uye Vanzveri vakuru vakuru vanotungamirira vakazvimirira. Masangano anodzorawo bhajeti, achinyima mari nokuda kwepurogiramu inoirambidza.
  • Sayense Ingnification: Dare rinofanira kutendera kudzorwa kwevakuru vakuru nedare. Iyi nzvero inodzivisa purezidhendi kuisa dare rehurumende nematare navadaviri vakanyanyisa.
  • [[FLT: 0] Kurondwa nokuparadza: Imba inogona kudzosa vakuru vakuru vehurumende nokuda kwomufambiro usina kururama, uye Dare rinogona kuvabvisa nevhoti yezvitatu zviviri. Iri simba rinoshanda kupurezidhendi, muteveri wapurezidhendi, vatongi, uye vamwe vakuru vakuru vehurumende.
  • [[FLT: 0] Jodicial Review: matare anogona kuzivisa zviito zvehurumende kana kuti mitemo zvisati zviri pamutemo. Simba reDare Gurusa rehwirudzuro, rakasimbiswa mu Marbury v. Madison[[FLT], zvichida icherekedzo ine simba zvikurusa pamamwe mapazu.
  • Componisialituation Amendment: Congress inogona kukarakadza kugadziriswa kweBumbiro remitemo nevhoti yezvikamu zviviri mudzimba dzose dziri mbiri, kana kuti kokorodzano inogona kunzi nezvikamu zviviri muzvitatu zvemitero yehurumende. Zvibvumirano zvinogona kubvisa zvisarudzo zveDare rapamusorosaimo (mh., Gefesi ye16 yakatenderedzo yakadzosa Pollock v.Fmers Loan & Trust.[FLT]] pamis revocess).

Kana mapazi akabvumirana nemunhu anenge anyengerwa kana kuti aita zvechisimba, zvinhu zvinoderera.

Fundo Dzezvinoitika Dzakabva Kupota Nyika

Kuparadzana kwemasimba hakusi kwokuUnited States chete.

Hungary: Kuwedzera Kworusununguko Rwokutonga

Mupasi poMutungamiriri weHurumende Viktor Orbán, Hungary yakawana kubviswa kwakarongwa kwemichero nedzikamo. Chifo cha2010, mubato wake Fidesz wakashandisa kukurumbira kwake kukuru muparamende kunyorazve bumbiro remitemo, kurongedza dare remitemo navezvokutendeka, uye kubvisa dare remitemo rokuzvitonga. Dare reEurope remitemo rakatangazve zviito izvi, asi kukuvadza kwomukati kwakaderera. Mutevedzeri weHungary unoratidza kuti mutemo wapamutemo unoshanda panzvimbo yehurumende muhomberi [1] apo chibvumirano chinopa nokuzvidira basa racho rokutarisira nokuzvitonga nokutonga kwehurumende yehurumende yeseromatokisi. Dare reEurope reSahluleko nero nerole rinoita kuti pave nemitemo yapamutemo, asi kukuvadziko kumutemo womutemo muHungary ihuru.

India: Kudzorwa Kwechiremera Nechipopopotedzo Chokutonga

Gadziriro yeparamende yeIndia inopa ngwariro kusimba mumukuru mukuru weEcouncil nekabati. Chero bedzi mubato rinotonga riine voruzhinji. Mumakore achangobva kupfuura, funganyo dzakamuka pamusoro poMutungamiriri Mukuru Narendra Modi wehurumende ichishandisa Mitemo kufuratira Paramende, kumisa rusununguko rwokubudisa, uye kuderedza kuzvimirira kwedare reEcomment Commission. Dare repamusoro reIndia rakadzosazve chirongwa chechisarudzo chakasarudzwa chakabvumira mipiro yezvematongerwe enyika isingazivikanwi. Zvisinei, dare reSangano reSangano reSangano rePurediary rinotarisana nePromension. Muenzaniso weIndia unoratidza kuti kunyange matare makuru anodzosa anoraira kuchengetwa kuti achengetedze chiremera charo.

Kuzivisa Vanhu Nechibvumirano Chokushanda Muchikwata

Pakupedzisira, utano hweparadzano yamasimba hunotsamira paruzivo uye runoshingaira rwovagari vemo. Apo ruzhinji runonzwisisa nheyo dzebumbiro remitemo, vanogona kuziva kungwarira nokuraira kuzvidavirira kupfurikidza nesarudzo, kutsiva, uye kunyunyuta kworugare. Masangano enzanga, chidhindo chakasununguka, uye mayunivhesiti anozvimirira ose anotamba mabasa anokosha mukuongorora mufambiro wehurumende. Constitution Center [[FLT:]] Ribrib yemikoro yedzidzo nokuda kwemitengo nedziyo. [[FLT:] [[FFF]]]

Mhedziso: Kuchengeta Bumbiro reMitemo

Kuparadzana kwamasimba hakusi mutoo wokuzviparadza nawo; kunoda kuchengetwa kwenguva dzose nechido chezvamatongerwe enyika. Apo mukuru mukuru, chibvumirano, kana kuti bazu rokutonga rinodarika miganhu yaro, kuvadziko inogona kuwedzerwa. Mirairo yechiremera inosiya dare, kudzongonyedza kwemitemo inodzivisa kugadzwa kwedare, uye mirau yedare inodzora chivimbo chose chose mugadziriro yedemocracy. Nhau inoratidza kuti dziviriro inoshanda zvikurusa mubatanidzwa wegadziriro yesangano uye kuva mugari wemo wehurumende. Vavambi veAmerica vakanzwisisa ikoku, uko kuri chikonzero nei vakasika tsika yokukurira shungu. Savagari, vadzidzi, uye, kunzwisisa izvi zvinosimba zvinosimbisa kuti tidzivirire nhevedzano yemitemo. Nguva inotevera nguva inoonekwa kuva nomubvunzo wacho unofanira kuva: Kunzvera uye kushanda kwavakaneta, ivo vakaregeredza kupfurikidza nokusadavidzwa nokupfuudzira mufambiro?