Mutambo Usingaonekwi: Kugadziridza Kwakaita Miedzo YevaJury Mutemo Wekodzero Dzevanhu

Apo vatongi vevagariwo zvavo vanodzorera chisarudzo, kunoita zvinopfuura kupedza gakava rimwe chete,(it) inotumira chiratidzo chinonzwika kupfurikidza nedzimba dzomutemo, nzvimbo dzinogarwa, uye madare enguva yemberi. Kubatana pakati pemitongo yedare redare nekutangwa kwekodzero dzevatengi kunodzorwa zvikuru. Nokushandura pfungwa dzavose kuva migumisiro yepamutemo, vatongi vanomanikidza kakawanda kusimbisa dziviriro idzo dzingadai dzakaramba dziripo. Nyaya ino inoongorora nzira idzo kutonga kwedare redare rinotonga rinodzivirira nadzo mutengi, inoongorora nhau dzinotsanangurazve miganhuro yemitemo, uye inorangarira zviitiko zvinoenderera mberi pakati pematare ehurumende nechiito.

Chibvumirano Chehurumende Secherekedzo Yehurumende Pasimba reCorporate

Seventh Amendment to the Constitution yeU.S. inovimbisa kodzero yokutonga nyaya dzedare redare revagari vemo mumhosva dzinobatanidza madhora anopfuura makumi maviri. Iyi dziviriro yakaitirwa kuva nechokwadi chokuti vagari vemo, kwete vatongi kana kuti vatongi, vaizova nenzwi riri mugakava rinotapura upenyu hwavo. Mune chokuita nemunhu, matare anobatira somutongo wakakomba pamusoro pedare rinonyengera. Kana kambani inoita kuti bhizimisi riite mutongo wakashatapurwa. Kana bhizimisi rikatengesa bhizimisi bhisitiki, rinoshatisa mashoko anovimbisa, kana kuti rinopinda muvhoshori, muchisarudzo chedare chinogona kushatsa. Kurema kwepfungwa kwepfungwa dzedare rinotonga rimwe dare kungava kwakaregwa mudare.

Kubva Kumurayiro kuMutemo: Ropa Romutemo Rokufutisa Romuti

Zvisarudzo zveJury hazvingoerekani zvaita mitemo mitsva, asi zvinopinda mudivi rine simba rokupindura. Zvisarudzo zvedare zvinokwezva mashoko enhau, zvinobudisa hurukuro yavose, uye zvinoparira dzvinyiriro yezvamatongerwe enyika. Vaiti vemitemo, vanoda kupindura funganyo dzezvimwe, vanotanga mabhiri anobatanidza nheyo dzakaiswa mumitongo iyoyo. Somuenzaniso, mutambi wedare nokuda kwenhamo yemirangariro inoparirwa nechinhu chakakanganiswa nemutemo wesimbi uripo, kunyandura mavambichimbishi kuti vasimbise dziviriro dzinotaurwa. Uyu muitiro hauwanzotora makore akawanda(**) asi muenzaniso wacho unowirirana: migumisiro yedare inoshanda somubato wezviito zvemarasha zvechimbambaira nokuda kwechito chechinodhina.

Mutoo mumwe mukuru ibasa rekuvadziko yokuranga. Juries levy purect rass kuranga kusazvibata kworusarura nokudzivisa kuvadziko yomunguva yemberi. Nepo Dare Gurusa reU. rakaisa ganhuriro dzebumbiro remitemo pakukuvadza mibairo, chirango chikuru chinogona kutumira kuvhuvhura nokugadzirwa kweindasitiri. Somuenzaniso, pashure pechirango chedare redare rinotonga rapa mari inokwana mabhiriyoni $4,9 (Z $4,9] murango mumurango wemakambani efodya mu Engle [[FLT]] chiito chekirasi, chibvumirano chemipidhiro yemikoro inokurumidzira kushambadzira miraudzo yezvokushamba. Chiratiso hachina kuita mutemo zvakananga.

Fundo Yenhau: Ford Pinto uye Kuvamba Kwedzidziso Yokubudirira

Muma 1970, nhau yeFord Pinto yakava dziviriro yakaderera mukuvadzivisi. Pashure pokunge vatongi vapa mamirioni $25 mukuvadziko yokuranga (pashure vakaderedzwa) kuna nyajambwa akatsva uyo Pinto akaputika nemhaka yepurani yemotokari yemafuta isina kururama, chisarudzo chakaratidzwa pamutengo weFord wemari inokosha zvakaisa ukoshi hwakaderera paupenyu hwavanhu. Kuchema kwavose kwakatungamirira National Highway Safety Administration kubudisa mipimo yorumano yorumano yorumano, uye matare ehurumende akavamba kugamuchira rondedzero dzakasimba zvikuru dzemhoshoro dzechimbidzo yechimbiso. Kunyange zvazvo chisarudzo chedare redare rinotonga pakupedzisira chakachinjwa pakukwidza, pesvedzero pamutemo yakatevera, kubatanidza miraudzo yemotokari yakakwirira zvikuru, inopesana nemitemo yekotseko, inopesana.

Matombo Enhau Dzakaitika Kare: Miedzo Yakavaka Mutemo Wevatengi

Kusarudza kunoverengeka kwedare rinobetsera vatongi kuvambira muzana ramakore rechi20 kwakanyatsogadzirira nzira mutemo wekodzero dzevatengi wenhau.

Zana Remakore Rechi20 Rakatanga: Kuvimbana uye Kuwana Mhindu

Pamberi peFederal Trade Commission ya 1914, vatengi vakavimba zvikuru nomutemo wehurumende nematare edare rinobetsera vatongi kuti vapikise miitiro yehurumende imwe chete. Muzvinoitika zvakadai se Sextract Oil Co. yeNew Jersey ne (1911), Dare Guru rakatsigira kutongwa kwedare nokuda kwokuputsa mutemo wehurumende pashure bedzi apo majaji akaderera edare akanga afumura bhizimisi uye mitoo yokutengesa inonyengera. Kuzivisa kwakapoteredza aya madare edare redare redare redare redare redare rapamutemo kwakapwisa dare kwaigombedzera kuti dare renyika yose rive rinodzivirira vatengi kuti sangano rehurumende raifanira kudzivirira vatengi. Nokudaro, FT Act Act yakaberekwa, ichiita Federal Trac Commissionsionerst com inoita kuti ichengetedzwe mutemo wokutenga.

Nguva Yapashure Pehondo: Kuwedzera Kwezvirongwa Zvehondo

Mukati mama 1950 na 1960, rutongeso rwedare redare rekutonga mumhaka dzakapidirwa, rwakasunda masangano ehurumende kuti agamuchire Dare reCHENGEdzero reCHENGETE (UCC) zvikamu pamitemo inorehwa. Mu Henningsen v. Bloomfield Motors] (1960), mutongi weNew Jersey akapa kuvadziko kukuvadziko kumunhu akakuvadzwa nemubatanidzwa wedhiraifi, kuramba kuedza kwomugadziri kudisclaim mabhiriti ose. Mufungo wedare redare rinotonga racho (h) kuti vatengi havagoni kutsiva dziviriro dzinokosha dzekotsekanwo gare gare gare muUC Dare 2-14, uko kunoreva kutengeswa kuri kwose kwakanaka. Iyi yakava mutemo wezvokutengesa wakavakwa.

Ma 1980: Kushambadza Kwenhema uye Kuratidzira kweLanham Act

Kutaura kwenhema pasi peLanham Act kwakadzorwa namagamuchidzanwa nemitemo yakatsiga. Zvisinei, mitongo yedare rinobetsera vatongi mumhaka yakaunzwa navanokwikwidzana vaduku(sa PPX Enterpesions v. Swetaudifidel [] inodzorwa kuti kushambadzira kunonyengera kwakakuvadza kwete bedzi vatengi asiwo mabhizimisi akatendeseka. Dare rakakudza zvishoma nezvishoma kumira, uye pakupedzisira Congress Congress Act kubvumira munhu upi noupi anodavira kuti akuvadzwa neziviso chenhema kuti asue. Iyi fambiro inotendwa yaipira pamifungo huru inoratidzira kuvadziko chaiyoiyo yezvinotaurwa zvinotsausa.

Michina Yazvino Uno: Zviito Zvekirasi Nezvirango

Mumashoko echitengi enguva ino, mativi maviri egadziriro yedare rinobetsera vatongi ane simba zvikuru: muitiro wekirasi uye mano okutsiva zvirango. Zvose zviri zviviri zvinoparira kurudziro nokuda kwavatengi kuronda kutaura kungave kuduku zvikuru kana kuti kunodhura zvikuru, uye zvose zviri zviviri zvinoparira rudzi rwemitongo yakakwirira iyo inonyandura hwirudzuro yemitemo.

Zviito Zveboka uye Kukuvadza

Jury nzvero mumabasa ekirasi inobvumira boka rinomirira vatengi kupa ufakazi hwakapararira hwekuvadziko. Somuenzaniso, rown & Williamson chiito chekirasi muma1990 chinobatanidza zviuru zvevasvuti vakapfupirwa upenyu hwavo nokunyengetedzwa pamusoro pemidzanga. Chisarudzo chedare redare pasati pachingogovera bedzi muripo asi chinonyandurawo Congress kupa chiremera cheFDA pamusoro pezvinhu zvefodya pasi pekudzivirira kwemhuri neTobacco Control Act ya 2009. Zviwanwa zvechokwadi zvedare redare reSarutimende pamusoro pezivo yekambani yacho nenhema zvakanga zviri zvokuvaka pamutemo mukuvakariro yedare remitemo.

Munguva pfupi yapfuura, Mure: Volkswagen "Creasure Disease" Marking, Sales Practices, and Products Litability [ yakaona majaji mumitongo yakawanda yezvikamu zvakadzokororwa yakaita kuti pave nenzvimbo dzinogara hurumende uye mipimo yebutiro yakasimba zvikuru. Nepo nhau yacho yakazoguma yagara nokuda kwemabhiriyoni, basa redare redare mukugadza mutoro wakagovera tendero yemitemo yeNhungamiro yembidzo yenzvimbo dzinoparadza njodzi.

Kukuvadza Kwomuranga Sechiratidzo Chokuzvidemba

Kukuvadza kunobva mumitongo ine simba rakatanhamara muzvinyorwa zvekodzero dzevatengi. Nemhaka yokuti majaji kazhinji kazhinji haapiwi dziviriro noruzivo rwemari, anogona kuratidzira hasha dzetsika kupfurikidza nezvitsama zvemadhora zvinopfuura kuvadziko dzinotsiva. Kunyange zvazvo matare eappllate angaputsa kana kuti kuderedza mabhadharo makuru, bviro dzezvirango zvemari yakawanda zvinomanikidzirwa kuvhotera mutengo wemari. Somuenzaniso, Liebeck v. McDheald’s Restaunts [[[[FLT:] [1994]]) kana dare richipa mari inotambirwa pamutemo. Maza anoshandiswa kupisa mukadzi zvinopisa zvikuru kuti ashandiswe neforo yemari huru kubva kuuresai.

Zvavanoziva Nezvokudzidza

Kunzverazve batano iri pakati pematare ematare ekodzero dzevatengi, varavi vanganzvera zvikamu zvinotevera:

Kutsoropodza uye Kukanganisa: Apo Vaiti Vemitemo Vanotsausa

Ingava mhosho kutora vatongi sechinhu chisingakundikani cheruramisiro yomutengi. Juries inoumbwa navanhuwo zvavo vangarwisana noufakazi hwesayenzi hwakaoma, vanopesvedzerwa negweta, kana kuti tsvete pachiteshi mukurwisana namasangano enyika. Zvimwe zvisarudzo zvakakwirira zvakabviswa chose chose, uye muzvinoitika zvisingawanzoitiki, mutongo wedare rinopa mari yakawandisa ungava unonyandura kudzivirira kwomutemo uko kunonetesa zvomenemenemene. Somuenzaniso, pashure pokunge wakuvadza mibairo miho mihombe muma 1980, Congresss yakapfuudza Reformation Act ya19959, uko kwakaita kuti kuve kwakaoma zvikuru kuva nomutengi kuunza mibato yemipikiso yemipikiana. Mitengo yedare iyi yaidzo inodzo isingashandisiswi.

Chinetso Chesayenzi Isingashandi

Imwe ganhuriro ikoku "kurega sayenzi" kupesvedzera mirangariro. Muzvinoitika zvinobatanidza hosha dzisingawanzowaniki kana kuti makemikoro akaoma, vatongi vangavakira zvisarudzo zvavo paufakazi hwenyanzvi husingawirirani nemipimo yesayenzi yakakomba. Nepo vatongi vachibatira savachengeti vesuo pasi pe Daubert[ mipimo inopanikirika, kutaura kuchiri kunosvika jarijasi. Kana dare redare rinobetsera rakavakirwa paufakazi hwakasimba hwesayenzi, vatongi vanganzwa vachigombedzerwa kushandisa miraudzo isingatsikirwi nesayenzi, kuchitungamirira kukuvadziko kana kuti inokuvadza. Somuenzaniso, mamwe mamiriro ezvinhu anoda kuti zviziviso zvenyevero zvetsoro zvekero zvekero zvekero yekenza yakawanikwa kuti ipakwe nokuda kwokuparira "kuchengeteka kwehondo yehondo" inoparira kuchengeteka kune rene rekubetsera.

Miedzo, Zvinobudisa Nhau, uye Kukanganiswa Kwepfungwa Dzevanhu

Kupfuura mikoto yapamutemo yapamutemo, kutonga kwedare redare rinobetsera kupesvedzera kupfurikidza nedare revoruzhinji. Kunyorwa kwenhau dzenhau dzekutongwa kunojekesa nhau dzemunhu mumwe nomumwe, kuisa chiso chomunhu pakundikano dzegadziriro. LIEck mhaka, kazhinji kazhinji kazhinji inosekwa se "kukwirira kofi kwekofi," yakazivisa chaizvoizvo kuti McDonald' akanga agamuchira kunyunyuta kupisa 700 kusati kwakundikana kugadziridza tembiricha yayo. Nhau dzenhau dzekuedza dzakachinja mirangariro yapachena yezviito zvenharo zvemaria. Uku kuchinja kwapamhiko, kwakaparira mhoteredzo kugamuchirwa kugadziridzwa kugadziridza. Zvizhinji zvinotevera "kudzodzodzo dzokushambadza kushambadza kutemwa kutedza.

Mapepanhau enzanga anowedzerazve kukurumidzisa izvi. Kuverenga kwedare rinobetsera vatongi mukurwisana nekambani yemiitiro yemiitiro yemiitiro yemiitiro yemiitiro yemiitiro inonyengera kunogona kunyandura nhimbe dzepaIndaneti idzo vaiti vemitemo kuti vatange mabhiri epachivande. California Consumer Privacy Act (CPA) yakasundwa mumishumo yedare redare redare redare uye nzvimbo dzine chokuita nokutarisira mashoko edare rePcebook. Nepo CCPA iri isangano repamutemo, chinyorwa chechokwadi chakavaratoripo uye kuwana zvakagovera hwaro hwechokwadi hwegadziriro dzaro dzayo.

Nguva Yemberi: Mabhonzo Munzvimbo Yemichina Inotengeswa Zvinhu

Sezvo misika inotengeswa inochinja kuva jini rezvinhu zvipenyu, matare ehuru achapfuurira kuita basa rinokosha. Zvinetso zvakadai seramajeri, kutengesa, uye nzira dzematsotsi dzinopa mibvunzo yokunyengera yedare rinofanira kuongorora. Kutongwa kwedare redare redare redare redare kwemazuva ano kunyoresa tsaona dzokuzvinyoresa kwemazano anodhura kwaita kuti magweta arambe achitevera mutemo unodzivisa kurwisana nefivha uye kudzivirira. Federal Trade Commission yataura zvakawanikwa nedare redare paratimendime parinongedzero yaro. Ukama uhwu hwedare rinopa pfungwa yokuti kunyange panguva inotengwa nechinhu chikuru, dare risingakwaniwi rinoramba riri chinhu chinokosha.

Kugamuchirwa Kwomutemo Kwemipimo Yakapinzwa Yamanyuko

Mitemo yazvino uno yazvino uno inodzivirira inobatanidza zvakajeka mipimo yakatorwa mumuitiro wedare rinobetsera vatongi. Zvokwadi muLending Act (TILA) inoda kuziviswa zvakajeka kwemwero yemubereko nemitero ) mhinduro kumitongo yedare yaitora vakweretesi nokuda kwepomero dzakavanzika. Magnuson-Moss Warranty Act (1975) yakanyoreswa pashure pokunge kutonga kukuru kwakabatanidza ufakazi hwakabva kumagweta aitongwa avo vairondedzera mitongo umo vatengi vedare vaisii vasina kurapwa pamutemo registration dislais reging. Muzviitiko zvose zviri zviviri, rugwaro rweChibvumirano runoratidzira kutonga rwamajastiotiveritirwo rwakanga rwatotaurwa kare.

mhedziso

Jury miedzo inopfuura zvikuru kupesana kwemiitiro yokururamisa; zvishandiso zvehurumende zvehurumende zvinopinza mipimo yenzanga mumutemo. Kupfurikidza nokupa zvisarudzo zvinosimbisa mikana yedziviriro yemutengi, zvinoparira kuzivikanwa navanhu, uye zvinoparira miuyo yezvemari pavaiti vezvakaipa, majaji anoramba achipa simba rokuchinja kwemitemo. Chinyorwa chenhau (kubva kumutemo wenhau weFTC Act kumutemo wekwazvino uno uno uno uno unorambidza kumira mipimo yefodya nemutambo wechakanaka) zvinobatanidza mutemo unotengwa nemitemo yekodzero dzemunhu, izvo kazhinji kazhinji kazhinji zvinotevera mutemo unodzokera dzinza rawo kuimba yedare rinobetsera. Nepo pasina mutengi wemitemo yakawanda inoumba migariro yapamutemo munzira idzo dzisingagoni kufuratira. Savatongi vehurumende vanoramba vari rutivi rwegadziriro yemitemo yeAmerica yemitemo, vachapfuurira kuva nesimba, kana muchairi wekodzero dzokudzora.