Table of Contents
Kuparadzana Kunokosha: Bhishopi Yekodzero Nechiito cheHurumende
United States Constitution, seinonyorwa pakuvamba, yakatanga hurumende yehurumende yamasimba anoverengwa. .Nguva dzokutanga gumi dzekugadziriswa kwekodzero nejenaguru dzakawedzerwa nokukurumidza pashure paikoko kuisa ganhuriro dzakajeka pachiremera ichocho chehurumende. Kwerinodokusvika zana ramakore, idzi dziviriro hadzina kushanda kuhurumende. Mugari ane kutaura kwakasununguka kwakadzvinyirirwa nedare rehurumende rakanga risina dziviriro muPession First Amendment. Iyi tsika inopesana yekodzero dzakasiya vanhu vasina kukuvadzwa nehurumende, mukahahaha waisazogona kupiwa zvizere kutozosvikira pakuumbwa kweIninetith Amenethi Amend Amend Amend Amend Remend Revenderlinement uye kukura kwapa. [FLT:]
Chisarudzo cheDare Gurusa ra1833 mu Barron v. Baltimore yakasimbisa ichi ganhuriro. John Barron aiva nepombi muBaltimore iyo yakava isingashandiki apo guta rakatsaudzira hova mukati mokuvakwa kwemugwagwa. Iye akapomera, achikwikwidza guta kuti rakanga ratora zvinhu zvake pasina muripo, richiputsa Gadziro yeFindrefet Reformation. Chiratisitiso chaMagumo, chainyora nokuda kweDare rimwe, chaidavira kuti Bill of Rights yaishanda bedzi kuhurumende yehurumende yehurumende, kwete kunyika. Chisarudzo chakasiya varidziro, vagari vose vaidzorwa kuita chiito pasina dziviriro. Ichi chisarudzo chakaitwa mugweta kwamakumi amakore okutanga. Chibvumirano ichi chakavarira chinyorwa chamapepa chePromendecrati yaidzo kutsika kumitemo.
Mutezo Wechigumi Nechina: Nguva Yechinjo
Pashure peHondo yeChivil, Congress yakakarakadza Mutezo weMitemo wegumi namana kuva nechokwadi chokuti yaichimbova nyika dzavaranda haigoni kubvisa vanhu maruramiro avo makuru. Kushandiswa kwayo muna 1868 kwakatanga rutivi rutsva kusimba rehurumende. Chikamu chokutanga chazivisa kuti hakuna hurumende icha “paradza munhu upi noupi woupenyu, rusununguko, kana kuti chinhu, pasina muitiro wakafanira womutemo; kana kuramba kumunhu upi noupi ari musimba rayo dziviriro yakaenzana yemitemo.". Mutauro weMutezo weCrosadety Clausse [ wakava motokari huru iyo Bill wekodzero dzakashandiswa gare gare gare gare kumutemo.
Bva bviro yakazara yeI 144th Amendment haina kuzivikanwa nokukurumidza. Mu Cases-Indlu (1873), Dare Gurusa rakaganhurira zvakakomba ukuru hwe Privigeges kana kuti Immunities Classiale [[[FLT:]], ichiita kuti yakadzivirira bedzi kodzero dzayo dzaivapo kuhurumende yemubatanidzwa (a yakatarwa). Uku kududzira kwakavhara suo kupfurikidza neRongerio riya ramakore 150, kusvikira kudzorerwa kwapashoma mu [FLT:]. [FLT] .[FFFF]5] [5] [5] [5], (20])
Inciroporation v. Izvose
Rondedzero mbiri dzinokwikwidzana dzakabuda mukuvamba kwezana ramakore rechimakumi maviri. Mutongi Hugo Brandeis uye gare gare Mutongi William Brennan akatsigira nokuda kwe “chinoumba” – pfungwa yokuti Gwende reChibvumirano chaGaratidzo Claus rinofanira kushandisa Bill of Rights yose kuhurumende, mukuchinja kumwe. Justice Louis Brandeis navamwe, zvisinei, akada mutoo weenderero mberi zvikuru, achisimbisa kuti kodzero idzo bedzi dzinorangarirwa kuva“ dzinowirirana nechirongwa cheAmerica cheruramisiro” dzinofanira kubatanidzwa. Dare rakagamuchira murangariro wapashure, richinzvera kodzero imwe neimwe kuti ive inokosha here kurusununguko neruramisiro.
Pasi pe inosarudza kubatanidzwa, Dare rinobvunza, kuti: Ko uyu ndiye maruramiro here “mumurangariro worusununguko rwakarairwa”? Kana ihongu, yakabatanidzwa kupfurikidza neGungano reChiitiko chaClaus ndokushanda kunyika. Kana aiwa, kodzero inoramba iri ganhuriro yehurumende bedzi. Iyi mhaka-kero yakabvumira Dare kuchinjika dziviriro dzamabumbiro emitemo kumigariro inochinja, asi yakakumbirawo kutsoropodza nokuda kwenhau dzaro nedzoro.
Zvisakiso Zvepasi Mumubatanidzwa Wakasarudzwa
Kuchinja Kwokutanga: Rusununguko Rwokutaura Nekubudisa Mashoko
Dare Gurusa rakatanga kudarika padanho rekubatanidza Getlow v. New York [1925]. Benjamin Gitlow akawanwa mhaka mumutemo woutsotsi weNew York weparamende yekangano nokuda kwokubudisa kapepa kanhi. Iye akadzivisa mutemo wacho kurura maruramiro ake okutanga kusununguka kutaura – maruramiro, panguva ino, anoshandiswa zvakajeka kuCongress. Mumurangariro mukuru, Dare rakafunga kuti “rusununguko rwokutaura nerwokubudisa zvinodzivirirwa nemitemo yeFirst Const Confred Reformation neConfmentationsmentationsmentstion iri pakati peright com na‘mation’s of provision of "Foption] [Fograse.[4] [Fograin) mumig; [12]
Mutezo Wechina: Kunzvera Nokunyengedza Kusina Ungwaru
Chinjo yeChina inodzivirira kunzvera kusina mufungo nokusurumuka uye inoda zvibvumikiso zvakavakirwa paingabvira. Mu Wolf v. Colorado (1949), Dare rakabatanidza maruramiro okusununguka mukunzvera kusina mufungo. Asi zvikurukuru haina kubatanidza mutemo wokubvisa, une ufakazi hungawanikwa nenzira isiri yapamutemo pamuedzo. Ihwohwu hwakaita basa apo vanhu vaigona kukwiriranisa ufakazi asi vasingagoni kudzvinyirira mudare rehurumende. Dare rakachinja nzira mu [[FLT:] Mapp. [[FG.3:] [1961]] [1961]). Dolle Map yainga yainzwa kuva yakawanwa nezvinhu zvinonyadzisa pashure pokunzvera musha wake pasina kubvumidzwa. Dare guru rinodzorwa zvikuru, rinodzorwa kupfurikidza nokudzorwa kwedare reSarudzo.
Kuchinja Kwechishanu: Kuzviparadzanisa uye Kukanganisa Kaviri
Chinjo yeshanu inobatanidza dziviriro painenge yazvidzivirira pachayo, ngozi yakapetwa kaviri, uye maruramiro kudare guru rinobetsera vatongi. Kubatanidzwa kwakakurumbira zvikurusa kwakaitika mu Miranda v. Arizona (1966], iyo yakashandisa muganhu weIndaneti kumitemo uye yakavamba nyevero dzeMirda. V[FLT]] [FLT]]] Bhen v. Mary [6], iyo yakashandisa muenzaniso murefu [FLT]]].[FLT] [44]]
Mutezo Wechitanhatu: Kudzivirirwa Kwakanaka Kwokutongwa
Inhau shomanene dzinoparirwa mukuita kuti pave nechinhu chimwe se [[FFON: 0] Gedione [v. Wainwright] v (1963). Clarence Earl Gideon akapomerwa kuvhura muimba yedziva muFlorida. Haakwanisi kupa gweta, akakumbira zano rimwe, asi Florida akapa zano rapa bedzi pamhosva huru. Gidheoni akazvidzivirira uye akawanwa mhosva. Muchikumbiro chakanyorwa nomuromo kuDare Gurutsikidzwa , akatonga zvakarurama. Dare rakabvuma kuti, kupfuudzana, kupfuura pachisarudzo pa [FLT: 2]] [F2].[FFF.NFON, Conferset , "N] Njoulset , (mumutevene , Sup][19][19]
Mutezo Wechipiri: Kodzero Yomunhu Mumwe Nomumwe Yokuchengeta Nokutakura Zvombo
Kwemakumi amakore, Sunday Amendment haina kubatanidzwa nemhaka yokuti Dare rakanga risina kusarudza kana rakadzivirira kodzero yomunhu oga yakazvimirira pabasa ramauto. Iyo yakachinja mu Diformation of Columbia v. Helter [2008], iyo yaidavira kuti Second Amendment inodzivirira kodzero yomunhu oga kuva nepfuti nokuda kwekodzero yokuzvisunungura mumusha. Makore maviri gare gare gare, [[FLT:]] Mcdald v. Chicago.[FLT][3] [20:] [20]), Dare rairangarira kuti iri maruramiro “kururamiro kurudzi rwakati kuti irangariro yerudzi rwokuzvisunungura” uye inoshanda kuhurumende yomunzvimbomo kupfurikidza neEcombo.
Kuchinja Kwezvinhu Kwechisere: Utsinye uye Chirango Chisiri Chomuzvarirwo
Dziviriro pabhedha rinonyanyowandisa nechirango chechienzi yakaiswa munhevedzano yenhau. Kurambidzwa kwechirango choutsinye nechisiri chenguva dzose kwakashandiswa kunyika mu Robinson v. California [[FLT]] (1962]), uko kwakaputsa mutemo unoita kuti kupindwa muropa nemirimo kuve mhaka. Ruramisiro yakakomba ive utsotsi. Chinodzivirira chakawandisa, chinoiswa muMtengo weSengmentation yeMitemplite yakaedzwa, yakaiswa mu [[FLT]] Timbs v. [FLT] v.[FT] [FLT] [3] (2020:9]). Rurati Ginsburgburg yakanyora nokuda kweDare rose remitemo inopesana mumitengoyosero inopfuurirwa kupfurikidza nokuedza kwemitevedzero yemitengidzo inopfumisa. Zvinotosero yeT. Zvinotongedzerwa zvikuru chitsa Dare remitemo chenyika dzose dzinopfuutswa zvinoto yeMitenzi inoto yeMitenzi
Tapuro Yechisarudzo Pakodzero Dzebumbiro Remitemo reHurumende
Mudenga, Kwete Kubiridzira: Dziviriro Dzehurumende Dzinogona Kupera
Rutivi rwakakomba rwekusarudza maruramiro akabatanidzwa nderwokuti inozivikanwa se Floor - mupimo muduku wedziviriro usingagoni kuwira pasi. Asi nyika dzakasununguka kugovera dziviriro huru zvikuru pasi pemirayiro yadzo dzimene. Iyo inozivikanwa se “mitemo mitsva yedare rinotonga." Somuenzaniso, Remendement inorambidza miganhu yapamberi pakutaura, asi mimwe miganhu inopa dziviriro yakafara nokuda kwemibato inoreverwa, yakadai sokutaura kwakasununguka mumahomwe mahombekombe. California Supreme, inotsamira pakutaura kwehurumende, yakatokosha maruramiro okushandisa pamutemo munzvimbo dzezvitoro kunyange zvazvo U. Dare reSakase rinotonga Dare remitemo renyika renyika renyika renyika yehurumende hariideideidei idei ([Fllun]: Prun]][2][3] Center STromes, R.[3], nenzira yakafanana, kunzvera kwavose, kushatsa.
Kududzira Dare reHurumende Kunoita Kuti Pave Nekodzero
Dare guru rehurumende rakakudziridza dzidziso dzakazvimirira dzokududzira mabumbiro emitemo adzo, dzimwe nguva kupesana kubva mumuenzaniso wehurumende. Ikoku kwazova kunokosha zvikuru mumuitiro woutsotsi. Somuenzaniso, nyika zhinji dzakaramba “kutenda kwakanaka” kumutemo wokuparadza wokuti Dare Gurusa reU.S. rakagamuchirwa mu United States] v. Leon[FLT][1] [19984] [i]. Aya mashoko anotsigira kuti uchapupu hunowanwa kubva muchiratidzo chokutsvaka chakavakirwa paasina kukwana hunofanira kudzvinyirirwa, kunyange kana mapurisa akaita mukutenda kwakanaka. Munharaunda yekutaura kwapachena, nhamba inoshamisa yezvikwazvo yakawedzera dziviriro zvokutanga zvokuda kuvenga, nepo zvinongova zvogaro zvinoteverwa pasi pe [FLD].V.[V][3]
Kushanda Muchishandirapamwe Nokushushikana Kukuru
Kubatanidza kukuru kwakatsoropodzwa nokuda kwokuderedza uchangamire hwehurumende kupfurikidza nokuisa mipimo yenyika yakafanana. Bva kunoremekedzawo gadziriro yehurumende kupfurikidza nokubvumira nyika kuedza negadziriro dzadzo dzimene dzebumbiro remitemo (panodokungofanana nokusaputsa uriri hwehurumende. Uku kunyanduka kukuru kunochengeta basa nokuda kwematare ehurumende mukunatsa rusununguko rwomunhu. Dare guru rinogona kushanda senzvimbo dzinoshandiswa dzehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu vose. Zvingaedza dzimwe nzira idzo gare gare gare dzingapesvedzera jurisprudence. Somuenzaniso, nyika dzinoverengeka dzakanga dzatoziva kodzero yokushandisa dzidzo yakakwana pasi pemabumbiro emitemo yadzo dzimene. Dare gurusa rehurumende muchiziva kodzero dzehurumende pamberi pomubatanidzwa ([FLD:][3]]]], Rodriguestry School Relation .[FFFod]], uye , , , nenzira yakafanana, matare akatungamirira kuziva kodzero dzeroorano [Forvestom]]]
Kutsoropodza Nenharo Dzapashure
Kutongwa kwe “Kodzero Dzepfungwa”
Masangano anosarudza anomira parutongeso pamusoro pekodzero “dzinowirirana nokurayira rusununguko.” Vatsoropodzi vanoramba iyi nzvero iri yomuzvarirwo uye vanobvumira Dare kuisa zvisarudzo zvaro zvaro. Mutongi Hugo Black, mutsigiri anotungamirira wedzosero yose, akanyevera kuti kuvhota kusarura kwakapa ruramisiro isingadzorwi“ kuvhozhokera padanho guru” mukusarudza kuti ikodzero dzipi dzokudzivirira. Nharo dzenguva pfupi dzinoenzanisira pfundo: Dare rabatanidza kodzero yokutakura zvombo asi rakaramba kubatanidza Kodzero yeChipiri munzira inovimbisa kuti ingatakura nayo. Dzimwe nyanzvi dzinotaura kuti Roparo kana kuti Immuni Claus Claus, kwete , yakanga iri motokari yakagadzirirwa kuti ibata, uye kuti Dare risaitwe nechikamu chaparo chapa pamutemo. [FFFFF] [FFF]
Basa Risina Kuputsika Rokusarura
Haisi gadziriro iri yose yeBill of Rights yakanyoreswa. Third Amendment (hofisi yamauto) haina kutongobatanidzwa nemhaka yokuti hakuna mhaka yakasvika Dare. Findth Amendment inopa mhaka dare rinotonga ramajaji reFindrefter inoramba isina kubatanidzwa. Kodzero yeSeventing Amendment kudare redare rehurumende inongoiswa murutivi rushoma; Dare rinobvumirawo hurumende kugovera zvakawanwa zvechokwadi kuvatongi mumhaka dzevagari vemo. Mimwe mipiro, yakafanana neMudstrive Bail Clausle of the Exhendmentmentivement, yakangopindwa bedzi nguva pfupi yapfuura nokutongwa ne . Dare rakadzivisawo kuisa mutepfekedzo weChipiri munzevereso, richisiya mubvunzo kana kuti chinoshanda kumunhu wose. Iyi inotakura mashoko okutemesanisa mapepa ematare edare rekare, kutsanangura pamusoro penguva yemberi.
Zvirongwa Zvezvamatongerwe Enyika Nezvemitemo
Kubatanidza kunoramba kuri kukuru kwezvamatongerwe enyika. Vatongi veConservative kazhinji kazhinji vanosimbisa chibvumirano chehurumende nechirambidzo, vachipanikira kana Dare richifanira kuisa mipimo yenyika munyika. Vatongi verurangara vanowanzotsigira dziviriro dzakafara dzekodzero dzevanhu, vanorangarira kuva vanokosha kuvagari vemo vakaenzana. Bva iyi nhevedzano inogona kuchinja zvichitsamira parudyi: Kubatanidzwa kweChipiri mu [FLT: 0] [McDonald[[[FLT: 1]] yakatsigirwa nekodzero dzechisimugaro uye neyamagariro. Nhungamiro yokubatanidza pamutemowo pamutemo inopesvedzerawo pamutemo. Apo Dare rinobatanidza kodzero dzorudyi dzomutemo. Dare rinofanira kutsanangura mupimo womutemo, asi ivowo vakasununguka kuvamba mutemo kupfuura mupimo iwoyo.
Kutarira Mberi: Nguva Yemberi Yamaruramiro Ebumbiro reMitemo reHurumende
Kusarudza zvino kwakakwana zvikuru; zvizhinjisa zveBill of Rights zvinoshanda kunyika. Bva tapuro dzayo dzinopfuurira kushanduka - shanduka sezvo Dare Gurusa rinonatsa ukuru hwechinhu chimwe nechimwe chakabatanidzwa nechakarurama. Nhau dzenguva pfupi yapfuura dzakafanana Ramos v. Louisiana [2020] yakashandisa chinodikanwa cheSikisiti reRemendement yapamutemo nokuda kwehurumende, kururamisa kutsauka kukuru kwakanga kwabvumirwa kwamakumi amakore. Mushoko rimwe chetero, [[FLT:] Timbs v. Indianaia[FL:] [FLT]] inosimbisa kuti chibvumirano chakaisvonaka chakawandisa chinogona kutsigirwa mukurwisana nezviito, kuzarura mugwagwa zvitsva nokuda kwemapurogiramu avanhu anodenha kuparadzwa.
Munguva ino, matare ehurumende ari kupinda mukunzvera kwakasimba kwokuzvimirira kwemabumbiro awo amene. Dare reNew York reApplers, rakatonga kuti bumbiro remitemo rinopa dziviriro dzakasimba pakunzverwa kwemitemo kupfuura Tsitsi yeChina ( Vanhu v. Weaver, 2009]. Dare repamusoro reWashington rakarangarira kuti mashoko emitemo ehurumende anorambidza GPS kunyora nzira kunyange apo kunzvera kwehurumende kunoibvumira. Zvisarudzo izvi zvinoratidza kuti mutemo wemitemo wemitemo haisi chetero yesero yeteji yeteji inodzivirira. Sapadare guru reU. Dare repamusoro redare rinova rinova rinozviisa pasi pedzimwe nzvimbo, matare ehurumende angava nzvimbo huru nokuda kwekufambira maruramiro evagari vemo.
mhedziso
Kusarudza ikombiri yenzvimbo huru yeAmerica yehurumende nekodzero dzevanhu. Muzana ramakore renhau nekachikamu, Dare Rapamusorosoro rakaruka Bill of Rights mumutemo wehurumende, richivimbisa kuti rusununguko runokosha harusiyiwi kumifungo yehurumende. Dzidziso yagadzira nzvimbo inotangira yedziviriro iyo nyika dzisingagoni kupunza, nepo kuchengetedza imba yehurumende. Mabumbiro emitemo, zvadaro, akava zvishandiso zvinokosha zvokuwedzera kodzero kupfuura mwero wehurumende. Sezvo muganhu wenzvimbo uchachinja, kupfuudzira pakati pehurumende nedudzirwa kuchapfuurira kurondedzera kodzero dzeAmerica chaidzo. Kunzwisisa kudzivirira kunokosha kunokosha nokuda kwomunhu upi noupi anotsvaka kuti asvikire sei Dare remitemo muupenyu hwedu.