Kuwana nokuuraya chibvumirano chokunzvera kunomirira kumwe kwokushandiswa kukurusa kwesimba rehurumende pamunhu. Inobvumira kuchengetwa kwomutemo kupinda mumisha, kutora zvinhu, uye kudzongonyedza upenyu hwakavakirwa pakuwanwa kwechingabvira. Bva, simba iri harina kuitirwa kuva mapurisa bedzi. Simba reFenearmerment rinoisa pachena “mutongi asingawirirani uye asina mhaka pakati pomugari wemo nehurumende. Nyaya ino inonzvera basa rokuchengeta masuo evatongi navatongi mukutsigira zvinodikanwa, kubva pakuhwirudzurudzura kwechikamu cheaffidavita kuast comgand com comgate com. Vanoita somuchengeti wemiganhuro yemitemo, ava vakuru vakuru vanovimbisa kuti varambe varipo kusunungurwa, kwete chishandiso chiteshi.

Mutemo Wacho: Mufundisi Anoda Kuzivikanwa

Chiremera neganhuriro zvinoiswa pavatongi navatongi zvinobva muMutemo weChitendero cheU.S. chitsama ichi chinoisa zvinodikanwa zvitatu zvikuru: chisakiso chingabvira, kuva chakananga, uye mhiko kana kuti kusimbisa. Kunzwisisa izvi zvinhu kunokosha kuti tinzwisise basa romutongi mukuchengeta.

Chisakiso Chinowirirana: Mujaho Wenheyo

Basa guru ramajasiti panzvimbo inoshandiswa nderokuita kuyera kwechingabvira. Uyu mupimo unoda “kubvira kwe” kuti dare remhosva richawanwa munzvimbo inoda kuongororwa. Mu [FLT]]][FLT]]Illinois v. Mageti [[[FLT]] , Dare guru rakagamuchira “mamitengwa emigariro, kubviswa kuedza kuoma, kuviri kwemiedzo yezviziviso. Munero iyi, mabhii anofanira kuyera [[FLT:], kuvimbika, uye hwaro hwezivo [FFFF:5]], [FLT] inopiwa pfungwa inoshanda, uye kurangarira zvinhu zvinoshanda. Kana zvichinzi Adikanzi anobatsira munhu anokwanisa kuzivisa mashoko.

Kutaura Nezvacho: Kungwarira Varwi Vakawanda

Chinorambidza kuongorora nzvimbo yaifanira kuongororwa, vanhu kana kuti zvinhu zvinofanira kubatwa.” Iyi ganhuriro pamitemo yairambidzwa vanhu vose, yaidzorwa panguva yehurumende yeRoma, dare rinomanikidza kuti rione kana kuti dare risingapindiri munzendo dzokurevesa hove. Mutongi anofanira kuongorora nzvimbo yacho kuti aone kana zvinhu zvinotsvagwa zvakabatana chaizvo nemhosva uye kuti nzvimbo yacho inorondedzerwa noururami hwakakwana kuti irege kupinda. Kukundikana kuno kunokurudzira vatongi kuti vave nechokwadi chokuti mutemo haushandisi maererano nouchapupu hwakawanda hwezvo.

Mabasa Okushandisa: Nyanzvi Yemashiripiti uye Mutongi Wokutonga

Nepo mashoko okuti “kunyoresa” uye“ mutongi” anowanzoshandiswa zvakafanana, anoita mabasa akasiana asi anowirirana muChiteshi chemheni. Kunzwisisa iyi divi rinokosha kukunzwisisa kuti tsika inonzvera sei vanyengeri.

Vazivi Somurindi Woutongi (Kubva Panzvimbo Yezvikamu)

Mugadziriro yehurumende uye zviremera zvizhinjisa, vatongi ndivo mutsetse wokutanga wedziviriro. Vanohwirudzura kumbiriso dzinopiwa navanosungisa mutemo navachuchisi. Uyu muitiro ndewechikamu chedivi, kureva chipfuro cherugwaro rwacho chisina kumirira kana kuti kucherekedza. Kushayikwa kwebato readversaritari kuisa muuyo wechienzi nemitemo pamajaji. Sezvo Dare Rapamusoro rakanyorwa mu [FLT] [FLT] [FLT] United States v. Leon , “isingagamuchiriki" muuyo wapamutemo ungasekesa mutemo wose. Mutengo wedare rinofanira kubvunza nomutoo unodikanwa, nokuda kwechisakiso chakafanira.

Mutongi Wokutonga Somutongi (Murwi Wemhosva)

Kana rugwaro rwangoitwa uye ufakazi hwabatwa, mutongi anotonga anotanga kutora nzvimbo huru. Basa iri rakasiana zvikuru. Irori rakasiyana, nezvose zviri zviviri kukwirira uye kuzvidzivirira zviripo. Kutonga kunoisa muganhu kudzorwa kwokudzvinyirira kuti adzvinyirire, apo mukwirirwi anodenha kuva nechokwadi uye nzira yokuuraya. Uku kutarisira kunobatanidza [FLT][1] Finsplans v. Delarew [FLT] kunzwa. . Mushuviriri akaedza kuratidza kuti mutemo une chibvumikiso chakasimba kana kuti nhema, mutongi anofanira kuva nenzwi risingangwa. Kana mutongi akawana kuti anenge akakanganisa, zvinhu zvenhema, uye akasarirwa.

Uwandu Hwenzeve Dzinodzvinyirira

Mukati mokutonga kwokudzvinyirira, mutongi anotonga haasati achizosimbisa kana kuisa maruramiro; panzvimbo pezvo, vanoyera kana mabhisitiri aigovera ane hwaro hwakasimba hwokugumisa kuti chisakiso chinobvira chiripo. Irworwu idi redzoreso inowirirana. Zvisinei, mutongi anonzvera anonzverawo mufambiro wavakuru vakuru mukati mokuurawa. Ikoku kunobatanidza kusimbisa kuti kuurawa kunowirirana nenheyo yokurira, kuti ukuru hwokunzvera hakuna kupfuura mitengo yebvumiro yebumbiro, uye kuti hakuna kunzvera kwamagetsi kwakaitirwa nomutoo unoputsa miganhuro yapamutemo seyo muGenetap Act.

Kunzvera Mutongi Ane Murairo: Munzveri Worutongeso

Kana vachipa mashoko kana kuti kuaongorora panenge papera hoc, vatongi vanofanira kushandisa nzvero yakaoma kunzvimbo inochengeterwa zvinhu.

Kuongorora Kudzokerazve Kumwe uye Chinodikanwa Chenyu

Mutongi anofanira kutanga arangarira hwaro hwezivo. Mashoko acho anocherekedza zvakananga here, runyerekupe runobva kumunhu akavanzika, kana kuti mugumisiro wefekitari yapamberi? Kuongorora kunofanira kunzverwa pasi pe hwerengedzo yemigariro kubva ku . ]] Illinois [magedhi [[[FLT]] [[FLT]] [[2] [[FLT]]] [[FLT]]]. [[FLT]].]

Kubata Nezvinodiwa Pakungwarira Nokuva Nehanya

Magistrate anofanira kunzvera kuvimbika kweziviso dzakavanzika (CIS). Mutongi anofanira kubvunza kuti: Pane chikonzero chokudavira kuti pane pari pakavakirwa kuvimbika kweCI kana kuti kubatanidza chinyorwa chokupa mashoko akavimbika. Mukuwedzera, mashoko acho anofanira kuva akakodzera panguva. Kana basa routsotsi rakaitika mavhiki kana kuti mwedzi yapfuura, ufakazi ndi "chakavanzika". Mutongi anofanira kubvunza kuti: Pane chikonzero chokudavira kuti uchapupu hwacho huchiri panzvimbo yacho here? Ikoku kunoda kunzvera mamiriro ebasa routsotsi (g., mafaira emichina yemichina anofanira kugara; migove yemirimo inokurumidza). Kukundikana kwavatongi kushatadzira mapurisa kushata kushata kuri chisakiso chinotungamirira kudzo.

Zvinetso Zvenguva Ino Munguva Yetsika

Ruzivo rwokugadzirwa kwezvinhu runopa zvimwe zvezvinetso zvakaoma zvikuru kuzvaidiwa. Ukuru hwemashoko ekombiyuta nemitoo mitsva yokuaunganidza (sezvinei, kubvumirwa kwenzvimbo inogarwa masero) zvinoedza ganhuriro dzedzidziso dzegamuchidzanwa dzeChina dzePramendment. Vatongi vanotonga vari pamberi pokurondedzera zvinobvumirwa nemutemo.

Kuratidza Kukosha Munzvero Dzemagetsi

Zvichida chinyorwa chazvino uno chinokosha zvikurusa chinetso munzvero yemitemo. Chibvumikiso chekombiyuta kana kuti serura chingabvumira kubvumwa kwe “ufakazi hwose hwemagetsi.” Matare mazhinji akadzosa, achitevera zviitiko zvakadai se Mukutsvakazve Factor of Fair Menage , [[FLT]], iyo inobvumirana kuti mitemo inofanira kuva yakananga uye kuti hurumende haigoni kunzvera chinhu pasina rondedzero yakajeka kuti ideredzei kubatwa kwemajeketi, isiri maidi. Vatongi vanodikanirwa zvikuru kubvumira mitemo yakajeka, nokuda kwezvishandiso, uye mashoko okutanga pamberi pokunzvera motokari. Iyi inotanga basa rokutonga kubva mumashandiro akaoma.

Vagari Vehondo VeGeofence NeDzidziro Yechitatu

Kumuka kwemitengo yenzvimbo inodzorwa, uko kunosunda makambani ezvoruzivo rwokugadzira mashoko enzvimbo nokuda kwenzvimbo dzose munharaunda yakati yenzvimbo mukati menguva yakati, kunopa denho dzechienzi. Uku "kupesana" kuraira vanhu vakawanda vasingazivikanwi, kudzvinyirira chinodikanwa. Vatongi vanofanira kuyera kuti kudikanwa kwemaidi ehurumende pamusoro pezvakavanzika zvenzvimbo dzenhau dzenzvimbo isina mhaka. Dare Rapamusoro rakabata mukati [[FLT: 0][FLT][1] Karplate v. United States[FLT:][FLT] [2] yakasimbisa kuti kuwana mashoko enzvimbo yenhau inoumba rugwaro runoda pamutemo. Zvino chaita vatongi zvino kutambanurwa [FT]

Kunyepera Kusingabvumiki "Pocket Ligigation" paMagistate Stage

Pane kusawirirana kunokura pamusoro pokuti muitiro wokupa mashoko mudare unofanira kuvakirwa munhevedzo yekare. Vamwe vatsoropodzi vanotaura kuti vachuchisi vanofanira kudikanwa kupa ufakazi hwokupa ufakazi hwokuzivisa kumajasitiriti, muwirirano nezvinodikanwa mukuitwa kukuru kwedare rinotonga. Nepo zviremera zvizhinjisa zvisingadi ikoku, mutongi anoshingaira angada kunzwa mashoko api naapi anozivikanwa anokosha kuchimwe chikonzero. Uku kurapa kunofanira kudzivirira "kutsvaka kutenga kwokutsvaka zvinhu" uye kuvimbisa kuti kunofanira kuvakirwa pachisarudzo chakavakirwa pamufananidzo wakarurama nowakakwana.

Migumisiro Yokukundikana Kutonga: Basa Rokuchengeta Suo

Apo vatongi vanokundikana kumanikidza zvakasimba kuti zviitwe, miuyo inodzokororwa kupfurikidza negadziriro yose yeruramisiro.

Mutemo Wokugumisa Somupi Webumbiro reMitemo

Yakatangwa mu Weeks v. United States[FLT]] uye inoshandiswa kudzimwe nyika mu [FLT]]] Mapp. Ohio[ [[FLT]], mitemo inodzora inowanwa kupfurikidza nokunzvera kusina mufungo kana kuti kubatwa inoita kuti ishandiswe muutsotsi. Uyu ndiwo mushonga mukuru wekuputsa kweChina. Apo rutongeso runopa murairo kuti utsinde, ivo vari kushatisa zvinoshataikwa naukwa. Ikoku kunoparira sundo huru nokuda kwokunzvera uye kunzvera.

Kutenda Kwakanaka Kwakasiiwa

Dare rapamusoro zvikurusa rakaderedza mutemo wokubvisa mu .[FLT] United States v. Leon no "kutenda kwakanaka" kusiiwa. Muiyi mhesano, ufakazi hunowanwa navakuru vakuru vanoita mukutsamira kune mufungo pabvumiro inowa pakupedzisira ichiri isina maturo. Chino mufungo ndechekuti mutevedzo wemitemo ushomanene pavakuru vakuru vaivimba nenzira ine mufungo nechisakiso chomutongi. Zvisinei, ichi chitsauko chakabatira kana:

  • Majaji wacho akasiya basa ravo rokusava nokwavakarerekera uye rokusapindira mune zvematongerwo enyika.
  • Mashoko aizivisa akanga asina kwazvo chisakiso chinobvira chokuti chitendero chapamutemo mukuva chakarurama kwacho chakanga chisina mufungo chose chose.
  • Chiratidzo chacho chakanga chisina kukwana pachiso (sezviito, chakanga chisina kujeka).
  • Chikamu chaitsigira chaiva nemashoko enhema akataurwa achiziva kana kuti nokusakoshesa chokwadi.

kutenda kwakanaka [ kunoisa mutoro unorema pamejasitiriti inopa. Gavhuna wemabhinya uyo anoratidzira rugwaro rusina chisakiso chinobvira angadzivirira zvomenemene ufakazi mukudzvinyirirwa pasi pa [FLT]], achisekesa donzo rimene remitemo. Savatongi vakadaro, vane basa retsika neretsika rokuva rakaoma.

Kuwana Kusingadzivisiki uye Manyuko Okuzvimirira

Dzimwe dzidziso mbiri dzinoganhurira pesvedzero yokukundikana kutungamirira. * ** kuwanikwa kwegadziriro dzedare, kwakagadzwa mu .[FLT]NUx v. Williams, inobvumira kubvumwa kwoufakazi hungadai hwakawanikwa nenzira yapamutemo kupfurikidza nemiitiro yetsika yamapurisa, kunyange kana kuwanikwa kwokutanga kwakanga kwasvibiswa. * * manyuko** dzidziso, inozivikanwa mu [[FLT:][5]] [[FLT]] [5]]. United States[FLT] v [FLT], inobvumira ufakazi kubvumwa kubvumwa kupfurikidza napora, kupfurikidza nokunzvera kunobvumirwa.

Miitiro Yakanakisisa Nokuda Kwavatongi: Mushandi, Kwete Anopfuura, Bench

Kuti vaite zvinobudirira murairo wavo webumbiro remitemo, vatongi navatongi vanofanira kugamuchira basa rinopfuurira.

Kurayira Chinyorwa Chakakwana uye Chinotambudza

Vazivi vanofanira kuda chipupuriro chamashoko kana kuti kupika mashoko ane udzame uye akananga. Havafaniri kuzengurira kubvunza mibvunzo kana kuti mashoko okukumbira kubva kumuzivi. Kuumba chinyorwa chakasimba kunokosha nokuda kwokuhwirudzurwa uye kugovera hwaro hwakajeka hwechingabvira. Mutongi haafaniri kusaina maruramiro akavakirwa pamhedzisowo zvayo yokuti chisakiso chiripo pasina kunzwisisa maidi ari pasi penhau.

Kuongorora Kukura Kwakaita Panenge Pachiitwa

Kunyange zvazvo vatongi vasingagoni kutungamirira pakutsvaka kwose, vanogona kuisa mamiriro ezvinhu papepa. Izvi zvinosanganisira kurayira * mitanho yapamberi-pamberi pekuurayiwa* (pamberi pekuuraya) yakadai sokuda kungwa kana kuti kutsanangura nzira dzokupinda nadzo. Kuuraya pashure, mutongi anofanira kuongorora kudzoka nokunyatsoongorora kuti anyorese. Kunyora pazvakabvumirwa nezvabatwa zvinofanira kuonekwa nokubvunza zvakatokosha, zvichigona kuita kuti azvimanikidze.

Kunetsa Kwomutemo Nenguva Yemberi Yokutonga

Basa ramejasitiriti nerokutonga harina kumira. Sezvo ruzivo rwokunzvera ruchichinja uye kuchinja kwemitemo, basa rokutonga rinofanira kugadziridzwa. Kuoma kweufakazi hwemichina kunowedzera kunoda rovedzo chaiyo nokuda kwavakuru vakuru vanotonga. Mamwe mativi akatanga matare anokosha anokosha kana kuti "ufakazi hwemishumo" vatongi vanotarisira kuoma kwemichina inonzvera.

Kupfuurirazve, pane kurukurirano inokura pamusoro pokuita maruramiro okupa zano padanho rekodzero. Nepo Dare Rapamusorosaidzo nguva dzose rakarangarira kuti maruramiro ezano haasati achibatanidza kutozosvikira kutongwa kwedare kwavamba (] Rothgery v. Gillespie County [ ), dzimwe nyanzvi dzinotaura kuti gweta rinofanira kuvapo apo chibvumikiso chacho chinobatira nokukurumidza kudenha chitsamato kana kuti kuputswa kwechikwa kwechapupuriso. Ikoku kunomirira muitiro unokosha kubva kumuenzaniso wegamuchidzanwa womutongi somutambi bedzi anozvimirira.

mhedziso

Chinodikanwa chinodikanwa ikokukosha kwerusununguko rwemitemo yeAmerica. Kubudirira kwacho kunotsamira chose chose parudzi rwavakuru vakuru vedare vanoronzeswa nokuchengetwa kwacho. Kuvambira pakuhwirudzura kwokutanga kwechikamu chemapurisa kusvikira kuchisarudzo chokupedzisira pakudzvinyirira, jaji uye mutongi zvinobatira sebatano inokosha pakati pedziviriro dzemitemo nechiito chamapurisa chapamutemo. Kupfurikidza nokuraira chisakiso chakajeka, kusimbisa kuisa mutemo wakati, kushandisa nenzira yokusangwarira mutemo wokuzvidzora nedzisingawirirani, uye kuramba vachifamba nerevo nerevo zvamawawanwa, ava vakuru vakuru vakuru vanotonga vanodzivirira kutendeka kwegadziriro yemitemo uye kuchengeta chivimbo chavose.