Mugariro wegadziriro yevhota ndeimwe yemiuyo mikurusa asi inowanzofuratirwa mitemo yemashandire anoita hurumende inosarudzwa navanhu. Mutoo uyo mavhota anoshandurwa muzvigaro musangano remitemo mupesvedzero dzakananga idzo manzwi anonzwiwa, kuti mapoka anoumba nokukwikwikwidzana sei, uye kana vagari vemo vachinzwa nhau dzavo. Sangano dzehurumende hadzisi maturusi okudzora ane simba anogona kuwedzera kana kuti kudzima kuda kwomuvhotera. Kunzwisisa mashandisiro avo nemiuyo zvinokosha nokuda kwomunhu upi noupi anoda kunzwisisa chimiro chechokwadi chezvamatongerwe enyika munyika yavo nokumwewo.

Nyaya ino inonzvera mhuri huru dzemiitiro yevhota. (Fort- Past-The Post, Proportonal Idifations, Mixped Systems, uye Rusarudzo) uye inonzvera betsero dzadzo dzakatsaukana, miuyo yemifanikiso. Panosvika mugumo, uchava nomufananidzo wakajeka weichinosarudzwa chemitemo inoita zvinhu zvikuru nokuda kwoutano hwedemokrati.

Kunzwisisa Mashandiro Ezvirongwa Zvokugadzira Zvinhu

Pakati pemitemo inosarudzwa imitemo inogadza marongedzero anochinjwa kuva mugove wezvigaro muparamende kana kuti mugavhuna. Iyi mitemo inorondedzera chinhu chiri chose kubva paukuru hworuwa (mavhoti akasarudzwa navamiriri vazhinji paruwa) kuva gadziriro yokuvhota (mataurire anoita vavhoti zvavanoda) kunzira inoshandiswa kugovera zvigaro. Chisarudzo pakati peichi chinenge chichichinja kuva miuyo mikuru neinodeya kumugariro wenyika yezvamatongerwe enyika.

Gadziriro dzeElectoral dzinoiswa mumapoka matatu akafara: miitiro mizhinji, gadziriro dzemireza yakavhengana, uye gadziriro dzemibatanidzwa. Mhuri imwe neimwe ine misiano yakawanda, uye kunyange utera huduku mukati megadziriro inogona kutungamirira kumigumisiro yakasiana zvikuru. Munhau, gadziriro yemiitiro yevhoti yakaumbwa nenhamba dzezvamatongerwe enyika, masangano ehurumende, uye kutsamira kwesangano. Somuenzaniso, Britain yaichimbova nyika dzinogara nhaka Hurumende yePast-Post system, nepo nyika zhinji dzenyika yeEurope dzakagamuchira proportigation munhamburiko yokugona kudzora mapoka makuru enzanga.

Nzvero yedzidzo yemiitiro yevhota, inotungamirirwa nenyanzvi dzakadai seArend Lijphart naRein Taagepera, yakabudisa zviwanwa zvakasimba pamusoro peukama pakati pemitemo yevhota nemirairo. Internationalpolate Institute for Democracy and Electoral Conservation (International IDEA) inochengeta shopu yakakwana yemarobhora egadziriro yevhiriyo munyika yose, ichibvumira vanzveri navagadziri vemitengi kuenzanisa miuyo munyika dzose.

Kutanga-Past-The Post (FPTP)

Kutanga-Past-The Post, inozivikanwawo seboka rimwe, ndiyo gadziriro yakapfava zvikurusa neyakaresa ichiri kushandiswa. Muvhoti mumwe nomumwe anovhota mumwe nokuda kwomuvhoti muruwa rumwe (kana kuti mutengi), uye muvhoti ane vavhoti vazhinjisa anowana chigaro, pasinei zvapo kana vachiwana voruzhinji. Iyi tsika inoshandiswa nokuda kweSarudzo yemitemo yenyika munyika dzakadai seUnited Kingdom, United States (yokuda Dare reHurumende), Canada, uye India (yokuda kweLok Sabha).

Betsero dzeFPTP

Chiremera chikuru cheFPTP ndechokuva nyore kwayo. Voters vanonzwisisa kuti vanosarudza mutsigiri mumwe, uye mukundi ndiye ane vhoti zhinjisa. Uku kujeka kunotungamirira kumiuyo yokukurumidza, yakakomba pausiku hwesarudzo. FPTP inokombamirawo kubudisa hurumende dzakawanda dzine chikamu chimwe, munenge mugadziriro mbiri dzemativi, idzo dzinogona kuita kuti kugadziriswa kwemitemo nokuzvidavirira kwakananga. Voter vanoziva chaizvoizvo kuti ipatii ine mutoro wokutonga, ichiita kuti ive iri nyore zvikuru kutusa kana kuti kuranga mumibatanidzwa.

Imwe inonzi ibetsero yenzvimbo yapasi pakati pavamiriri navamiriri. Ruwa rumwe norumwe rune mutezo mumwe unozivikanwa weparamende uyo vagari vemo vanogona kusvika neitiro hanya dzomunzvimbomo. Iri basa rokugadza rinowanzodudzwa sebetsero yeFPTPP, zvikurukuru munyika huru dzine fariro dzomunharaunda dzakasiyana - siyana.

Dzisiri Betsero DzeFPTP

Kukanganisa kweFPTP inhau yakakura uye yakasanyorwa zvakanaka. Nhau inonyanyooneka ikusawirirana kwayo: Mapati angawina chikamu chikuru chezvikamu zvevhoti yakakurumbira asi anogamuchira chikamu chiduku zvikuru chezvigaro, kana kuti zvinopesana. Muna 2019 Kingdom General Kingdom sarudzo, Conservative Party yakahwina 436% yevhoti asi 56.2% yezvigaro, nepo Riberal Demorat yakawina 11.5% yevhota asi 1,7% yezvigaro. Uku kutama pakati pezvivhoti nezvigaro zveUnited Kingdom kunogona kuita kuti tsika inzwe isina kururama uye kungaderedza chivimbo mudemo youtongi.

FPTP inoparirawo mavhoti akadai se "mavhoti akarongwa" — marovha anoraswa nokuda kwavanoda kurasikirwa vasingapiwi chinhu kumireza. Muzvigaro zvakakotsekana, vatsigiri veboka duku vanganzwa kuti vhoti yavo haina simba, kuvhota kunoodza mwoyo uye kunokurudzira apo vanhu vanovhota kwete nokuda kwomudavi wavo asi nokuda kwemumwe angakunda chisarudzo chavo chinenge chiri chakaisvonaka. Kuzvibata uku kunokanganisa kutaura kwezvinodiwa zvezvamatongerwe enyika zvechokwadi.

Kupfuurirazve, FPTP inowanzosimbisa gadziriro yemativi maviri, mutoo unozivikanwa seMutemo weDuverger. Varwi vatatu vanoparapatika kuti vawane nzvimbo nemhaka yokuti vhoti dzavo dzinorangarirwa sedzapambadzwa. Ikoku kunogona kuganhurira ruwa rwemiitiro yezvisarudzo yakapiwa kuvavhoti uye kuderedza nhau dzinokosha dzinoparirwa nebvumirano. Sangano inokombamirawo kuidzokorora muganhu weruwa kuti ifarire rimwe joro, serinoonekwa nguva dzose muUnited States. [[FLT:] ACE Electoral Knowlets Network yeIndey inogovera udzame hweidzo dzakajeka yeidzo iyi miuyo iri mhirimheto dzakasiyana-dzo.

Mufananidzo weProto (PR)

Proportigal digiration inobatanidza mhuri yegadziriro dzakagadzirirwa kuva nechokwadi chokuti mugove wezvigaro zvebato unokunda nenzira inowirirana negoverano yazvo yovhoti yakakurumbira. Ikoku kunowanzoitwa kupfurikidza namaruwa ane mitezo mizhinji umo mapoka aripo marongedzero evadaviri, uye zvigaro zvinogoverwa kushandisa materu akadai senzira hurusa yasara kana kuti avhareji yakakwirira zvikurusa yemiitiro (mhisi, d'Hondt kana kuti Sainte-Laguë). PR ndiyo gadziriro huru yezvirongwa zvenhaka munyika muEurope, inoshandiswa nokuda kwemagamendemu enyika munyika dzakadai seGermany (yokubhina, mutesi, Sweden, Netherlands, neIsrael.

Betsero dzePR

Betsero iri pachena zvikurusa yePR itsika yayo. Mapati maduku anogona kuwina zvigaro muwirirano maererano netsigiro yavo, kureva kuti mativi akafara emirangariro yezvamatongerwe enyika anomirirwa muimba yomutemo. Ikoku kunogona kutungamirira kukuitwa kwemiitiro yakawanda inoratidzira mhatsa yevhota. Vagari vanotsigira vavhoti vanoona vvurudzi hwavo vachishandurwa kuva mufananidzo chaiwoiwo, uko kunokombamira kuwedzera gutsikano yevongi ndokutendeuka munzvero dzakafanana.

PR inokurudzirawo gadziriro dzakawanda, idzo dzinogona kusimudzira kurangarira nokubvumirana pane zvisina kufanira. Kubvumirana kunomanikidzira masangano kutaurirana nokuvaka bvumirano panzvimbo pokuisa mukundi panzvimbo pekuwana purogiramu dzose. Ikoku kunogona kutungamirira kumiitiro yakatsiga neinodzikama zvikuru kwenguva refu, sezvo kuchinjana kwokukurumidza kunodzorwa nesimba remhiko. Kuwedzera, PR inoderedza sundo yokuvhota nounyanzvi, sezvo vhoti yebato duku isati ya "ichiitwa" — inobetsera kugoverano yechigaro chose cheboka iroro.

Dzisiri Betsero dzePR

Vatsoropodzi vanoonesa kuti PR inogona kutungamirira kudzimba dzomutemo dzakakamukana namasangano makuru akawanda, kuchikuita kwakaoma kuumba hurumende dzakatsiga. Italy neIsrael dzakawana nhambo dzehurumende dzapanguva nenguva nemhaka yokusagadzikana kwemibatanidzwa. Muparamende dzakakamukana zvikuru, mapoka maduku anonyanyisa anogona kuva nesimba risingaenzaniswi, sezvinoonekwa mune dzimwe nyika dzeEurope umo mapoka anonyanyisa ave achikwanisa kubudisa bvumirano dzemitemo.

Rimwe jock ibatano isina simba pakati pezvikamu nezvimiriri. Mumaruwa makuru ane mitezo mizhinji, vavhoti vanganzwa vakabatana zvishoma nomutezo upi noupi weparamende, uye mutoo wokuzvidavirira unova wakananga zvishoma kupfuura mumaruwa ane mitezo imwe. Utungamiriri hweboka kazhinji kazhinji hunodzora marongedzero avanhu, kuchivapa simba rinokosha pamusoro pomunhu anosarudzwa nokuderedza kugamuchira kwomunzvimbomo. Mimwe miitiro yePR inoda vavhoti kuti vasarudze pakati pezvikamu zvakavharwa zvisina mano okupesvedzera nhevedzano yechinjo, kunyange zvazvo zvichingovakirwa zvakaenzana neizvo zvinoshandiswa muFinland neBrazil.

Masangano Emaoreta Akasangana

Gadziriro dzezvigaro dzakavhengana dzinoedza kubatanidza betsero dzezvose zviri zviviri FPP nePR kupfurikidza nokuva nemirairo miviri yemitemo yemitemo: maruwa ane mitezo imwe umo mubatikana mumwe anosarudzwa nembiri, uye zvigaro zvakagoverwa zvakaganhurirwa muwirirano nokuda kwemiuyo ipi neipi yoruwa. Chinjo inozivikanwa zvikurusa iMixted-Mber Proportonal (MMP) inoshandiswa muGermany, New Zealand, uye Paramende yeScostatist. Chimwe chiwiti, chiMixed-Mber Majoritarian (MM), chinoshandisa kuvhotera pasina gadziriro yemichina, sezvinooneka muJapan neSouth Korea.

Betsero Dzemiitiro Yakavhengana

Gadziriro dzakavhengana dzinogona kuita zvose zviri zviviri kumirira kwomunzvimbomo netsinhirano. MuMMP, vavhoti vanokanda mavhoti maviri: rimwe nokuda kwomutsigiri woruwa uye rimwe nokuda kwendandanda yebato. Zvigaro zvakarongwa zvinogoverwa kusvitsa chigaro chose chose chebato rimwe nerimwe muwirirano negoverano yaro yokuvhota, kururamisa mativi okubvisa anobudiswa namaruwa emitezo imwe. Ikoku kunovimbisa kuti mutendi wemitemo seyose zvayo inoratidzira kuda kwemuvhoti apo muvhoti mumwe nomumwe anewo mumiriri wenzvimbo inotumirirwa nomunzvimbomo.

Iyi mubatanidzwa unogona kusimudzira kuvimbisana kwomuvhoti kupfurikidza nokupa zvakanakisisa zvenyika dzose dziri mbiri. Vaparidzi vashoma vanogona kungowana zvigaro murudungwe, nepo mapoka makuru anoramba ane midzi yoruwa yakasimba. Germany neNew Zealand dzakaona kudzorwa kwakatsiga nemigumisiro yakaganhurirwa, uye gadziriro dzawo dzakavhengana kazhinji kazhinji kazhinji dzinorangarirwa semienzaniso nokuda kwenyika dzinorangarira kuchinja. Sosaiti yeElector Reformation [ inogovera kusvikika kuripo kwenzira dzinoshanda nayo MMP.

Dzisiri Betsero Dzegadziriro Dzakavhengana

Kuoma kwegadziriro dzakavhengana idenho yavo hurusa. Vatsigiri vanofanira kunzwisisa musiyano pakati pamavhoti avo maviri uye kuti mutoo wokuvhota unoshanda sei. MuGermany, mufungo we "zvigaro zvepamusoro" uye "zvigaro zvakaderera" zvinogona kuva zvinovhiringidza kunyange nokuda kwezvigaro zvezvamatongerwe enyika. Uku kuoma kwendangariro kunogona kutungamirira kukuderera kwokuziva muvhoti nezvikanganiso zvinobvira pabhokisi rebhorati.

Imwe chinyorwa ibviro yokushandisa mibato mizhinji. Paritation ingaedza kuvhima gadziriro kupfurikidza nokupinza vadaviri vakasimba apo vanenge vashandisa purogiramu yevhota panguva imwe cheteyo. Mudzimwe gadziriro dzakavhengana, vavhoti avo vanokamura matikiti avo vangasanzwisisa zvizere tapuro yezvisarudzo zvavo. Mukuwedzera, gadziriro yecompatura inogona kuparira miuyo isingakarirwi, yakadai apo boka rinowana zvigaro zvakawanda zveruwa kupfuura zvaringafanira kuva pasi pechitsama chakaenzana chose chose chose, kuchitungamirira kukuva ne "migaro yakakwirira" kuti idzoredze kuva yakaenzana.

Kurumidza Kusingadzorwi (RCV)

Kuvhota kwokusarudza, kunozivikanwawo sevhota kwapakarepo kana kuti kuvhota, kunoshandiswa mumaruwa ane mitezo imwe uye kunobvumira vavhoti kuvhota munhevedzano yedanho. Kana pasina mutengi akagamuchira vhoti yokutanga, muvhoti wokutanga zvikurusa wechoice anobviswa, uye mabhora avo anotsaurirwa kumunhu anotevera anotora mumwe nomumwe. Muitiro uyu unodzokororwa kusvikira mumwe mutambo wedanho. RCV unoshandiswa nokuda kweSarudzo yorudzi (nokuvhota vamiriri vePrests) uye Ireland (yavarwisipo), pamwe chete nokuda kwezvisarudzo zvizhinji zvehurumende muUnited States, kubatanidza Minneapolis, San Francisco, New York City.

Betsero dzeRCV

RCV inovimbisa kuti mukundi ane tsigiro yoruzhinji (kana kuti zvimwe ndiye mutsigiri anogamuchirika zvikurusa pashure pokubvisa mativi). Inobvisa muuyo wechakaipa, apo mutsigiri wechitatu anokamura vhoti ndokubvumira mutsigiri muduku kuwina. Voters vanogona kutsigira chisarudzo chavo chokutanga pasina kutya kutambisa vvuti hwavo, nemhaka yokuti bhora ravo richaenda kumushandiri webetsero kana chisarudzo chavo chokutanga chikabviswa. Ikoku kukurudzira sevadaviriri vanotsvaka zvisarudzo zvechikamu chechipiri zvebasa kuvatsigiri.

Vavhoti vanogonawo kuderedza sundo yokuvhota nenzira yokutendeseka panzvimbo pokufanira kusarudza zviduku zvezvakaipa zviviri, gadziriro inotora zvakarurama zvikuru zvinosarudzwa muvhoti. Inogonawo kutungamirira kumimiririro yakasiana - siana zvikuru, sezvo mapoka avavhoti anogona kuisa vakwikwidzani vanokwidza kudivi rakafara remuchinjikwa.

Dzisiri Betsero dzeRCV

Kutsoropodzwa kukuru kweRCV kuoma kwaro kuwiriranisa nokuvhota kwakapfava. Vamwe vavhoti vanowana muitiro wakakwirira uchivhiringidza, kuchitungamirira kukushatisa marotahhhwuno akashatiswa neasingagoni kuverengwa. Mumativi umo RCV iri itsva, nhimbe dzedzidzo dzinoda kuvhota dziri madikanwa, uye kunyange ipapo, mwero yemhosho inogona kuva yakakwirira zvikuru kupfuura pasi peFPPP. Muitiro wokuverenga unovara unononoka, sezvo mativi akawanda okutora anofanira kudzorwa, pane dzimwe nguva miuyo inononoka yamaawa kana kuti mazuva.

Chimwe itiro hanya ndechekuti RCV inogona kubudisa miuyo isingawirirani zvikuru apo inoshandiswa mumaruwa ane mitezo mizhinji (sezvinenge muboka revhiyi dzakawanda, inozivikanwawo sevhoti imwe inotakurirwa). Zvisinei, apo inoshandiswa bedzi mumaruwa ane mitezo imwe, RCV haigoni kutaura kupesana kukuru pakati pevhoti yebato negoverano yezvigaro; inovimbisa bedzi kuti muwiri muruwa rumwe norumwe ane tsigiro huru. Kupfuurirazve, dzimwe fundo dzinokarakadza kuti RCV inogona kushayisa vavhotera vashomanene kana vakaparadzirwa munharaunda yavo, sezvo vadikani vavo vokutanga vangava vasina mavhotera akakwana kuti vararame pakuvamba.

Kutapura Kwakapararira Kwegadziriro Yetsika Yamatongerwe Enyika Pamifananidzo Yezvamatongerwe Enyika

Kusarudzwa kwegadziriro yevhiyoratori hakungochinji bedzi kuti zvigaro zvinoparadzirwa sei(icho chinoumba vara rose rokumirira dhimoni. Mativi matatu anokosha zvikuru: kuvimbisana kwomuvhoti, kukura kwegadziriro yebato, uye kupindura kwomuitiro.

Kubatanidzwa Nokuchinja

Nzvero inoratidzira nguva dzose kuti gadziriro dzemipimo dzinokombamira kuva nomuvhoti mukuru kupfuura gadziriro dzakawanda. Chikonzero chakananga: muFPTP, vavhoti vazhinji vari muzvigaro zvakakotsekana vanonzwa mavhoti avo asina revo, vanoramba vachitarira. MuPR, nhamba dzose dzinooneka kumimireza yebato yose, kupa vagari vemo sundo yakasimba zvikuru yokutora. Nhengo dzamarudzi ose dzinoratidzira kuti avhareji yokuvhotera munyika dzine PR inenge 5-7 mifungo yakakwirira kupfuura munyika neFTPPP, kunyange pashure pokudzora nokuda kwezvimwe zvinhu zvakafanana nokuvhota. Masangano anovhengana anowanzowira pakati pe.

Gadziriro Dzeboka

Masangano eElectoral anopesvedzera zvakasimba nhamba yamapati anokwikwidzana nokuhwina zvigaro. FPP nenzira yakarongwa inoda makwikwi maviri ane chikamu, nepo PR ichiita gadziriro dzakawanda. Nhamba yemapati inotapura rudzi rwehurumende dzakabatanidzwa dzakaumbwa. Mugadziriro mbiri, kudzora kunenge kuri kusarudza pakati pemibatanidzwa miviri yakafara; chinjo dzemiitiro dzinogona kuva dzinodzokoroka nedzakatanhamara semadhipati. Mugadziriro dzakawanda PR, kutaurirana kwakabatana kunoparira rudzi rwemiitiro inoumbana, asi nokubvumirana kwakafara. basa rinoita sarudzo pakati pemibatanidzwa wakafara naMitemo yakafara; chinjo yemiitiro yemiitiro yetsika inodzo inodzorongedzero.

Kubviswa Kwomuuyo Wemitemo Nemifananidzo Miduku

Chimiro chegadziriro yevhota ganda chinogonawo kutapura mapoka ari munzanga. MuFPTP, mapoka maduku akarongwa munyika dzimwe nguva anogona kuwina kuratidzirwa kana akaumba voruzhinji mumaruwa akati (sokufanana nevomutauro muduku muCanada). Zvisinei, mumativi akawanda akaparadzirwa semapoka edzinza kana kuti edzinza akapararira mumativi akawanda. mitoo yePR, zvikurukuru ine zvikumbaridzo zvakaderera uye mwero mukuru woruwa, inowanzobereka dzimba dzakasiana zvikuru mumitengo yetsika dzourume, dzinza, uye dzinza. Nyika zhinji nePR dzine zvikamu zvavakadzi zvakakwira zvikuru muparamende, murutivi nemhaka yokuti mapoka anoiswa mudzikamo kuendera kukukwidza kwadzo.

Miuyo yemiuyo inosianawo. Mumiitiro yezvokutengeserana, miitiro inowanzoratidzira zvisarudzo zvomuvhoti wenhau uye ingachinja zvikuru nechinjo muhurumende. Mumiitiro inowirirana, mirau inowanzoratidzira bvumirano yakafara, nemiitiro yokushandisa yakatsiga zvikuru negadziriro dzenzanga dzinodzivirira mapoka asina dziviriro. Nyanzvi dzezvemari dzezvamatongerwe enyika dzinoenzanisa dzakawana kuti kumirira kuwirirana kwemitengo yakaderera yemari uye mari inotambirwa yavose pagarikano, sezvingabvira nemhaka yokuti tsika inogovera inzwi nokuda kwokuwana mari yakaderera zvikuru inodzivirira vavhoti vangava vanokwenetswa.

mhedziso

Mitemo yeElectoral haitongorina udzame hwezvokunze. Mitemo yehwaro inoumba nzira iyo simba rinoparadzirwa nayo, nzira iyo vagari vemo vanobatikana nayo namatongerwe enyika, uye kuti mutezo wedare rinotonga unoratidzira zvakanaka sei mhatsa yenzanga yaunoshumira. Kutanga-Past inopa kujeka nenzvimbo asi pakurasikirwa kwemiuyo yeyakati neyakaipa. Kuratidzira kwechiito kunovimbisa kururama asi kunogona kuoma kudzora nokunetesa batano dzomunzvimbomo. Miitiro yakavhenganiswa inoedza kubatanidza zvakanakisisa zvezvose zviri zviviri, bva inoparira kuoma. Kusarudza kwapamhiko dzinovandudza zvikuru mumaruwa mamwe namamwe asi hakupi nhau dzakakura.

Nokuda kwavagari vemo navaiti vemiitiro zvakafanana, kunzwisisa uku kushata kunokosha. Hapana gadziriro yevhota yakakwana, asi dzimwe dzakakodzerana nemamiriro ezvinhu akapoteredza akare neretsika. Avo vanoitira hanya kumimiririri yedemocracy vanofanira kubatanidzwa negadziriro dzavo vamene dzinosarudzwa, vachitsigira chinjo dzinowirirana nenheyo idzo vanorangarira kuva dzinokosha zvikurusa. (hwupi kana kuti udzori hwenzvimbo inosarudzwa navanhu.) Pakupedzisira, utano hwehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu hunofanira kutsamira kwete bedzi pana ani anovhota, asi pamaverengerwe anoitwa mavhoti avo.