Bazu reBazu reGuru reUnited States rinopa nzvimbo huru nesimba mukuumba zvose zviri zviviri muitiro weimba nowokumwe. Sezvo bazu rine mutoro wokusimbisa mitemo nokutungamirira udzori hwehurumende, pesvedzero yaro inozadza anenge mativi ose okutonga. Kubva pakugadza bhajeti rehurumende kutungamirira mauto ane zvombo, bazi rinotungamirira rinoshandura chiremera chebumbiro remitemo kuva miuyo chaiyoiyo yenyika inotapura mamirioni eAmerica namarudzi munyika yose. Kuwedzera pakunzwisisa kwenheyo, iyi nyaya ino inonzvera zvikuru mumiitiro yakati, mienzaniso yenhau, uye denho dzapanguva inorondedzera basa rebazu roukuru mukugadzirwa kwemiitiro.

Kunzwisisa Bazi Rine Vatungamiriri

Bazu guru rinoumbwa zvikurukuru neChikamu II cheBumbiro reMitemo reU.S., iro rinoisa simba gurusa muna Purezidhendi. Bazu iri rakakura zvikuru kupfuura Purezidhendi naVice Purezidhendi; rinobatanidza gadziriro hurusa yamadhipatimendi, masangano, uye masangano izvo pamwe chete zvinoita mitemo yehurumende. Kusafanana nebazu remitemo yemitemo, iro rinowanzokamuraniswa uye rinobvisa muganhu, bazi rinotungamirira rakagadzirirwa nokuda kwechiito chakabatana pasi pomukuru mukuru mumwe. Vagadziri vamapurani vakaro vakaro iyi vakarangarira kuva nechokwadi chesimba, kubudirira, uye kuzvidavirira mukutarisirwa kwehurumende.

Kutangwa kweBumbiro reMitemo Nesimba

Chikamu II chinopa Purezidhendi mazita anodudzwa, akadai saMutungamiriri weSangano, kupa kanganwiro, kuita zvibvumirano (nezano reDare nebvumirano), uye kugadza vakuru vakuru. Zvisinei, rugwaro rweBumbiro remitemo runowanzova rusina kujeka, richibvumira bazu guru kugadziridza munguva kupfurikidza nemienzaniso, mirau, uye kududzira dare. Somuenzaniso, simba raPurezi rokubudisa mirairo yevakuru vakuru vehurumende rinovakwa kwete kubva murugwaro rwakati asi kubva mukupiwa kwesimba rechiremera nebasa ku "chengeta kuti mitemo ishandiswe nokutendeka." Uku kunyorwa kwenhau kwakagonesa kupfuudzira pesvedzero yavo mukati mendero yenjodzi, zvakadai semasangano egurukota reHarbeaspu kana kuti Rovelt' Programme.

Zvikamu Zvikuru zveBazu Rinotungamirira

  • Mutungamiriri wehurumende: Musoro wehurumende, mukuru wehurumende, uye mukuru mukuru mukuru. Mutungamiriri wehurumende anogadza purogiramu yemitemo, anoraira mauto, uye anomirira rudzi kune imwe nyika.
  • Mutungamiriri wePurezidhendi: Mukuru mukuru mukuru wechipiri, uyo angatora purezidhendi panhevedzano uye kazhinji kazhinji anotora mabasa akati emiitiro (mutoo., mauto anotungamirira basa kana kuti mishoni dzemibatanidzwa).
  • Kabhini: Yakanyorwa yavakuru vemadhipatimendi 15 makuru (umh., State, Defense, Treasurer). Mitezo yeCabitten inopa zano Purezidhendi ndokutarisira mabasa awo akasiana.
  • Masangano eIndependero (zvikurukuru, EPA, NASA, SEC) uye masangano ebazu anotungamirira anoita mibato inodzorwa, yesayenzi, uye yokudzora. Masimba avo okutonga anovapa chiremera chinokosha chokuita muitiro.
  • Hofisi Inotungamirirwa naPurezidhendi (EOP): Inobatanidza Hofisi yeImba yeVhite, Hofisi yeUtariri neHlamu (OMB), National Security Council (NSC), uye Dare reZvoupfumi. EOP rinobetsera Purezidhendi kutarisira hurumende yomubatanidzwa nomuitiro.

Chivako ichi chinoita kuti bazi rinotungamirira rikwanise kuita zvinhu nokukurumidza uye richiziva, asi chinoitawo kuti pave nezvinhu zvakaoma kunzwisisa zvinogona kuramba kana kutsanangurazve mirayiridzo yapurezidhendi.

Michina Yesimba Romumba

Bazu guru rinoumba muitiro wemhuri kupfurikidza namasimba enguva dzose akadai semirairo yavakuru vakuru nokuronga mari, pamwe chete nemitoo isina kurongwa yakadai sokunyengetedza negadziriro yezvirongwa.

Nhevedzo Yavatarisiri Neziviso

Miraidzo inopiwa naMongameli kuti vatarisire mabasa ehurumende yehurumende. Vane simba romutemo, asi bedzi bedzi kana vakavakirwa pachiremera chemitemo chiripo kana kuti pamutemo. Mapurezidhendi anoshandisa mirairo yevakuru vakuru kupedza chinjo huru, kubva pakubvisa mauto (Truman, 1948) kuti vatange Peace Corps (Kentedy, 1961). Zvisinei, mapurezidhendi anotevera anogona kubvisa kana kuti kugadzirisa mirayiro, uye Congress angaadzora kupfurikidza nomutemo (pfuudzoro kuto). Dare redare rinogonawo kudzora mirairo inopfuura miganhuro yemitemo, sezvinoonekwa mu [FLGUR: 0] , zvikurukuru mumitemo yemhoteredzo yapasi pevhu. Shona. , , . .Steanderttons.[FFFFFFF1]

Muitiro Webhajeti

Chikarakadzo chemari yegore negore chemari yaPurezidhendi, yakaiswa kuCongress, inoisa purofiti yemari yehurumende nemari. Hofisi yeMabhadhari neDzidzo (OMB) inoita basa rinokosha mukuvamba chikarakadzo ichi uye gare gare kutungamirira kupiwa kwacho. Kunyange zvazvo Congress ichiita simba rechikwama pasi peChikamu I, Purezidhendi anogona kupesvedzera miuyo kupfurikidza netyisidziro, zvikumbiro zvehurumende, uye kudzosera ganhuriro (neganhuriro dzakaiswa neCongresvational Bacrate neImporament Control Act muna 1974). Zvikarakadzo zvemari yebhajekiti rinowanzoratidzira misengwa yemifungo yetsika neChikamu I.g., kuwedzera ndyo yokuzvidzivirira apo anotema mapurogiramu enzanga, kana kuti mari inodzorwa mugadziriro yemari yakachena. Bazi rebazi rinodzorawo kubudiswa nemari yokubudisa mari.

Kuronga Kudzora Kunoita Mutemo Nesimba Reveto

Purezidhendi anogona kuumba mutemo wemhuri kupfurikidza nokuisa pamutemo wakananga kupfurikidza navatungamiriri vesangano, uye kushandisa chikuva. Mukuwedzera, simba reveto ichekedzo inotyisa: mutongo unoda voruzhinji vane mativi maviri matatu mukamuri dzose dziri mbiri kuti vakurire. Kunyange tyisidziro yeveto inogona kumanikidza Chibvumirano kubvumirana pane zvisina kufanira. Mapurezidhendi kazhinji kazhinji kazhinji anoisa kusaina mashoko pakusaina zvikwereti zvemitemo kana kuti nhungamiro. Nepo aya mashoko asina simba romutemo, anogona kupesvedzera kuti masangano ashandise sei mitemo. Mapurezidhendi azvino uno anoshandisa chiito chamabhii ane mirayiridzo. Yakadai semirairo yedare, dare, uye zvirevo zvokugadza mashoko pamusoro pezvikwereti zvemitemo, mibvunzo pamusoro pedziyo.

Chiremera Chokutungamirira Nokutonga

Masangano ehurumende anoshanda pasi pechiremera chemitemo chinogoverwa, kubudisa mitemo inotakura simba romutemo. Uyu muitiro wokutonga inzira huru yokuchinja muitiro wemhuri. Bazu guru rinogona kutungamirira masangano kupfurikidza nokugadza savakuru vakuru vane pfungwa uye kuraira ndyiko kupfurikidza nemirairo yehurumende (g., Reagan's E.1291 kana kuti Trump's E.O.771). ADENTARY Procéd Act inodzora kutora rutivi rwavose nehwirudzurudzo, asi purezidhendi vanogona kupesvedzerazve purogiramu yehurumende. Somuenzaniso, chiremera cheEPA's kudzora kubudisa zvinhu pasi pechino cheCool Actscract chakaumbwa negadziriro inotemwaratio. Iri simba rinobvumirazve basa kuti rishandure basa rehurumende, uye vanhu vamwe vogando.

Kuderedza Muitiro Wokumwe

Purezidhendi ndiye mugadziri mukuru wemitemo yokumwe yeAmerica, achishandisa masimba ose ari maviri akafara uye anowanzoshandiswa neganhuriro shomanene dzapakarepo dzebumbiro remitemo.

Kupesana Nebvumirano

Purezidhendi anotungamirira Dhipatimendi reHurumende uye anogadza nhume dzinomirira zvibvumirano zveU.S. Simba rokutaura naPurezidhendi ndiro bedzi kuna Purezidhendi, kunyange zvazvo zvibvumirano zvichida kutenderwa nedare nembiri nenhanhatu. Kudzivisa chinodikanwa chikuru cheDare, purezidhendi kazhinji kazhinji vanoshandisa zvibvumirano zvehurumende (mapepa ehurumende) kana kuti zvibvumirano zvakawanda zvisingadi kutenderwa nemitemo. Zvibvumirano zvechiremera zvazova chishandiso chikuru chokufambidza ukama hwedzimwe nyika, kutengeserana, chengeteko, uye misengwa yemhoteredzo. Dare rapamusoro ragara richitsigira kuva razvo, chero bedzi vasingabvumirani mutemo uripo kana kuti zvibvumirano. Izvi zvinoita kuti bazu rehurumende riite nokukurumidza kufambira mberi.

Masimba omutungamiriri

Somutungamiriri wedare, Purezidhendi ane chiremera chikuru chokuisa mauto ehondo, kurova, uye mabasa okutungamirira. Chisarudzo cheWar Powers cha1973 chakaitwa kuti chiongorore simba iri kupfurikidza nokuda kuziviswa kwedare nokuganhura kurongwa pasina mvumo. Zvisinei, purezidhendi kazhinji kazhinji vakapikisa kuti chisarudzo chacho hachibvumikiswi mubumbiro ravo reChiratidzo II. Kutanga kuvimbisa kwehondo . Kubva paRibya raPubhita kusvikira kuSyria(* kwakaona bazu guru richitsamira pamvumo dzakafaramira se 2001 Chirevo cha2001 yeUnier for Jener for Ault for Ault for Applices. Ikoku kuti kudzo dzinotungamirira kukurukurirano dzinopfuurira pamusoro pechiremera chehondo, nyanzvi dzakawanda idzo dzakaita kuti Congresssionsss apeed chiito chehondo.

Kuronga Mari

Bazu guru rinoshandisa zvishandiso zvemari (*.shambadza, kuyamura, uye zvibvumirano zvebhizimisi zvokumwe) zvinosimudzira nharidzano dzemiitiro yokunze. Mutungamiriri wehurumende anogona kuisa zvirango kupfurikidza nemirairo yavakuru vakuru mumirau yakadai seInternational Emergency Economic Powers Act (IEEPA). Zvibvumirano zvebhizimisi zvakadai seNAFTA/USKA kana kuti TransPicial Officeship (TP) zvakabvumira vamiririri vemari kudzo yeboka revakuru-gurukota, kunyange zvazvo zvichida kunyoreswa kwebvumirano muchimiro chemitemo inoshandiswa. Chirongwa cheyamuro chedzimwe nyika chinotungamirirwa zvikuru naPrezidhende yeInternational Development neUS. Agencygency yeInterment (USAID). Izvi zvinobvumira kuti bazi rishande vamiririri vezvokushandira upfumi vadzo, vatsigiriki, vatsigiriki, uye magadziriri vemari munyika yose.

Uchenjeri Nechengeteko Yorudzi

Purezidhendi anotarisira nzanga yenjere, kubatanidza NSA, uye FBI, kupfurikidza noMutungamiriri weNational Intelligence. Mirairo yaPrezidenti yakadai seNational Security Security Directives (NSPD)(NS)(anogona kubvumira mabasa okuvhara, mapurogiramu okuongorora, kana kuti mhinduro dzepakombiyuta. Press 9/11 zera rakaona kukura kukuru kwokungwarira kwebazu mukuongorora, netsananguro dzakavanzika dzeMakurukota weMaruwa Surveillance Act (FASA). Snowden inonyandura kurukurirano yavose muna 2013. Manorokota ebasa okuisa mashoko uye kuchengeta zvisarudzo zvakavanzika zvinowedzera kumwe kupesvedzera kwayo yokumwe mamiriro ezvinhu okunze enyika, kazhinji kuvhoorwa kwapachena nokusangana kwaparuzhinji.

Miganhu Nezvinetso

Pasinei zvapo namasimba aro anotyisa, bazu guru rinoshanda mukati megadziriro yechekero nedzikamo zvinogona kuvhiringidza zvishuvo zvaro zvemitemo.

Kuongorora Kwemasangano

Congress inogona kunzvera bazu guru kupfurikidza nokuramba kusimbisa vamine, kucheka mari, kunzvera, kudzora, uye kunyange kudzosa Purezidhendi. Simba rechikwama rinoramba riri udzori hwakasimba: Congress inogona kuderedza bhajeti nokuda kwepurogiramu dzakati kana kuti kuisa migariro pakudzorwa kwemitengo. Somuenzaniso, 1974 Impoundment Control Act yakadzorwa napresidenti. Zano reDare uye basa pazvibvumirano nezvibvumirano nezvirongwa zvikuru zvinoshandawo sebhuro. Mumakore achangobva kupfuura, Congresss yakarwisanisaiast neProcercesss, izvo dzimwe nguva zvinoita kuti zvive nyore kuti mukuru mukuru ashairire zviripo kuita pasina nguva nemhaka yemiteoprogiontioccolock.

Kuhwirudzura Kutonga

Dare rehurumende rinogona kuzivisa zviito zvehurumende zvisina kuwirirana kana kuti zvisingawirirani nomutemo wemitemo. Zviitiko zveLandmark zvakadai se INS v. Chadha (1983]) yakarova chibvumirano cheRevotion , [[FLT][FLT][2] Clinton v[[FLT]]. City yeNew York [[FLT]]] [FLT]] yakaderedza muganhu wemutsetse wirote, uye [[FLT]] Nhiviso dzeHomendi yeHome res. [FFLT] [FFFFF] inovimbisawo, kunyange zvazvo zvichidzokoromoka.

Mafungiro Evanhu Nezvinobudisa Nhau

Tsigiro yavose ichinhu chikuru nokuda kwebazu rinotonga. Purezidhendi ane mirau inotenderwa zvikuru anogona kumanikidza Dare uye kuita kuti vanhu vatsigire mitemo. Nhamba dzakaderera dzinogona kushingisa chishoro ndokuderedza kushanda kwezvirongwa zvemitemo. Nzvero dzenhau dzenhau uye zvinobudisa nhau zvinokurudzira zvose zviitwa nemhiko, zvichimanikidza tarisiro yokudzora mufambiro wadzo wavose nguva dzose. Zvinyorwa zvenhau zvedare zvinoumba mhoteredzo umo zviito zvehurumende zvinokurukurwa nokukurumidza, zvichiumba kuoma kwezvinangwa zvezvamatongerwe enyika.

Kudzivisa Kuitwa Nehurumende

Hurumende yehurumende haisati ichiwirirana nguva dzose nezvinoiswa pakutanga zvapurezidhendi. Vabatiri vehurumende vebasa vangadzivisa kana kuti kukurumidza kupedza kwamabasa kwavanopesana nako, chinoitika chinozivikanwa se "nyika yakadzika" muhurukuro yezvamatongerwe enyika. Musiyano pakati pavasarudzi vezvamatongerwe enyika navashandi vebasa unogona kutungamirira kubatira pamwe. Mapurezidhendi anogona kushandisa maturusi akafanana nezviratidzo zvehurumende, kurongazve, uye kugadzwa kwemiitiro kuti vakunde bhituaucrati yemuertria, asi ukuru uye kuoma kwehurumende kazhinji kazhinji kunodzivisa chinjo. Somuenzaniso, kuedza kuputsa Affordcable Care Act kunotarisana nezvinopesana nezvipingamupinyi zvemitemo.

Kuderera Kwemamiriro Ezvinhu Nehurumende Yakakamukana

Apo rimwe boka rinodzora purezidhendi uye rimwe rinodzora rimwe kana kuti ose ari maviri makamuri eCongress, kuita muitiro kunova kwakaoma zvikuru. Bazu rinodzora ringatendeukira kumabasa anoitwa nemunhu mumwe chete", mirairo yokuparadza, chinjo dzehurumende, kududzirwazve kwemitemo iripo(tokurega mhinganidzo dzomutemo. Zvisinei, matanho aya anogona kuchinjwa nokudzorwa kwegadziriro inotevedzana. Zvikamu zvepapatiti zvinotapurawo muitiro wokumwe, uko kubvumiranwa kwakafara kunowanzodikanwa nokuda kwezvibvumirano, zvirevo, kana kuti chiito chehondo. Kuderera kwebipartistoration kwakaita kuti bazu yose iri miviri ive nesimba zvikuru mumiitiro mipfupi uye kusingagari zvikuru mumuitiro murefu.

mhedziso

Bazu guru ibasa rokuita nhevedzano yemiitiro muUnited States, rinoshandisa pesvedzero huru pamusoro penhau dzomumba nedzedzimwe nyika kupfurikidza namasimba ebumbiro remitemo, maturusi okudzora, uye utungamiriri. Kubva pakunangidzira kwemirairo yedzoro yehurumende nokuronga bhajeti yehurumende kusvikira kukuwiriraniswa kwemibatanidzwa yemasangano ehondo, Purezidhendi nesangano rehurumende zvinoumba upenyu hwezuva nezuva hwavagari vemo nenzvimbo dzaro. [[5][5] [F]