Chii Chiri Muitiro Wezvitundu Zvematope?

Gadziriro dzeElectoral imitemo inosarudza kuti vhoti dzinoshandurwa sei muzvigaro zvevagari vemo muimba yomutemo kana kuti hofisi inodzorwa. Idzo dzinorondedzera chinhu chiri chose kubva pakuti vavhoti vanorongerwa sei kukuti vavhoti vanorongwa sei uye kuti vanokunda vanosarudzwa sei. Nepo vaongorori vanogona kuratidzika kuva vane unyanzvi, chisarudzo chegadziriro yevhoti chine miuyo mikuru nokuda kwemireza yezvamatongerwe enyika, tsinhano yehurumende, mufambiro wevota, uye utano hwose hwehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu.

Pamavambo ayo, gadziriro yevhota inopindura mibvunzo mitatu inokosha: ndiani anogona kuvhota, mavhoti anopinzwa sei, uye mavhoti anochinjwa sei kuva simba? Mhinduro dzinosiana zvikuru munyika dzose, dzichiratidzira mamiriro enhau akasiyana - siyana, mipimo yetsika, uye nharidzano dzezvamatongerwe enyika. Kunzwisisa aya masangano anokosha kwete bedzi nokuda kwamasayendisiti ezvamatongerwe enyika asiwo nokuda kwavadzidzi vanoda kunzwisisa chikonzero nei dzimwe hurumende dzinosarudzwa navanhu dzichibudisa gadziriro dzamasangano akasiana - simbi nepo vamwe vachisimudzira masangano makuru, chikonzero nei mamwe mavhotera achiguma nokukunda kwenyika uye mamwe muparamende, uye chikonzero nei muvhotera achichinja zvikuru kurudzi rumwe kurumwe.

Kufambira Mberi Kwegadziriro Dzepasi

Mavambo egadziriro dzazvino uno dzezvivhota ari muzana ramakore rechi18 nerechi 19, sezvo mirangariro yedemocracy yakapararira muEurope neAmerica. Gadziriro dzapakuvamba kazhinji kazhinji dzakanga dziri nzira dzakapfava, umo muvhoti akahwina. Gadziriro yeUnited Kingdom yeForst-Past-The Post (FPPP), somuenzaniso, yakashanduka kubva mukuvhota kwomutemo wemosvorate yeMiddle Age. Nokufamba kwenguva, vachinji vakavamba kupokana kana miitiro yakadaro yaimirira zvakanaka kuda kwavanhu, zvikurukuru sezvo kukura kwechitutsiro kunobatanidza chiverengero chavagari vemo chikuru zvikuru uye chakasiana - .

Pakuzosvika pakupera kwezana ramakore rechi19, vafungi muEurope uye kune dzimwe nzvimbo vakatanga kuva nemipimo yemitemo yemaSamarike. Muzivi wemasvomhu weBelgium Victor D’Hondt akagadzira nzira yokubatanidza zvigaro zvakawiriraniswa, uye nyika dzakadai seBelgium, Finland, uye Switzerland dzakagamuchira PR mukuvamba kwezana ra1900. Pashure peHondo Yenyika II, marudzi akawanda matsva anozvimirira uye nyika dzinovakazve magariro adzo kubva murwisano dzakaedzwa negadziriro dzemibatanidzwa, kubatanidza zvinhu zvemubatanidzwa wezvigadziko newirirano. Nhasi, inopfuura hafu yehurumende inodzokororwa yenyika inoshandisa chimiro chakati chemitengo, nepo dzimwe dzinova nemiitiro mikuru yezvokuyera kana kuti yakavhengana.

Zvikamu Zvikuru Zvegadziriro Dzemarongerwo Eector

Zvikamu izvi zvinochinja mavhoti anosiyiwa sei uye kuti zvinoguma nei.

Mwero Weruwa

Ukuru hweruwa hunonongedzera kunhamba yavamiriri vanosarudzwa kubva muruwa rumwe runosarudza. Maruwa ane mitezo imwe (SMD) anosarudza bedzi mumiriri mumwe, nepo maruwa ane mitezo mizhinji (MMD) anosarudza maviri kana kuti kupfuura. ukuru hweruwa hune pesvedzero yakasimba pakuenzana: maruwa makuru anowanzoparira miuyo yakaganhurirwa zvikuru nemhaka yokuti anobvumira mapoka maduku kuwana zvigaro negoverano dukusa yevhoti.

Mijaho Yakanaka

Mitemo yakawanda inoisa chiverengero chiduku muzana chevhoti iyo mubato unofanira kuwana kuti uwane zvigaro zvipi nezvipi. Ichi chikuva, chinowanzorongwa pakati pe 3% ne 5%, chakagadzirirwa kudzivisa mapoka maduku zvikuru kana kuti anonyanyisa kupinda muparamende. Zvisinei, inogonawo kubvisa manzwi mashoma apamutemo. Somuenzaniso, chikumbaridzo cha5% cheGermany chakakurukurwa kwemakumi amakore. ACE Electoral Knowlet Network[ chinogovera tsananguro dzine udzame dzezvikumbaridzo nemiuyo yazvo.

Zvivako zveBalot

Kuti vavhoti vanoratidzira sei zvisarudzo zvavo pavhoti vanogona kusiana: mabhora edivi rimwe anobvumira chisarudzo chimwe ( nokuda kwomubhadhari kana kuti mubato), nepo mabhora orumwe achibvumira vavhoti kuvhotera kuva vadzorwi munhevedzano yedaviro. Chimiro cheBallot chinotapura zvakananga kana vavhoti vanogona kutsigira mapati akawanda kana kuti mitsetse yepati.

Kambani yeAlposicaFumula

Kana mavhoti angoverengwa bedzi, nzira yemasvomhu inosarudza kuti mubato mumwe nomumwe unogamuchira zvigaro zvingani. Nzira dzinozivikanwa dzinosanganisira nzira yeD’Hondt (inoshandiswa munyika dzakawanda dzeEurope), nzira yeSaint-Laguë (inoshandiswa muNew Zealand uye dzimwe nyika dzeScandinavia), uye chikamu cheHare. Muitiro mumwe nomumwe une tsvotsvedzero dzakasiyana: D’Hondt inoda mapati makuru, nepo Sainte-Laguë ari mubatanidzwa mukuru.

Marudzi Egadziriro DzeElectoral: Munzvero yeDeft

Nyaya yokutanga yakaronga gadziriro dzavakuru, dzemitsetse, uye dzakavhengana.

Masangano Makuru

Gadziriro dzavanamuzvinapfuma dzakavakwa panheyo yokuti mukwikwidzi kana kuti mubato ane vhoti zhinjisa anohwina. Anowanzoshandiswa munyika dzine gamuchidzanwa rehurumende imwe uye anobatanidzwa zvikuru nomuenzaniso weWestminster.

Kutanga-Past-The Post (FPTP)

FPTP igadziriro yakapfava zvikurusa. Mutevedzeri ane nhamba yakakwirira zvikurusa yamavhoti muruwa rumwe anowana chigaro, pasinei zvapo nokuti vane voruzhinji here. Iyi gadziriro inowanzoparira batano yakasimba pakati pevamiriri vavo, asi inogonawo kutungamirira kumiuyo mizhinji. Somuenzaniso, muna 2015 UK vhoti rehurumende, Conservative Party yakawina 37% yevhoti asi yakatapa 51% yezvigaro, nepo UK Independence Party yakagamuchira 12.6% yevhotera asi chigaro chimwe bedzi. Iyi “win’s con con projectro" ichiratidzo cheFPP. Vatsoropote vanoramba kuti FPP inodzivisa kuvhota gandara chitatu uye mashivi akawanda.

Mubatanidzwa wemadhora maviri (Roff)

Inoshandiswa muFrance, Brazil, uye sarudzo dzakawanda dzapurezidhendi, gadziriro inotenderera mbiri inoda mukwidziridziridziri kuti awane voruzhinji chose chose (inopfuura 50%) mukutenderera kwokutanga. Kana pasina mubati ushe unoda, rutivi rwechipiri runochengetwa pakati pavaviri vapamusoro kana kuti kupfuura. Iyi gadziriro inovimbisa kuti muwinwi wokupedzisira ane tsigiro yavazhinji, asi inogona kuva inodhura uye ingadzivisa kuvhozhozhokera murumwe rwechipiri kana vavhozhekeri vavo vachinzwa kuti vadikani vanodiwa havachabatirwi.

Chinotsiva Vote

Muvhoti inotsiva, vavhoti vanoda kusarudzwa munhevedzano yedavi. Kana pasina mutendi anogamuchira ruzhinji rwezvivhoti zvokutanga zvarevererwa, muvhoti wokupedzisira anobviswa, uye vhoti dzavo dzinodzoserwa kune zvinotevera. Uyu muitiro unopfuurira kusvikira muvhoti asvika voruzhinji. Australia inoshandisa iyi tsika nokuda kweimba yayo yakaderera. Inokurudzira vanoda kukwirira kupfuura panzvimbo yavo inosarudzwa uye inoderedza kudikanwa kwokuvhota kwapamutemo. Dzimwe nyika muUnited States, dzakadai seMaine neAlaska, dzakagamuchira kuvhota kwapamutemo nokuda kwezvisarudzo zvakati.

Miitiro Yokuratidzira

Kumirira kwehurumende kunovavarira kuenzana nechiverengero chezvigaro zvebato chinowana nechiverengero chezvikamu zvamavhoti azvinogamuchira.

Ndaza Yeboka PR

Mumiitiro yamasangano, vhota vavhoti nokuda kwomubato, uye mapati anogamuchira zvigaro zviri mukuwirirana negoverano yavo. Mapati ipapo anozadza zvigaro izvozvo kubva pandandanda yavanhu vanosarudzwa. Kune ndandanda mbiri huru: dzakavharwa (panoronga nhevedzano) uye dzakazaruka (panogona kuratidzira zvisarudzo zvavanhu vamwe navamwe). Nhevedzo dzinopa vatungamiriri vebato udzoredzo hwakawanda, nepo marusarudzo akazaruka anopa vavhoti vanovhotera papi vanosarudzwa. Mitoo yeD’Hont neSaint-Laguë inowanzoshandiswa kugovera zvigaro. Nyika dzakadai seIsrael neNetherlands dzinoshandisa ruwa rwenyika imwe nechikumbano chakaderera, zvichiguma nehurumende dzakapamhonga zvikuru. Dzimwe, kufanana neSpain, uye nharaunda yeruwa dzinoshandiswa muruwa runoderedza kumirira nharaunda.

Mubato mumwe Unotakurika (STV)

STV igadziriro yokuvhota inoda zvikuru inoshandiswa mumaruwa akawanda. Vavhotera vamadivi maererano nezvinodiwa. Vanosvika padanho revhoti vanosarudzwa, uye vhoti dzakasara dzinoendeswa kuvanenge vasara. STV inoparira miuyo inowirirana nepo ichibvumirawo vavhoti kusarudza pakati pavadaviri vebato rimwe kana kuti vamwe vanhu. Inoshandiswa muIreland, Malta, uye nokuda kweAustralian Dare. STV inokombamira kukurudzira makwikwikwi makuru ezvisarudzo, asi muitiro wokuverenga unova wakaoma kuoneka zvakanaka uye unogona kuva anorerukira zvikuru kuvhota.

Masangano Akavhengana

Gadziriro dzemasanhamba dzakavhengana dzinobatanidza zvinhu zvemireza mikuru nemusiyano, zvichivavarira kudzikamisa simba rezvose zviri zviviri. Marudzi makuru maviri anovhengana (MMP) uye nhengo dzakavhengana (MMM).

MEMber Proportigal (MMP) yakavhenganiswa

MuMMP, vavhoti vakavhota zvisaririra zviviri: mumwe nokuda kwomutsigiri muruwa rwavo rwomunzvimbomo (vanowanzosarudzwa neFPTP) uye mumwe nokuda kwendaza yebato. Zvigaro zvendandanda zvinogoverwa kutsiva nokuda kwezvigaro zvipi nezvipi zveruwa zvinoparirwa nezvigaro zvoruwa, vachivimbisa kuti kuumbwa kwese kwechirongwa chedare remitemo kunowirirana nebato rimwe nerimwe. Germany, New Zealand, uye Scotland zvinoparira miuyo inowirirana apo inochengeta mufananidzo womunzvimbomo. Zvisinei, inogona kutungamirira ku “zvigaro zvezvigaro zveruwa zvakawanda kupfuura mugove waro waro waro, uye kungada dare guru kuti rigare matunhu.

MEMber Majoritarian (MMM) yakavhenganiswa

MuMM (zvinonziwo kuvhota kwakaenzana), zvigaro zviviri zvinoshanda zvakazvimirira. Zvigaro zvoruwa zvinopiwa neFPTP, uye zvigaro zvendaza zvinogoverwa zvakatanhamara, asi zvigaro zvendaza hazvirurami nokuda kwemiuyo ipi neipi yeruwa. Ikoku kazhinji kazhinji kunoguma nemiuyo mishomanene kupfuura MMP. Japan, South Korea (kusvikira muna 2020), uye Mexico inogona kushandisa marudzi makuru zvikuru eMMM. Sisitemu inogona kufarira mapoka nemhaka yokuti mativi oruwa anovapa chitsama, nepo achiri kubvumira mapoka maduku kuwina marusarusaru.

Kuenzanisa Masangano Ezvekutengeserana: Mazai Ezvokutengeserana Nemigumisiro

Hapana gadziriro yevhota yakakwana. Imwe neimwe inobatanidza kusashanda pakati pemipimo yakadai semireza, dzikamo, kuzvidavirira, uye kuva nyore. Nyaya yapakuvamba yakadudza kuti gadziriro dzamasangano makuru kazhinji kazhinji dzinotungamirira kuhurumende dzakatsiga asi dzinoderedza mapoka maduku, nepo PR inokurudzira mhatsa asi inogona kuparira kukamukana. Tinowedzera pana ikoku namativi okuwedzera.

Kusimba kweHurumende Nechivako Chokubatana

Gadziriro dzavanamakuru dzinokombamira kuparira chinjo dzehurumende dzakawanda, idzo dzinogona kupfuudza mitemo nokukurumidza ndokuitwa kuti dzizvidavirirwe navavhoti. Mukupesana, gadziriro dzePR kazhinji kazhinji dzinoda hurumende dzinobatana, idzo dzinogona kuva dzakatsiga zvikuru kana mapoka achibatira pamwe asi dzinogonawo kutungamirira kurumano kana mapoka epfungwa akadzika. Italy, somuenzaniso, yakawana chinjo dzehurumende dzinogara dziripo pasi pePR, dzichitungamirira kugadziridzo idzo dzakatanga tsika yakavhengana. Zvisinei, nyika dzakawanda dzePR, dzakadai seGermany namarudzi eNordic, dzinofarikanya pesvedzero inowirirana yakatsigiwa kupfurikidza nemipimo yakatangwa yokubvumirana pane zvisina kufanira.

Kumirira Miduku Navakadzi

Mitemo yePropotical inowanzobudisa maparamende akasiana zvikuru mune zvechirume, dzinza, uye pfungwa. Maruwa ane mitezo mizhinji anobvumira masangano kuisa vakadzi kana kuti vapamberi veboka duku pasina kuisa mungozi kurasikirwa nechigaro kuboka guru. Nzvero dzinoratidza kuti nyika dzinoshandisa PR dzinova nemirairo yakakwirira zvikuru muparamende. Somuenzaniso, Rwanda, inoshandisa gadziriro yePR ine zvigaro zvakavharwa zvakachengetwa, ine mwero wakakwirira zvikurusa wavakadzi muparamende. Masangano eMitemo, kupfurikidza nokupesana, anogona kuparira miganhuro yemireza mishomanene, zvikurukuru kana maruwa akakwezvurwa kubvisa simba rokuvhotera. [FLT:] [FLD] Vakadzi vanogovera kunzvera pakati pemasangano anosarudzwa navakadzi.

Kutanga Nokutsigira

Voter revostaup inopesvedzerwa nezvinhu zvakawanda, asi gadziriro yevhota inoita basa. Kumwe kunzvera kunokarakadza kuti gadziriro dzePR dzinova necherekedzo huru nemhaka yokuti vavhoti vanonzwa kuti bvudziro yavo ine bviro huru yokutapura muuyo, zvikurukuru mumaruwa akakotsekana umo FPTPvhotation ingagara kumusha. Zvisinei, ukama hahuna kudzorwa kwakananga; kuvhota kwokumanikidzirwa (sokuAustralia) uye kuva pedyo kwesarudzo zvinhuwo zvikuru. Masangano makuru anogona kuparira kubuda kwakakwirira kana madzinza ari makwikwikwi, asi zvigaro zvakawanda zvinosarudzwa nemicheto mikuru, kuderedza sundo.

Kuongorora Zvirwere Mugadziriro Yezvirongwa Zvemakemikari

Tichiwedzera panzvero pfupi yomunyaya yapakuvamba, tinopa nzvero yakadzama yokuti gadziriro dzesarudzo dzinoshanda sei mukushanda munyika dzinoverengeka.

United States: Pest-the Post neMiuyo Yayo

United States inoshandisa FPTP nokuda kweSarudzo kuNzvimbo yavamiririri, pamwe chete negadziriro yose inohwina muElectoral College nokuda kwesarudzo youpurezidhendi. Iyi gadziriro yadzika midzi mibatanidzwa miviri yezvikamu, ichiita kuti kuve kwakaoma zvikuru nokuda kwemativi echitatu kuwina zvigaro. Sarudzo yapurezidhendi yakawana vakwikwikwidzani vanobva kuGreenland neLibertarian communion vair sericale vanowana 5% yevhoti yakakurumbira asi pasina vhotioti. Mumijati yedzimba, gerrymanndering nepasi revota revota dzeRevotion zvinoreva kuti maruwa mazhinji haasati ari makwikwikwikwikwi, achitungamirira kuvhotera nokuvhotera kwakaderera kwakaderera. Kuedza kupinza nzvimbo yevhiyo mumamwe maguta uye nyika., Chikaromei, chinomirira maguta anomirira maguta anosimukwana, uye anodzorwa nokuda kwezvamatongerwa muganhu yezvamatongerwo enyika.

Germany: Kubvumirana kwemaminibheri sechibvumirano chokubvumirana pane zvisina kufanira

Gadziriro yevhota yeGermany inowanzodudzwa somuenzaniso wenzira yokubatanidza nayo kumirira kwomunzvimbomo nokuwirirana. Pashure peHondo yeNyika II, Allies dzakaomerera pagadziriro yaizodzivisa kudzoka kwehurumende ine chiremera chesimba, uye MMP yakabuda sekubvumirana pakati pegamuchidzanwa reBritish FPTPP nePR inoshuviwa neSocial Democrates. Zvigaro zvine mavhoti maviri, uye kugoverwa kwezvigaro muBundestag kunogadzirirwa kuva kwakaenzana. 5% inodzivisa mapati anotsiva anotsiva, kunyange zvazvo Hurumende dzinotsiva dzeGermany (AfD) dzichiipfuura muna 2017 uye zvino zvino zviripo. Kuchinja kwazvino uno unokurukura chinetso chechigaro cheshamwari kupfurikidza nokuwedzera zvigaro. Gadziro reGermany rakabudisa hurumende dzakadzotemwaradzikano yakadzorwa neCDUCCCC kana kuti kugutsikana zvikuru.

New Zealand: Kubva paFPTP Kuenda kuMMP

Kuchinja kweNew Zealand kubva paFPP kuenda MMP muna 1996 muenzaniso wakatanhamara wokuchinja kwevavhoti kwakatungamirirwa nokusagutsikana kwakakurumbira. Munyange-FPTP, kusarudza kuviri muna 1978 na 1981 akaona Labour Party inoshorwa ichiwina mavhota akawanda kupfuura National Party inodzora asi zvigaro zvishoma. Kukangaidzika kwavanhu kwakatungamirira kuRoyal Commission uye chibharo chedare redare reSangano muna 1993, umo 54% yakavhotera MMP. Chinjo yakachinja chakachinjwa zvamatongerwe enyika zveNew Zealand: hurumende dzakawanda dzakava dzisingawanzowaniki, uye hurumende dzemibatanidzwa dzakava pamutemo. Ruramisi yevakadzi neMāori yakawedzerawo nenzira inonzwika. Zvisinei, MMP yakamutsawo kutsoropodza pamusoro pokusaterana kwemiteveri uye basa remapoka maduku. A 2011term yakawana kuvhotera kuti mapepa 58% achengete MMP. New Zealand inowana kuti iratidzire kuva inoteedzerwa nenzira inooneka seyako inotevero inozivikanwa seyavose.

Masangano Akanaka Nemifananidzo Miduku

Imwe yenhau dzinokakavadzana zvikurusa mugadziriro yegadziriro yevhotaro ndeyokuva nechokwadi chokuti dzinza, mitauro, kana kuti zvitendero zvishoma zvinogona kusarudza vamiririri vechisarudzo chazvo. Gadziriro dzavanaMaritarianism dzinogona kubvisa chiverengero chadzo chakaparadzirwa mumativi mashoma, nepo gadziriro dzePR dzinogona kuvapa inzwi kana dzichiumba zvikamu zvavo vamene kana kuti kana kuti mubatanidzwa wakaderera. Dzimwe nyika dzinosarudza matanho akananga akadai sezvigaro zvakachengetedzwa (umhiko, Pakistan yamaKristu neHindu), yakaparadzana mapepa akasarudzwa (um., New Zealand nokuda kweMāori), kana kuti miitiro yakavhengana nemhesano inoumbwa yakasiyana - mativi (g. Lebanon). Chisarudzo chetsika chinogona kubetsera rugare kupfurikidza nokudzora kana kuti kurwisana nokudzibvisa. Mabhuku anonyorwa papostlycet, sesangano ramasvonea anoratidza, segadziriro inoumbwa naDhavicean, sezvinofanira kuva zvigadzirwa zvakana kugadzirwa kuti zvigaro.

Kuchinja Kwemazuva Achangobva Kupfuura Nenharo

Electoral system reconvetomment inhau ichiripo muhurumende dzinosarudzwa navanhu dzakawanda. MuCanada, maruwa anoverengeka akaita masangano akadai seFairvote anotsigira kuvhota kwePR kana kuti kuvhota kwakarongwa, kunyange zvazvo pasina akabudirira. United Kingdom yakaedza neAlternatis Vote nokuda kweSarudzo yomunzvimbomo uye yakarangarira PR nokuda kweImba yaMasarudzo. MuUnited States, masangano akafanana naFarvote anotsigira kuvhotera kwakatanhamara senzira yokuderedza nayo nyika uye kukurudzira vapari vezvokusarudza vane mwero zvikuru. Munguva ino, nyika dzakafanana neHungary dzakatamira murutivi rwakasiana, dzichigamuchira gadziriro inotsiva dzinoda kupfuudzwa zvikuru kupfurikidza negermerman uye zviteko zvinotengwa. Chimiro chenyika yose chakaoma: apo mamiriro ezvinhu matsva anogamuchirwa nePR, kazhinji anovamba kuchinja maererano nezviito zvakafanira kutongedzerwa. [FFrust formation formation formation tration inopfuurira kugadzirist formation formation formation]

Kupedzisa: Nei Kunzwisisa Masangano Okukunda Kuchikosha

Gadziriro dzemasangano ezvemasangano ehurumende dzinopa mipimo yemasangano anokwikwidzana; dzinoumba magariro ezvamatongerwe enyika umo vagari vemo vanotora rutivi. Dzinopesvedzera vanosarudzwa, maitiro emitemo anoitwa sei, uye kana vavhoti vanonzwa manzwi avo. Nokuda kwavadzidzisi navadzidzi, kufunda gadziriro dzehurumende dzinopa wirirano yehurumende dzinopesana: mirariro. kuterama, kuzvidavirira kwomunzvimbomo. kuva nomugariro wakapfava. Hurumano. Sezvinotarisana nezvinetso zvakadai sokuderera kwechivimbo mumasangano, kuwedzera kwechipopulist, uye kudikanwa kwokubatanidza mapoka akachengeswa, gadziriro dzegadziriro dzinosarudzwa dzicharamba dziri chinhu chishandiso chehurumende inosarudzwa. Kunzwisisa zvisarudzodzo. Vagari vemo vanogona kuita zvisarudzo zvavanoda kushandira basa ravo.