Kutongwa kwedare kunoshanda sebhiriji rinotsoropodza pakati pevagari vemo nemasangano ehurumende, kupedza nharo pamusoro pokuvanza, betsero, kuzviisa pasi, uye zviito zvokutarisira. Zviitiko izvi zvedare zvakarongedzerwa kuva zvisingasaruri, nezvisarudzo zvinobva muuchapupu nomutemo. Asi, zvinoguma zvaitika zvekutonga zvinogona kuumbwa nezvinhu zvematongerwe enyika zvinokonzera kusarura, kubvisa chivimbo chavanhu, uye kudenha mutemo. Kunzwisisa izvi kunokosha kuvanogadzira mitemo, nyanzvi dzemitemo, uye vagari vemo vanotsvaka kururamisira uye kuzvidavirira.

Iyi nzvero yakakudzwa inonzvera kuti masangano ezvamatongerwe enyika anoshanda sei — kubva pamarongerwo ebasa namanyuko zvinogoverwa kudzvinyiriro yavose nokutarisirwa kwemitemo. Inonzvera miuyo chaiyoiyo yenyika nokuda kweruramisiro, inopa mifungo yakaenzana, uye inoronga gadziriro dzakavakirwa paufakazi dzokuchengeta perero yeidzi zviitiko zvinokosha.

Zvakaita Nzeve Nechinangwa Chokunzwa

Zvigadzikiso zvedare zvinoitwa namasangano ebazu makuru anodzorwa nemhesano dzechibvumirano, kumanikidza mirau, kana kuti kusarudza kukodzera nokuda kwegadziriro dzehurumende. Kusafanana nokutongwa kwedare. Kunosafanana nokutongwa kwedare, ivo havawanzova vane mitemo yakasununguka, vane mitemo yakasununguka youfakazi, uye vanotungamirirwa navatongi vehurumende (ALJ) kana kuti vakuru vakuru vakuru vanonzwa avo vari vashandi vesangano. Nhevedzo dzavose dzinobatanidza kukwirira kwechikwanidzo cheSocial Security, kubviswa kwemhoteredzo, kubvumira kusawirirana kwemhoteredzo, zvinetso zvebasa, uye zvisarudzo zvemarisocinzi.

Kururama kweidzi nzeve kunotsamira pamano avo okugovera kusatora rutivi kwemitemo nemirau nenzira yakarurama, pasina kutsigira fariro dzesangano kana kuti dzvinyiriro dzezvamatongerwe enyika.

Kuchinja Kwesimba Rezvamatongerwe Enyika

Kunzwisisa izvi zvinhu kunotanga kufambira mberi kuti zviitwe.

Kugadzwa Kwezvamatongerwe Enyika Nokubatwa

Kugadzwa kwevakuru vemasangano, mazano makuru, uye vakuru vakuru vemitemo ndeimwe yenzira dzakananga zvikuru dzinopinda nadzo zvamatongerwe enyika mubvumirano yokudzora. Vakagadzwa vangaisa nharidzano dzepfungwa kana kuti fariro dzokuparadza pakugadza kuisa sangano pakutanga, kana kuti kuongorora zvisarudzo zvokunzwa. Mune mamwe masangano, ALJs vanosarudzwa kupfurikidza nemuitiro wakavakirwa panyuko, asi vadziviriri vavo vanobviswa vanogona kubviswa nemitemo kana kuti chiito chehurumende. Somuenzaniso, 2018:S. mhaka yeDare repamusoro redare reSaucia v. SEC [FLT]]

Kubva pakugadzwa, “kubatwa kwemaindasitiri anotarisirwa kana kuti mapoka ezvirongwa zvezvimbadzo anochinja zvinhu zvinotungamirira sangano, kuisa mutemo pakutanga uye kukurumidza kunzwa zvinovanakira.

Kuchinjwa Kwemanyuko Nedzvinyiriro Dzebhangi

Zvisarudzo zvezvamatongerwe enyika pamusoro pemari yesangano zvinogona kuchinja uwandu, kumhanya, uye kunaka kwekutongwa. Apo masangano emitemo anoderedza bhajeti yemahofisi okunzwa, mibatanidzwa inokura, kuparira dzvinyiriro yokukurumidzisa zvisarudzo kana kuti kupedza nhau pasina kuvimbisa kwakazara. Mari dzinoderedzawo kurovedzwa, kunzvera, uye tsigiro, zvichiita kuti zvive zvakaoma zvikuru kuongorora uchapupu hwakaoma. Ukuwo, mari yakawedzera kusangano rinoita marudzi akati ezvinotaurwa (zvichibve, kubatsira kana kuti zviitiko zvokubuda munyika) inogona kuratidza kuti kuisa zvinhu zvezvamatongerwe enyika pakudzikamisa mamiriro ezvinhu egadziriro.

Somuenzaniso, mukati moutarisiri hweTrump, Office yeImmigation Review (EOIR) yakatarisana neganhuriro dzemari dzakakomba nemhosho dzakapedzwa idzo vatsoropodzi vakaedza kudzvinyirira vatongi vokutama kuramba kutaura kwenzvimbo dzokuvanda kazhinji kazhinji zvikuru, kunyange apo ufakazi hwakatsigira kupa yamuro. Pesvedzero yezvamatongerwe enyika yakavakirwa panzvimbo inosanozivikanwa asi ine simba: inoumba kwete miuyo chete asi chimiro chimene chokuwana ruramisiro.

Mirayiridzo Yemitemo, Mirayiridzo Inodzora, uye Mapepa Enhungamiro

Vakuru vakuru vebazu vanodzora kazhinji kazhinji vanopa nhungamiro dzemitemo idzo dzinobatanidza zvinobudirira kuzvisarudzira kwavakuru vakuru vanonzwa. Nepo masangano achikarirwa kushandisa mitemo nemirairo zvapamutemo, nhungamiro dzinosundwa mune zvamatongerwe enyika dzinogona kusunda dudziro idzodzo kumugumo wavatsigiri. Somuenzaniso, nhungamiro inoda kuti ALJ ashandise mupimo wakawedzerwa weufakazi nokuda kwebetsero yakati nokuda kwevanotaurwa kuvatendi chaivo.

MuUnited States, muenzaniso mumwe unocherekedzwa iDhipatimendi reDzidzo rinoita mutemo paTitle IX yomufambiro wakashata wevatano, iyo yakatanga zvinodikanwa zvokunzvera ndokupfupikisa rondedzero yenetsoropodzo. Vatsoropodzi vakarangarira mutemo wacho wakarongedzerwa kudzivirira vadzidzi vanopomerwa (kazhinji mumigariro inotapurwa mune zvamatongerwe enyika) pandyiko yavanyunyuti. Vakuru vakuru vakuru vakuru vamakuru vehurumende vanofanira kushandisa iyi mitemo inopomerwa mune zvamatongerwe enyika, inotapura zviuru zvezvirongwa zvechikoro. Nhungamiro dzakadaro kazhinji kazhinji dzinotangwa nechiziviso chiduku netsinhiro, kudzorwa kwezvamatongerwe enyika kudzorwa nokukurumidza.

Mafungiro Oruzhinji Nokubudisa Mashoko

Murangariro wavose − unowedzerwa kupfurikidza nenhau, zvinobudisa nhau, uye dzvinyiriro yehurumende nemhedziso dzehurumende ($8) zvinogona kudzorwa nevakuru vakuru vanonzwa, zvikurukuru muzvinoitika zvedare rakakwirira. Apo zvinobudisa nhau zvinoratidzira muuyo wakati se “win” kana kuti“slors” nokuda kwebato rezvamatongerwe enyika kana kuti boka remhindu, ALJs anganzwa achigombedzerwa kuronga zvisarudzo zvavo nekariro dzavose kuti vadzivise kutsoropodza kana kuti denho yebasa. Kunyange zvazvo ALJs achiratidzirwa nenzira inopesana, tyisidziro yokuzivisa zvakaipa, zviremera zvemitemo, kana kuti kunyange denho dzenzanga dzezvinobudisa nhau dzinogona kutyisa rutongeso.

Nzvero patsika yokutonga inoratidza kuti vatongi (kubatanidza vadzori) havana kudzivirirwa kumurangariro wavose. Nzvero dzematare okubuda munyika, somuenzaniso, dzakawana kuti mwero yenzvimbo yokupotera inochinja nemamiriro ezvamatongerwe enyika uye ngwariro yenhau kunhau dzekotsekano dzezvokudzivirira. Munhambo dzekutaura kwakawedzerwa kwokudzivisa, vatongi vangava vanoganhurira zvikuru, kwete nemhaka yokuti mutemo wakachinja, asi nemhaka yokuti zviratidzo zvezvamatongerwe enyika zvokuti utsvene hungagona kuva basa.

Kutarisira Kunodzorwa Nomutemo Netyisidziro Dzokudzorerwa

Congress (kana kuti masangano emitemo akaenzana) anopesvedzera kupfurikidza nokutongwa, zvikamu zviduku zvehurumende, uye simba rokuvakazve kana kuti kubvisa masangano. Apo vaiti vemitemo vanotyisidzira kubvisa kana kuti kurongazve sangano rakavakirwa pamigumisiro yaro yokunzwa, vanotumira chiratidzo chakajeka pamusoro pezvisarudzo zvinogamuchirika. Uku kunoparira “tapuro inoparira njodzi” umo ALJs anodzivisa kutonga kunganyandura kutsiva kwemitemo, kunyange kana miraudzo iyoyo yakarurama pamutemo.

Somuenzaniso, mukutanga kwema 2000, sangano reSocial Security Administration reUnited States rakatarisana nedzvinyiriro yokuderedza mibayiro yokuremara, iyo vagadziri vemitemo vakarangarira seyaisakwaniriswa. Sangano racho rakapindura nokuwedzera “mwero wekubvumira”, ichida kuti ALJs iruramise zvisarudzo zvakajeka zvikuru, uye kuisa migumisiro yokugadzirwa kwemigumisiro. Zvakaguma zvaive kuderera kusingaenzaniswi mukubvumira mwero yeurema kutaura kwokuti / inhau yebhuku rekupesvedzera kwezvamatongerwe enyika kupfurikidza nokutarisira kwehurumende.

Migumisiro Yezvakakodzera Uye Yezvakanaka

Apo zvinhu zvamatongerwe enyika zvinoshatisa miuyo yokunzwa kwehurumende, nheyo dzakavakirwa mumuitiro wakafanira nedziviriro yakaenzana dzinoiswa mudare rinokasharara mune zvematongerwe enyika dzingatarisana nemitemo isingawirirani yakavakirwa papfungwa panzvimbo poufakazi. Nzwisiso(kana kuti fungidziro) inoderedza chivimbo chavanhu muhurumende yokutonga, kunyandura kusavimba nokudzivisa zvisarudzo zvesangano.

Uyezve, kunzwa kunodzorwa nezvamatongerwe enyika kunokuvadza nomutoo usingaenzaniswi vanhu vanotapurwa. Varidzi vemari inotambirwa, vatauri vezvisingashandisi vechiNgezi, vatami, uye vanasando vaduku vebhizimisi kazhinji kazhinji vanoshaiwa pfuma yokurwisa zvisarudzo zvechitsotsi kupfurikidza nemiitiro mirefu. Kwavari, kutonga kungava chigaro bedzi icho vanogona kukwikwidzanisa chiito; kana ruramisiro ikarambwa.

Rangarira muenzaniso wematare okubuda munyika, umo muna 2023 American Bar Association yakapupurira kuti vatongi vakaiswa nemibatanidzwa yenhau inoiswa mumitemo mishomanene zvikuru vairamba utiziro, kunyange apo ufakazi hwaisangana nezvikumbaridzo zvapamutemo. Dzvinyiriro yezvamatongerwe enyika yokubvisa mahotera anonyanyonzvera avanhu, kuchitungamirira kukudzingwa kungadai kwakadziviswa. Miuyo yakadaro haisati ichingokuvadza bedzi vanhu vanobatanidzwa asiwo inosekesa mutemo pamwero mukuru zvikuru.

Kuenzanisa Kunoita Masimba Ezvamatongerwe Enyika

Pesvedzero yezvamatongerwe enyika pakutongwa kwedare rehurumende haisati iri yenyika imwe chete; idenho yenyika yose ine mativi akasiyana. MuUnited Kingdom, matare ehurumende anoshanda zvakazvimirira zvikuru kubva kumadhipatimendi ehurumende, negadziriro yedare yakabatana inotarisira nedare. Tribunals, Dare neEnforcement Act 2007 yakagadza dare reFirst-tier Tribunal neUpper Tribunal, kubvisa madare akawanda kubva mukudzora kwemasangano. Uku kuzvitonga kwakabatana kunoderedza .

MuChina, somuenzaniso, kurangarirwazve kwokudzokororwa kwezvisarudzo zvemasangano kunopesvedzerwa zvikuru nebato rehurumende, nemigumisiro inowanzowirirana nezvinokosha zveKomonisiti Party yeKomonisiti. Zvikumbiro hazviwanzobudirira apo zvinodenha zvisarudzo zvenhau dzezvamatongerwe enyika pamusoro pokushandiswa kwenyika, kuongororwa, kana kuti kuchengetwa kwemhoteredzo.

Nyika dzeEuropean Union dzine nzira dzakasiana-------chinja. matare okutonga eGermany akabatanidzwa zvizere mubazu rokutonga, anoshanda navatongi vane dziviriro dzakasimba. Federal Administrative Court inogovera nzvero yakasimba pakusarudza kwoukuru. Nemhaka yokupesana, dzimwe hurumende itsva dzinosarudzwa navanhu muCentral neEastern Europe dzakatarisana nemhesrome nokuda kwokugadza ALJs yakavimbika mune zvamatongerwe enyika uye kuzvimirira kunonetesa. European Commission yakatsoropodza Hungary nePoland nokuda kwokuderedza kuzvimirira kwematare ehurumende, ichidudza ngozi kumitemo yeUSA.

Miitiro iyo inoronga zvibvumirano zvokutonga mukati medare rinozvimirira, inogovera dziviriro dzakasimba, uye inotanga kuparadzana zvakajeka nemabasa okutarisira esangano inoita kuti pave nepesvedzero yezvamatongerwe enyika zviri nani kupfuura iyo uko vakuru vakuru vanonzwa vari vashandi vamasangano amene avanotonga.

Kutsigira Kupesvedzera Kwezvamatongerwe Enyika

Hapana gadziriro inogona kuva isingatapurwi chose chose nezvamatongerwe enyika, asi chinjo dzakaparirwa noufakazi dzinogona kuderedza nenzira ine revo ngozi yokumonyaniswa kwezvamatongerwe enyika mukutonga. Gadziriro dzinotevera dzakashandiswa kana kuti dzakakarakadzwa mumativi akasiana - siana nebudiriro inochinjika.

Kuchinja Kwegadziriro: Kuparadzana Kwokubviswa Pasimba

Chinjo hurusa igadziriro: chiraurai basa rechinopesana nebasa redare redare redare kana kuti rokuita kuti ritevedzere. Ikoku kunogona kuitwa kupfurikidza nokugadzira hofisi yakazvimirira yekutonga (semuenzaniso unoshandiswa mune dzimwe nyika dzeUnited States, umo nzvimbo dzapakati dzeALJs dzinobatira masangano akawanda) kana kuti kupfurikidza nokuisa matare ehurumende mubazu redare rinotonga chose chose. Kuchinja kwedare reUnited Kingdom neCanada AStative Tribunals Spendice Service yeCanada (ATSC) mienzaniso yeiyi nzira. Mibato inodzivisa utungamiriri hwesangano rokunzwa kuti risadzvinyirire vakuru vakuru vakuru kuti vasarudzire nevavariro dzemitemo.

Zvinodiwa Kuona Zvakajeka uye Kushuma

Kuona chitarisiko mushonga une simba wokuvhara pesvedzero yezvamatongerwe enyika. Masangano anofanira kubudisa mashoko asingazivikanwi pamusoro pemiuyo yokunzwa, kubatanidza mifungo yokuchinja mifungo, mwero yokukwirira, uye kuputsika kwechiverengero chavagari vemo zvemapati. Mitumbi yeedendentic . yakadai seAdministrative Conference of the United States (ACUS) kana kuti Council of Canadia Administrative Tribitals / ancountals / anorumbidza chinjo. Kuwana kwavose kunzwa nokunyora zvakanyorwa kwemiitiro yezvamatongerwe enyika kunogonesa nyanzvi nevanyori venhau kugonesa kuziva mitoo yezvamatongerwe enyika. [[FLT:]]

Kusimbiswa Kwekuchengetedzwa KwavaALJ

Kudzivirira vakuru vakuru vanonzwa kumatsive ezvematongerwe enyika, hurumende dzinofanira kusimbisa dziviriro. muUnited States, ALJs anogadzwa pasi peAdministrative Procedire Act anogona bedzi kubviswa “pachikonzero,” asi kubata vakuru vakuru navamwe vanonzwa kazhinji kazhinji vanoshaiwa dziviriro yakadaro. Kupfuudzira nokuda kwokuparira kubviswa kwevamiriri vose vehurumende, uye kuisa tarisiro yavo pasi pehofisi yakazvimirira panzvimbo pemisoro yesangano, kunoderedza ngozi yedzvinyiriro. American Bar Association yakatsigira dziviriro yakasimba zvikuru nokuda kwevatongi vehurumende.

Kuhwirudzura Ruramisiro uye Kuedza Kubvisa Migwagwa

Kuhwirudzurwa kwezvisarudzo zvokutonga kunoshanda secherekedzo papesvedzero yezvamatongerwe enyika. Apo matare anonzvera zvakakomba zvinyorwa zvokunzwa zvinodzokororwa nenhau dzomutemo nedudziro yemitemo() zvinoratidzira kumitengidziro ichaputswa. Zvisinei, dzidziso dzechinono (dzakadai seChevron muU.S.) dzinogona kuderedza kunzvera uku kupfurikidza nokuraira matare kuzviisa pasi petsana netsananguro dzine mufungo. Kugadziridza kujekeswa kana kuti kuderedza kudzorwa kwezvisarudzo zvezvamatongerwe enyika kungabetsera kudzorera dzikamo.

Kudzidzisa Mazano Okuzvibata Kunoramba Kuchienderera Mberi uye Kufambira Mberi

ALJ navakuru vakuru vanonzwa vanofanira kugamuchira rovedzo yapamutemo pamusoro pokuziva nokudzivisa dzvinyiriro yezvamatongerwe enyika, kudzora rusaruro, uye kuchengeta kusasarura. Gadziriro dzetsika dzinofanira kubatanidza fundo dzenhau dzedzokupindira kwezvamatongerwe enyika kwakare, muraidzo pamusoro pemitoro yenyanzvi, uye kurukurirano yakazaruka pamusoro perwisano. Organation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD)[FLT: 1] yakabudisa nhungamiro pamusoro pokuvaka gadziriro dzokuzvitonga dzakazvimirira, kubatanidza kurumbidza.

Kudzivirira Kunoita Zvenyuchi uye Kuzvionera

Vatarisiri vanonzwa avo vanopupurira kupindira kwezvamatongerwe enyika vanofanira kuva nemikoto yakakotsekana yokushuma kusazvibata pasina kutya kutsiva. Zvidziviriro zvemadhiramu zvinofanira kufukidza zvakajeka vamiriri vehurumende, uye mitumbi yakasununguka (zvakadai savatarisiri vakuru vane mashoko akatsiga) inofanira kunzvera pomero. Tsika yokuzvidavirira. ▪ uko kupindira kwezvamatongerwe enyika kunofumurwa pachena uye kunobvumirwa (h) mufambiro usakarurama womunguva yemberi.

mhedziso

Zvinhu zvezvamatongerwe enyika ndezvechokwadi zvinogara mukutonga, asi pesvedzero yazvo haisati iri isingadzivisiki. Kuchinja kwegadziriro, kuoneka, kutungamirira kwedare, uye mipimo yenyanzvi zvinogona kusimbisa kuzvimirira neruramisiro yeizvi zvinoitika zvinotsoropodza. Vagari vanofanira kuraira kuti chibvumirano chokudzora chirambe chakasimbiswa muufakazi nomutemo, kwete mumhepo dzezvamatongerwe enyika dzinochinja. Kupfurikidza nokubvuma chinetso uye kushandisa dziviriro dzakavakirwa paufakazi, hurumende dzinogona kuchengeta kutonga kwomutemo nechivimbo chavose chokuti kunzwa kwehurumende kunoreverwa kutsigira.

Pakupedzisira, kurwisa kudzivirira miuyo yokunzwa yokutonga papesvedzero yezvamatongerwe enyika kurwira ruramisiro kumene. Kunoda kungwarira kwenguva dzose, kuyambukanisa, uye kuzvipira kunheyo yedemocracy yokuti hapana munhu angava sangano rine simba kana kuti munhu anotsvaka betsero — mhaka yavo inofanira kusarudzwa pane chinhu chipi nechipi kunze kwezvinodikanwa.