Hwaro Hwokutonga Kwakarurama muAmerica

Kuparadzaniswa kwemasimba isimba rinoumba jira rehurumende yeUnited States, kuvaka kwamaune kwakagadzirirwa kudzivisa kuiswa kwechiremera nokudzivirira rusununguko. Iyi nheyo inokamuranisa simba rehurumende pakati pamapazu matatu akaenzana(91), uye dare (rimwe nerimwe rine mitoro yakasiana, uye rimwe nerimwe kuva nechokwadi chokuti aya matavi anogona kunzverana. Somuitiro uyu unoramba uchikosha nhasi sezvawakanga wakaita muna 1787, kuumba chivako chedemocracy American nodzinzi vagari vemo. [5],

Mavambo Enhau Nedzidziso

Murangariro wokuparadzanisa masimba ehurumende hauna kutanga navatangi veAmerica. Rusarudzo rwawo rwoungwaru runodzokera shure kuGirisi yekare neRoma, asi pesvedzero yakananga zvikurusa yakabva kumuzivi weNjerekedzo weFrance Baron de Montesquieu. Mubasa rake 1748 Mudzimu weMitemo [, Montesquieu airangarira kuti rusununguko rwezvamatongerwe enyika runoda kuti [[FLT:] simba rinofanira kuva nzvero kusimba. Iye akasimbisa kuti apo chibvumirano, mutungamiriri wemitemo, namasimba anotonga zvinobatanidzwa mumunhu mumwe kana kuti mutumbi, udzvinyiriro.

Iyi mifungo yakafadza zvikuru vagari vomuAmerica, avo vakanga vawana icho vakaona sechinonyengedzwa cheHurumende yeBritain yakabatana neParamende. Pashure pokuwina kuzvitonga, hurumende dzichangobva kuumbwa dzakaedza navakuru vakuru vasina simba uye masangano akasimba pasi peMitemo yeConfederation() vachingowana kuti simba rokuisa ngwariro pabazu rimwe rakaparirawo nyonganyonga nokusakwanisa. Convention yeConstitution ya 1787 nokudaro yakavavarira kuparira hurumende yakadzikama yakadzivisa zvose zviri zviviri udzvinyiriri hwamambo uye kusagadzikana kwechibvumirano chemitemo.

Furemers ’ Blueprint

Nhume kuKokorodzano, kubatanidza James Madison, Alexander Hamilton, naGeorge Washington, vakagadzira nomutoo wokungwarira gadziriro yerartite. Vakakweva kubva kuMontesquieu asi vakawedzera kuvandudziko yakajeka yeAmerica: gadziriro yakakomba yecheki nedzinodzikama idzo dzakapa bazu rimwe nerimwe mutoo wokudzivisa nawo. Mumunyorero waFLD] N. 47 [], Madison akadzivirira chivako kupfurikidza nokuratidza kuti kuparadzana kwemasimba hakurevi kuparadzana kwakakwana kunoreva kuva oga oga, kwainoda mativi ose kuti bazu rimwe nerimwe rigogodzivirira nzvimbo yaro.

  • [ Simba reregitari rakaiswa muBicameral Congress, neImba inomirira vanhu neDare rinomirira nyika.
  • Simba rebasa [ rakapiwa Purezidhendi mumwe, anokwanisa kuita chiito chakasimba asi mukuwirirana nezvirambidzo zvemitemo nedare.
  • [[FUNZI:0] Simba redare rakapiwa kudare rehurumende rakasununguka, vatongi vane nzvimbo mukati momufambiro wakanaka.

Chivako ichi chakanga chisiri chepfungwa chete.Vagadziri vematongero vakaita noune kuti bazu rimwe nerimwe rizvidavirire kuchisarudzo chakasiyana: Imba zvakananga kuvavhoti, Dare pakutanga kuhurumende yehurumende, Purezidhendi kuElectoral College, uye dare rinobetsera kuBumbiro remitemo rimene.

Mapazi Matatu Akadzama

Bazu Romutemo: Dare seBazu Rokutanga

Chikamu I cheBumbiro reMitemo chinogadza Dare sedare rokuita mutemo. Rinokamuraniswa kuva makamuri maviri: Imba yavamiririri (mitemo yehurumende, ine mitezo 435) neDare (kumirira kwakaenzana, navatenzi vaviri pahurumende imwe). Ichi chivako chabhiyameral chakanga chiri kubvumirana pane zvisina kufanira pakati penyika huru neduku, asi chinobatirawo sechekerero yomukati (mutengo upi noupi unofanira kupfuura dzimba dzose muchimiro chakafanana usati wagona kuva mutemo.

Dare rine mazita anoronga, kubatanidza simba rokubhadhara mutero, kukwereta mari, kudzora kutengeserana kwenyika, kuzivisa hondo, kusimudza mauto, uye kutanga mahofisi epositimendi. Pasi peChiteshi naSed Claus (Chikamu 8, Classia 18), Congress ingaitawo mitemo yose iri [[[FL:0] inodikanwa uye yakafanira [ yokutakura masimba ayo akareviwa [achikamu] chave chiri nhau yokududzira kukuru.

Chinhu Chinokosha Chinoongorora Masangano

  • Kupasa: Congress inonzvera zviito zvebazu ravakuru vakuru kupfurikidza nokunzwa uye zviputu.
  • [ Kudzidzisa: Imba inogona kuisa mutevedzeri, vatongi, uye vamwe vakuru vakuru vehurumende nokuda kwerangano, chiokomuhomwe, kana kuti mamwe matsotsi makuru naMakanganiso. Ipapo Dare rinotonga kutongesa kana kuti kusunungura.
  • [[FLT: 0] Kubvuma neRevo: Dare rinosimbisa kugadzwa kwapurezidhendi nokuda kweKibinet, vatongi vomubatanidzwa, uye nhume, uye rinonatsiridza zvibvumirano kupfurikidza nevhoti mbiri nhatu.
  • [[[Nto:0] Control yePfuma: Congress yoga inokodzera mari(haipo mari inogona kupedzwa kubva muHendero yeMari pasina mutemo.

Bazu Rine Chigaro Chikuru: Purezidhendi Noutarisiri

Chikamu II chinoisa simba rapamusoro muMutungamiriri weUnited States, uyo anobatira shoko ramakore mana parutivi paMutungamiriri weSangano. Purezidhendi mukuru wehurumende, mutungamiriri mukuru wamauto akashongedzwa, uye ane mutoro nokuda kwe Table kuti Mitemo ipedzwe nokutendeka. Bazu revakuru rinobatanidza White House, madhipatimendi eKibita, uye masangano akazvimirira akawanda anoshandisa gadziriro dzomubatanidzwa.

Purezidhendi ’ masimba anobatanidza kubudisa mirairo yavakuru vakuru, zvibvumirano (zvinozviisa kutenderwa neDare), kupa kanganwiro nokuda kwemhosva dzomubatanidzwa, uye kuisa vatongi vehurumende nedare reDare Rapamusorosoro. Nokufamba kwenguva, ukuru hwechiremera chikuru hwakura (hwechipiri muzvinhu zvokumwe nechengeteko yenyika. Zvisinei, gadziriro yechekedzo inovimbisa kuti simba rapurezidhendi haritongovi rakakwana.

Nzvero Pachiremera

  • VETHSVS: Congress inogona kukurira dare rapurezidhendi neveto matatu maviri mumakamuri ose ari maviri.
  • Sarudza Chibvumikiso: Kugadza kukuru kunoda tendero yeDare (kana Dare rikaramba mutungamiriri, purezidhendi anofanira kusarudza mumwe.
  • Kudzidzisa: Mapurezidhendi Matatu (Andrew Johnson, Bill Clinton, naDonald Trump kaviri) akapinzwa muImba; Richard Nixon akabviswa pamberi pekusava nomutevedzero.
  • [[FUT]Judicial Review: Matare anogona kukurira zviito zvehurumende zvinoputsa Bumbiro remitemo kana kuti mirau.
  • [[[Nto:0] Simba rePfuma:[[FLT: 1] Congress inogona kubvisa nhano dzavakuru vakuru dzinoshora.

Bazu Rokutonga: Jedhi Rinozvimirira

Chikamu III chinogadzira Dare Gurusa ndokubvumira Congress kugadza matare ehurumende akaderera. Vatongi veFederal vanobata mahofisi avo mukati me mufambiro wakanaka, zvinoreva upenyu hwose kutoti kwapiwa mhaka kana kwapiwa mhaka. Uku kuzvimirira kwakagadzirirwa kuva nechokwadi chokuti vatongi vanogona kugadzikisa mhaka dzakavakirwa pamutemo neBumbiro remitemo, kwete padzvinyiriro yezvamatongerwe enyika kubva kune mamwe mapazu.

judiary ̱ basa guru kududzira mitemo neBumbiro remitemo. Chishandiso chayo chine simba zvikurusa ndi hwirudzuro . (chumbidzo yokuzivisa mabasa eCongress kana kuti mukuru mukuru asingabvumirani. Simba iri harina kunyorwa zvakajeka muBumbiro reMitemo asi rakatangwa nenhau yetsika [FLT:]] Marbury v. Madison (1803). Chiratiso chikuru John Marshall akazivisa kuti [[FL:] idiation] yakasimbiswa zvikuru nebasa rokutonga kuti mutemo utaure kuti mutemo ndeupi.[FLT] [FF]

Kuzvimirira Kwokutonga Neganhuriro Dzako

  • [ Kugadza uye Kusimbisa: Mutungamiriri wehurumende anotonga vatongi, uye Dare rinovasimbisa, --kubudisa museve wezvamatongerwe enyika.
  • Control yeJuristion: Congress inogona kurondedzera ndokuganhurira chiremera chedare rapamusorosoro (neganhuriro dzakati dzebumbiro remitemo).
  • [ Chidzidzo:[ Vatongi vanogona kubviswa mumuitiro mumwe chetewo wokuteerera saPurezidhendi, kunyange zvazvo kusingawanzowaniki zvikuru.
  • [[FLT: 0] Kumanikidzwa paMutungamiriri:[[FLT: 1] Mutongi haana simba rokumanikidzira mitemo yake; kunotsamira pabazu rapamusoro kuita mirairo yedare.

Makepi Nedzikamo Zviri Mubasa: Mienzaniso Yenyika Chaiyoiyo

Kuongorora uye kudzikamisa zvinhu hakusi kufungidzira; kunoshanda zuva nezuva muupenyu hwerudzi rwacho.

Simba Renyuto Neganhuriro Dzaro

Purezidhendi Franklin. Roosevelt yakaita mabhiri 635 mukati mechinzvimbo chake chapamusoro-pasi. Zvisinei, Congress inopfuura na9 bedzi paavo vemavhiyi 66. Mukupesana, Purezidhendi Gerald Ford Foto ada mabhiri 66 uye akashambadzwa ka12, ichiratidza kuti apo Congress ine chido chakakwana chezvamatongerwe enyika, inogona kukurira kudzivisa kwoutungamiriri. Chitsoropodzo icho chimene icherekedzerwa zvakaipa, asi tyisidziro yokupfura inoparira kurukurirano huru inoita mutemo iwoyo unoumba.

Kuhwirudzura Ruramisiro: [[FLT: 0] Marbury[[FLT] uye Kupfuura

Kunze Marbury v. Madison, Dare Rapamusoro rakarovanya mazana emitemo yehurumende nehurumende. Mu Brown v. Board of Education[ [1954], Dare rakazivisa dzinza muzvikoro zvavose risingashandisiwi, richisimbisa bazu rechibvumirano chemishoni ̱ ratangira kutenderwa kwezvivako zvakaparadzana. [[FLTL:] United States v. Nixon[FLT:] [5] [10]), Dare rinomanikidzirwa kunyora, kurambira pamusoro petepiodha, ranoramba ropafadzo yake yapamusoro. [VFM]

Kubvuma: Kuongorora Kukuru

Kuongorora iBumbiro reMitemo ̱ chisarudzo chenyukireya mukurwisana nokubatwa zvisina kufanira kwoukuru kana kuti kwokutonga. Imba yakapikiswa vakuru vakuru vehurumende panhambo zhinji, asi mapurezidhendi matatu bedzi akapinzwa ndokuedzwa muDare: Andrew Johnson (1868), Bill Clinton (1998), uye Donald Trump (209 ne2021). Hapana akawanirwa mhaka ne “‘ Dare rakakundikana kusvika padzinotevedzero mbiri ne 3tatu. Muitiro wacho unobatira somudzivisi une simba uye mutoo wokuzvidavirira wavose.

Mirayiro Yaitungamirira uye Kuita Kunoitwa Nemasangano

Mapurezidhendi anowanzoshandisa zvirango zvehurumende kuti awane nharidzano dzemiitiro pasina mutemo mutsva. Somuenzaniso, Purezidhendi Barack Obama ̱ Diference Action for Childings (DACA) chirongwa chakapukunyuka zvinetso zvakawanda zvapamutemo, asi chakamutsawo Dare kuti rirangarire kuchinjwa kwemiitiro. Mutungamiriri wehurumende Donald Trump Ù kuvhara kwaimbwa nedare repamusorosoro mu Trump v. Hawaii (2017). Purezidhendi Joe Biden  anokwereta chikwereti chavadzidzi chirengo chakaparadzwa nedare rekanganwiro mu [FL:2]BN.BBBB.[FTPT]

Chikonzero Nei Kuparadzana Kwesimba Kuchikosha

Kudzivirira Rusununguko Rumwe Norumwe

Kuparadzaniswa kwamasimba iko kuchengetwa kwekodzero dzomunhu oga. Kupfurikidza nokuparadzira simba munzvimbo dzakawanda, gadziriro inokuita kuti kuve kwakaoma nokuda kweboka ripi neripi kana kuti voruzhinji kuisa kuda kwaro nenzira yokuzvidira. Bhishopi yekodzero dzadzo ne_gumi rokutanga kugadziriswa/kuwedzera dziviriro chaidzo dzakadai serusununguko rwokutaura, rudzidziso, uye muitiro wakafanira, asi kodzero idzodzo hadzina simba remitemo pasina matare akazvimirira nedare rinotonga rinofanira kupfupikisa mitemo.

Kana mutongi akakanganisa chiremera chake, matare anogona kupa mirayiridzo. Gadziriro yacho inogovera mikana yakawanda nokuda kwevatsigiri vatsva, kubva pakuvhota kuti vakumbirire kuCongress nokuda kwokugadzirisa zvigumbuso.

Kusimudzira Kuzvidavirira Nekuzvipa Udangwe

Bazu rimwe nerimwe rine kurudziro dzokutarira dzimwe. kutonga kweCongress kunofumura mhosho dzavatungamiriri; zvinobudisa nhau zvinofukidza zvose zviri zviviri; uye vanhu vanogona kuvhota mitezo yeCongress kana kuti Purezidhendi. Uku kujeka kunovakirwa muchimiro chaicho chehurumende. Chinodikanwa chokuti dzimba dzose dziri mbiri dzeCongress dzinofanira kubvumirana murairo usati wava murairo unobvumirana uye bvumirano huru. Purezidhendi wehurumende ave nechokwadi chokuti mukuru ane inzwi mumuitiro wemitemo.

Uyezve, kuparadzana kwamasimba kunodzora kuita chisarudzo chamaune. Sezvinoita Alexander Hamilton mu [[FLT: 0] Murongi Nhaka. 73, simba rinobetsera kuiswa kwemitemo yakavakirwa pazvishuvo zvechinguvana. Iyi chigadzirwa chapamhene chiratidzo, kwete chipukanana.

Zvinetso Zvinotevera Zvokuparadzana Kwemasimba

Kunyange zvazvo purogiramu yacho yave iripo kwemazana maviri emakore, mazuva ano kuinzwisisa kunokosha pakuchengetedza nyika.

Kudzora Kunodzora Nokumuka Kwehurumende Inotonga

Kukura kwehurumende kwakadzika mitsetse pakati pamapazu. Masangano eekusarudza akadai seNdengedzero (EPA), Sicireties and Exchange Commission (SEC), uye Federal Reserve Exchange kurovedza quasi-legistive (kugadzira madzimambo), quasi-excential , , vhisi-yativitial (kudzora), uye shooka (kudzivirira) masimba. Vatsoropoteri vanotaura kuti uku kushanda mukati memasangano ehurumende kunoputsa kuparadzanisa mativi esimba rapakuvamba. Dare gurusa renhau rakadzosa zviitiko zvakaita [[FLT:].[5] profesiti inopfuuta].[5]

Kuchinja Kwematongerwe Enyika uye Kuvhakacha

Partisan polication inogona kuchinja gadziriro inonzi ’ inonzvera kuva mapfundo anodzora zvinobudirira. Apo mumwe mubato anodzora White House uye mumwe udzori hweChibvumirano, chiwirirano chemitemo kazhinji kazhinji chinomira. Kusimbisa nokuda kwavatongi namapazu makuru kwazova negakava rakawedzera, nemimwe mimineines inomirira mwedzi kana kuti makore nokuda kwokuvhota. Iyi rock inodzongoza vanhu uye inogona kubvisa kutenda mumasangano edemokrati. Zvisinei, inodzivisawo kubvumirana pane ngozi dzekurumidziro (yakadai semapunzi ya20081, CHOVAD -19 dhambhineti yezve.)

Kutyisidzira Kurusununguko Rwokutonga

Dare rava chibvumirano chehondo. Kugadza kwenharo, kwakadai sesimbiso yapamhindi yeMutongi Amy Coney Barrett muna 2020, kwakawedzera nzwisiso dzokuti Dare Gurusa idare rezvamatongerwe enyika. Kudanidzira kwokurongedza dare, ganhuriro, uye simba rinokudzwa kunoratidzira kukura kukangaidzika kunokura neDare ’ chinyorwa. Panguva imwe cheteyo, mamwe matare ehurumende akatsvaka kuganhurira simba rematare kupfurikidza nokugadziridza dare redare uye kudzorwa. Kuzvimirira kwejudiary . Chigadziko chejudiary , chinoparira paradza masimba masimba pakupedzisira chinochengetwa nokungwarira.

Kuzvidzinga Sechombo Chezvamatongerwe Enyika

Mumakore achangobva kupfuura aya, kusateerera kwave kuchishandiswa kakawanda, kuchimutsa funganyo yokuti kuri kurasikirwa nesimba rakwo rokudzivisa. Nepo vagadziri vacho vakavavarira kuva mushonga usingawanzowaniki wokubatwa zvisina kufanira kwakakomba, kubatana kwavo kungaita kuti muitiro wacho uve wetsika.

Mupeto: Kuramba Uine Simba Rakanaka

Kuparadzaniswa kwamasimba hakusati kuri chisaririra chezana ramakore rechisere; igadziriro mhenyu inoda gadzirirwo yenguva dzose. Yakagadzirirwa rudzi runongwarira zvose zviri zviviri kutonga kwoumambo nemhomho, uye inoramba iri dziviriro inobudirira zvikurusa mukurwisana noudzvinyiriri yati yamboitwa. Bva inoshanda bedzi apo bazu rimwe nerimwe rinodzivirira maruramiro aro uye rinoremekedza miganhu yavamwe. Vagari vemo vanoita basa rinokosha kupfurikidza nokuita kuti vamiriri vavo vapindurwe, vachipinda mukurukurirano yezivo, uye kuraira kuti hurumende ishande mukutonga kwomutemo.

Kunzwisisa kuparadzana kwamasimba hakusati kuriwo bedzi muitiro wedzidzo yedzidzo yevhu. Nokunzwisisa kuti gadziriro yecheki nedzikamo zvinodzivirira sei rusununguko rwedu, tinova vatariri vari nani vekuedza kwehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu. Sezvinoreva Justice Louis Brandeis akanyora zvakakurumbira: dzidziso yokuparadzana kwamasimba yakagamuchirwa neKokorodzano ye 1787 kusasimudzira budiriro asi kudzivisa kushandiswa kwesimba routongi. Nheyo nheyo iyoyo inoramba ichikosha nhasi sezvayakanga iripo pakwakavambwa.

Kumwe Kurava