Kodzero dzeroorano dzakabatira kwenguva refu sorutivi rukuru rwomutemo wemhuri, kuchipesvedzera chinhu chiri chose kubva kunhaka nokutera kubasa ravabereki. Kutapura kwadzo pamiitiro yokurera nokurera kwakakura zvikuru, sezvo iyi gadziriro dzinosarudza zvakananga kuti vanhu navaroorani vanogona kugovera misha yakadzikama, ine rudo nokuda kwavana vanoshaiwa. Mumakumi maviri amakore apfuura, sezvo nzanga dzakatanga kucherekedza zvimiro zvemhuri zvakasiyana - siyana, gadziriro dzapamutemo dzinodzora kugamuchirwa nokuchengetwa kwavabereki zvakawana chinjo dzinokosha. Kunzwisisa kuti iyi miraudzo yekodzero dzeroorano inokosha sei mukunzwisisa gakavadzano dzinopfuurira kubatanidzwa muUnited States uye nhevedzano yemitemo munyika yose.

Ukama pakati peroorano negarikano yavana hwakavakirwa pafungidziro dzakasimba refu pamusoro pedzikamo, kuvimbika, uye chengeteko yemari. Munhau dzakapfuura, varoorani vairangarirwa nenzira yomuzvarirwo kuva vabereki vokurera vakakodzera kana kuti vokurera, nepo vanhu vasina kuroorana, vakaroorana vane mitezo mimwe cheteyo yevatano, uye dzimwe mhuri dzisiri dzegamuchidzanwa dzakatarisana nomwero kana kuti kubviswa chaiko. Sezvo kuenzana kweroorano kwakawedzera, zvisinei, zviremera zvakawanda zvakafanira kudzokorora idzi mirangariro nokugadziridza mitemo yavo kusimudzira banza rakaenzana uye, zvikurukuru, kusimbisa fariro dzakanakisisa dzavana.

Kukosha Kwekodzero Dzeroorano Mumitemo Yokurera Vana

Mitemo yokurera mwana asiri wako munyika zhinji yakabatanidzwa zvikuru nekodzero dzeroorano.Mumaruwa akawanda eU.S., somuenzaniso, varoorani munhau vakapiwa kubatwa kunokosha mumuitiro wokurera vana, (jeka refundo dzapamusha), mhinganidzo shomanene kukusava noushamwari, uye murangariro wokukodzera uko vabvunzurudzi vasina kuroora kazhinji kazhinji vanoshaiwa. Uyu mugariro wefariro unovakirwa mugamuchidzanwa rapamutemo iro rinorangarira roorano somupimo wendarama nokuda kwokurera vana, pasinei zvapo nokukura kwechirongwa chokunzvera chinoratidzira kuti chimiro chemhuri choubereki hachisi chinhu chinovimbika choubereki.

Apo mitemo yeroorano inokura kuva inobatanidza varoorani vane mitezo mimwe cheteyo yokubereka nayo, miitiro yokurera vana inowirirana, ichibvumira ava varoorani kurera vana zviri pamutemo sevaroorani. Chisarudzo cheDare Gurusa reU. 2015 mu Obergefell v. Hodges[, iyo inonyoresa roorano imwe cheteyo yevatano munyika yose, yakava netapuro yekare neyakakwirira pakodzero dzokurera. Pamberi pechisarudzo ichocho, Hurumende dzakawanda dzinorambidza zvakajeka varoorani vezvene mitezo mimwe cheteyo yokurera vana vose, uye kunyange zvazvo kugamuchirwa kwechipiri kwakanga kusina chokwadi. Nhasi, kubatanidzwa kupfurikidza nevakaroorana vane mitezo mimwe cheteyo yevatano yevatano munyika dzose, kunyange zvazvo migaro yehurumende uye tsika inopfuurira.

Nenzira yakapesana, mumativi umo kodzero dzeroorano dzinoganhurirwa (8) kunyange nokuda kwavakwanyina vevatano imwe cheteyo, vakwanyina vasina kuroorana, kana kuti zvose zviri zviviri mirau yokubereka inowanzova inoganhurira zvikuru. Dzimwe nyika dzichiri kuganhurira varoorani vane mitezo mimwe cheteyo yevatano kuti vagamuchire chose chose, nepo dzimwe dzichibvumira vanhu vamwe asi kwete varoorani kugamuchirwa. Muuyo unoshanda ndowokuti vana vanganyimwa kutarisirwa navatarisiri vakakwaniriswa nemhaka bedzi yechimiro cheroorano chevatarisiri kana kuti chimiro chevatano, chinowirirana nenheyo huru yegadziriro yegarikano yavana: kuwana musha wakanakisisa unobvira nokuda kwomwana ari wose.

Kutapura Kunyoreswa pamutemo Kweroorano Kwevatano Yakafanana

Kunyoreswa kwapamutemo kweroorano youtere humwe chetehwo kwakakudza nenzira inopesana mikana yokurera vana. Maererano nemashoko akabva kuWilliams Institute paUCLA School of Law, vanofungidzirwa kuva mamiriyoni 2 LGBTQ+ vakuru vakarangarira kuva vokurera, uye varoorani vounzenza humwe chetevo vane bviro yakapetwa kana kupfuura varoorani vevatano yakasiana-tana kurera vana vanorerwa. Kuenzana kweroorano kwakava mutemo wenyika, masangano okurera namasangano egarikanwo yavana aifanira kuvandudza miitiro yavo yokuziva kuti varoorani navakwani vokurera vanowirirana savabereki vanogamuchirwa vanowirirana nguva yokutanga.

Nyika dzakatungamirira pakuenzana kweroorano, dzakadai seCanada, Netherlands, uye South Africa, dzakawedzerawo kugamuchirwa. MuCanada, vakaroorana vevatano imwe cheteyo vakakwanisa kugamuchirwa pamwe chete mumaruwa ose nenharaunda kubvira muna 2005, apo roorano yavagari vemo yakatambanudzirwa kuvaroorani vane mitezo mimwe cheteyo yevatano. Mwero pakati pavaroorani voutevedzani munyika idzodzi yakakwira nenzira yakatsiga, uye fundo dzinoramba dzichiratidza kuti vana vanorerwa navabereki vane mitezo mimwe cheteyo inowirirana vanowana budiriro yedzidzo, gadziridzoro dzenzanga, uye utano hwendangariro naavo vanorerwa navabereki vane mitezo yakasiana-pakati pevatano.

Zvisinei, kunyange munyika dzine roorano dzakaenzana, masangano okurera vana vasina vabereki (chaizvoizvo aya ane mitezo yorudzidziso) akatsvaka kusunungurwa kuti arambe mabasa avakwanyina vane mitezo yakafanana. MuUnited States, hurumende dzinoverengeka dzakapa mitemo inobvumira masangano okurera vana vasingatendi kusarura kusarura achivakirwa pahwaro hwevatano kana kuti mugariro weroorano, kunyange pakushandisa mari yomutero. Idzi dzi dzinorega kubhadhara mari dzinoita basa rokuwana, umo mano mamwe chetewo okugamuchira angatsamira zvishoma pazvikwaniriso zvavo uye zviremera kana kuti sangano ravanosvika.

Varoorani Vasina Kuroora Navabereki Vari Voga

Kodzero dzeroorano dzinoumbawo miitiro yokurera vana vasina kuroorana kana kuti vanhu vasina kuroora kana kuroorwa. Mudzimwe nyika, varoorani vasina kuroorana (zvingava zvive vatano imwe cheteyo kana kuti kuberekana kwakasiyana) havagoni kugamuchirwa pamwe chete. Ikoku kunoreva kuti mukwanyina mumwe bedzi anogona kuva mubereki wapamutemo, achisiya mumwe asina maruramiro omubereki. Kana vaviri vacho gare gare vakaparadzanisa kana kuti kana mubereki wapamutemo akafa, mwana anogona kutarisana nokusagadzikana kwapamutemo uye kunyange tyisidziro yokubviswa mumusha. Mamwe masangano akasundwa kubvumira varoorani kugamuchirwa pamwe chete, asi ikoku kazhinji kazhinji kunowirirana nokuzivikanwa kwapamutemo kwehudzani dzomumba kana kuti mubatanidzwa wevagari vemo, izvo zvimene zvinotsamira pamitemo yeroorano.

Vanhu vasina kuroora, pasinei zvapo nechimiro chevatano, munhau vakakwanisa kugamuchira munyika dzakawanda zvikurusa, asi kazhinji kazhinji vanotarisana nefungira mano isina kurongwa inobva kumasangano okurera vana avo vanoda vakaroorana.

Kutarisira Tsika Nekodzero Dzeroorano

Gadziriro dzetarisiro dzemaFster dzinopesvedzerwawo zvikuru nemitemo yeroorano. Varoorani kazhinji kazhinji vanoiswa pakutanga savatarisiri vokurera, kwakavakirwa pafungidziro dzedzikamo, chengeteko yemari, uye kuvapo kwomubereki vaviri. Nepo dzikamo ichikosha zvamazvirokwazvo, simbiso pamugariro weroorano inogona kubvisa vatarisiri vazhinji vakakwaniriswa, kubatanidza vanhu vasina kuroora, vakwanyina vasina kuroora, uye LGBTQ+ vanhu.

Mumaruwa akawanda, kuisa zvinodikanwa zvevabereki vokurera zvakananga kana kuti kufarira chose chose varoorani. Dzimwe nyika, somuenzaniso, dzinoda kuti vabereki vokurera varoore kwenguva pfupi kana kuti kuti vagovere ufakazi hweroorano yakatsiga. Vamwe vanoisa zvikarakadzo zvapamusha zvinobatanidza zvinobereka mhuri mbiri, zvichiita kuti kuve kwakaoma zvikuru kuti vanhu vasina kuroora kana kuti varoorani vasina kuroorwa vanyoreswe pamutemo. Iyi mirau iri kuchinjwa zvishoma nezvishoma, asi fambiro mberi haina kuenzana.

Kunetsa Kwepamutemo Nenzanga

Kuzivikanwa kwapamutemo kweroorano kunogona kutungamirira kutsigiro yakawedzerwa nezviwanikwa zvemhuri dzokurera. Vabereki vokurera vakaroorana kazhinji kazhinji vane masvikiro ari nyore okuwana betsero dzomuchato, dzakadai seinishuwarenzi youtano kana kuti zororo ravabereki, izvo zvinogona kutapura zvakananga mano avo okutarisira vana. Apo kodzero dzeroorano dzinokura kubatanidza vakwanyina vane mitezo mimwe cheteyo yokubereka nayo, masangano okutarisira anofanirawo kubvisa mitemo yokusasarura.

Asi ganhuriro pakodzero dzeroorano dzinogona kuganhurira zvakakomba mikana yokutarisira nokuda kwamapoka akati. Munyika dzisina wirirano yeroorano, vakwanyina vevatano vamwe chetevo vangarambidzwa chose chose kurera, kana kuti vangabvumirwa bedzi savanhu vamwe navamwe, izvo zvinovadzivisa kuvaka pamwe chete. muUnited States, kunyange pashure pokuenzana kweroorano, dzimwe nyika dzinopfuurira kubvumira masangano etarisiro anotsigirwa norudzidziso kusarura LGBTQ, kuchitungamirira kumisha mishomanene ine marezerekita munzanga dzimene dzinovada zvikurusa.

Zvinobatanidzwa munzanga zvinokosha zvakafanana. Kana kodzero dzeroorano dzichipesvedzera miitiro yokutarisira inosimudzira, vanotumira mashoko pamusoro pezvinodiwa nemhuri uye zvinorangarirwa sezvapamutemo. Ikoku kunogona kuva netapuro inotyisa pavangada kutarisira vanobva munzanga dzine ganhuriro, vanganzwa vasingadikanwi kana kuti kutya. Nemhaka yokuperevedza kusingaperi kwemisha yokurera mumativi akawanda enyika yacho .Ndevedzo inotapura nomutoo usingaenzaniswi vana vakura, mapoka ehama dzokunyama, uye vana vane zvinodikanwa chaizvo zvinoganhurira nomutoo usina kufanira kukuvara vatarisiri vanoparira kuvadziko imene inogadzirwa kudzivirira vana.

Kuchengeteka, Kushingaira, uye Mupimo Wakanakisisa

Mutemo wegarikano yavana unovakirwa panheyo ye “fariro yakanakisisa yomwana,” mupimo unofanira kuisa pakutanga chinodikanwa chomwana nokuda kwekotsekano, dzikamo, uye nhevedzano kupfuura zvimwe zvose. Kodzero dzeroorano dzinobatanidzwa neiyi mupimo munzira dzinoverengeka. Kune rumwe rutivi, roorano yakasimba inogona kugovera hwaro hwakasimba nokuda kwokurera kana kuti kurera. Kune rumwe rutivi, simbiso isingachinjiki paroorano inogona kufuratira zvimwe zvimiro zvokutsiga - nyoro, zvakadai senguva refu yoruvara rusingabvumirwi pamutemo, kana kuti tsauriro yavabereki vasina kuroorwa.

Nzvero kubva kuChild Welfare Information Gateway nezvimwe zviremera dzinokarakadza kuti kunaka kwoukama hwomutarisiri nemwana kunokosha zvikuru kupfuura mugariro weroorano womutarisiri. Vana vari mutarisiro yokurera vanoiswa navatarisiri vane rudo, vanosanotsigirwa (8) vasingasarurwi kuti vatarisiri ivavo vakaroorwa here) miuyo iri nani maererano nokubudirira, kuwana dzidzo, uye utano hwendangariro. Sezvakadaro, nyanzvi dzakawanda dzegarikano yavana dzinotsigira mitemo inoyera vatarisiri pasimba ravo rokurera mwana, panzvimbo penzvimbo penzvimbo pemugariro wavo woukama.

Mirangariro Yokuenzanisa: Kodzero Dzeroorano Munyika Yose

Mupasi rose, ukama pakati pamaruramiro eroorano nemitemo yokurera vana kana kuti yokutarisira vana vanogamuchirwa hunosiyana zvikuru. Munyika dzeEurope Union dzakadai seSweden, Norway, uye Spain, wirirano yeroorano yave ichiperekedzwa nokugamuchirwa kwakaenzana kwezvose zviri zviviri vakwanyina vane mitezo yakasiana--- siyana yevatano neyakaroora. Idzi nyika dzinokombamira kuva nemwero yakakwirira yokurera vana vamarudzi ose navemhuri, uye gadziriro dzadzo dzegarikano yavana kazhinji kazhinji kazhinji dzinobatanidza zvimiro zvemhuri zvakasiyana.

MuUnited Kingdom, vakaroorana vane mitezo mimwe cheteyo yevatano vakakwanisa kurera vana kubvira muna 2002, zvisati zvavapo. UK’s Leancition and Children Act 2002 yakabvisa zvakajeka mhinganidzo nokuda kwavaroorani vasina kuroora uye vane mitezo mimwe cheteyo yokubereka nayo, vachiziva kuti garikano yomwana inofanira kuva chinhu chikuru. Iyi chinja yakasundwa zvikurukuru nokunzvera kwakaratidzwa kusakuvadza vana vanorerwa navabereki voutere, uye neambuya yemasangano akafanana neStonellall neBritish Association for Retation and Fostering.

Musiano, nyika dzakawanda muEastern Europe, Middle East, uye mativi eAsia dzichiri kuganhurira vose vari vaviri kodzero dzeroorano nokugamuchirwa nokuda kwavakwanyina vevatano imwe cheteyo navanhu vasina kuroorana. Russia, somuenzaniso, inorambidza vakwanyina vevatano imwe chetevo kuti vagamuchire uye yapfuudza “tsika dzechihedheni” idzo dzinoita kuti kuve kwakaoma nokuda kweLGBTQ kana kuti vanhu vamwe navamwe kuva vakasununguka pamusoro pezviito zvavo zvokurera mwana. Poland neHungary, nepo rutivi rweEU, dzakatama mumakore achangobva kupfuura kuti dziganhurire dzose dziri mbiri dzeroorano nekodzero dzokurera vana, dzichidudza“ mipimo yemhuri yetsika yagara iripo.” Iyi miitiro inowanzotungamirira kuvana kupedza nguva refu mukutarisira kana kuti kuva mhuri dzingave dzisina kukodzera zvakanakisisa. Nemhaka yetsika yepamutemo yeboka remhuri pamiviri.

Zvisinei, muitiro wenyika yose uri mukuva nechokubatanidzwa kukuru. Sezvo nyika dzakawanda dzinoziva kuenzana kweroorano ne(kana kuti zvimwe dzinopa kuzivikanwa kwapamutemo kweukama hweroorano, zvakadai seroorano dzehurumende kana kuti zvikwata zvakanyoreswa pamutemo ($8ojahn orgooo nemitemo yokutarisira zviri kubatanidzwa zvishoma nezvishoma. United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child, inotenderwa nenyika dzose munyika, inosimbisa kuti vana vane kodzero yokutarisira mhuri uye kuti zvisarudzo pamusoro pokuva kwavo zvinofanira kuitwa pamhaka isina rusaruro. Acticio nanyanzvi dzepamutemo dzinopikisa kuti nheyo iyi inofanira kutambanudza kutsigira kana kuti kutsigira nemhaka bedzi yezvavo kana kuti vatano yavo.

Kuramba Kuchinetsa Kuitirana Nharo Nenhungamiro Dzenguva Yemberi

Pasinei zvapo nefambiro mberi inokosha, gakava pamusoro pekodzero dzeroorano negarikano yavana harina kugadzikiswa. MuUnited States, mitemo yerusununguko rworudzidziso yazova nhambo inodzorwa. Mitezo inoverengeka yakagadza mutemo unobvumira kurera vana kwakavakirwa pakutenda uye masangano okutarisira kurasha mabasa akavakirwa pazvitendero, kunyange kana masangano iwayo akawana mari yavose. Vatsoropodzi vanotaura kuti kuregererwa kwakadaro kunosimudzira rusaruro uye kunoderedza nhamba yemisha inowanika nokuda kwavana. Vatsigiri vanodzivisa kuti vanodzivirira mano ezvitendero okushanda maererano nezvitendero zvavo. Uku kuoma kwepfungwa kwakatungamirira kumatare munyika dzakadai seMichigan, South Carolina, uye Texas, nemitemo yakasiyana zvikuru.

Imwe nhau inopfuurira izivikanwo yeukama hweroorano mukuvakwa kwevanotarisira. Mitemo yakawanda yakatora matanho okugadzirisa miitiro yavo kubvumira varoorani vasina kuroorana kubvumira vatano yakafanana nevatano yakasiana-yakasiana(ukuva vanobvumirwa savabereki vokurera pamwe chete. Zvisinei, fambiro mberi inogona kuva inononoka, uye mune dzimwe nharaunda, varoorani vasina kuroorana vachiri kudikanwa kuti vaite fundo dzapamusha dzakaparadzana uye vanofanira kubvumirwa sevanhu vamwe navamwe, izvo zvinoomesa ganhuriro uye zvinogona kuparira kusagadzikana kwepamutemo.

Ichitarira mberi, simba riri kumitemo inoyera kukodzera mutarisiri yakavakirwa panzvimbo penzvimbo yeroorano. National Association of Social Workers, American Academy of Pediatrics, uye Child Welfare League of America mashoko ose akabudiswa anotsigira miitiro yokusasarura inoisa fariro yakanakisisa yomwana. Dzimwe nyika dzakatogamuchira “kugamuchirwa kwemhuri kusiri kwomuchato kwechipiri” ne“ mitemo yokurera mwana kusiri kwomuzvarirwo inobvumira kuroora uye shamwari dzechikadzi dzimwe chetedzo kugamuchira pasina kudikanwa kwokuroora, dzichiziva kuti roorano yapamutemo haisati iri nzira bedzi yokuwana nayo mhuri inotsigarira.

Zviitiko zvenyika dzakawanda zvinoratidzawo kuti kufambira mberi kwaipfuurira. Muna 2021, Chile yakakumbanira ndaza inokura yenyika dzinobvumira vakwanyina vevatano imwe cheteyo kugamuchirwa, kutevera kuenzana kwemikwato yeroorano. Japan, nepo isingazivi roorano yakafanana, yakaona vamiriri vanoverengeka vachipa magwaro okubatana akatungamirira masangano okurera vana kuti vabate vakaroorana voute vamwe vavo nenzira yakanaka zvikuru. Kuwedzera kwekodzero dzeroorano kunoratidzika kuva kwakajeka: sezvo kodzero dzeroorano dzichiwedzera, saizvozvowo mikana yezvimiro zvemhuri zvakasiyana - siyana zvokutora nokurera vamwe vanhu uye kutarisira kwokurera.

mhedziso

Kodzero dzeroorano dzinoita basa rinokosha mukuumba miitiro yokurera nokurera vana vokurera, kuchipesvedzera chinhu chiri chose kubva pakukwanisa kwokutanga kusvikira kurumano rwapamutemo nokugamuchirwa munzanga. Sezvo gadziriro dzapamutemo dzinopfuurira kuziva zvimiro zvemhuri zvakasiana - siana (kunyange kupfurikidza nokuenzana kweroorano, mubatanidzwa wavagari vemo, kana kuti kubatirana kwemibatanidzwa) iyi inoita kuti itsigire kuenzana uye, zvinokosha zvikurusa, dzikamo yavana vose. Ufakazi nguva dzose hunoratidza kuti vana vanobudirira apo vanoiswa navatarisiri vane rudo, vakavimbika, pasinei zvapo nokuti vatarisiri ivavo vakaroorwa, vakabatana, kana kuti vakabatana, kana kuti vakabatana.

Kupfuurira kuchinja pamutemo uye kushambadza mutemo zvinokosha kuva nechokwadi chokuti mwana ari wose anoda ane mukana wokuwana mhoteredzo yemhuri ine rudo netsigiro. Pfungwa dzapakarepo idzo mhuri imwe inoumba vamwe vanokuvadza vana kupfurikidza nokuisa tsvina boka ravangada kuzova vatarisiri. Kupfurikidza nokubatanidza mitoo yokurera nokurera nokuchengeta nokunzvera kwokutarisira kunowanika kwakanakisisa uye nheyo huru yokusasarurana, vagadziri vemitemo nenyanzvi dzegarikano yavana vanogona kuvaka gadziriro inoisa zvirokwazvo garikano yavana pakutanga.