Mavambo Enhau Okutaura Kwakasununguka Mudzidzo

First Amendment kuBumbiro reMitemo reUnited States rinopa kuti "Koreferi haisati ichizotongoita mutemo unoganhurira rusununguko rwokutaura. Iyi dziviriro yenheyo, yakashandiswa kunyika kupfurikidza neKinneth Amendment, yakadudzirwa ndokunatswa nematare kwezvizvarwa. Mumashoko edzidzo, kutaura kwakasununguka kunobatira donzo rimwe riviri: inodzivirira kukura kwoungwaru kwavadzidzi uye inochengeta basa rezvikoro semisika yemifungo.

Murangariro wezvikoro semarabhoratori okutora rutivi rwedemokrasi unotevera kudzokera shure kuvazivi vedzidzo yekare veAmerica. John Dewey, inzwi rakatanhamara mudzidzo inofambira mberi, wakataura kuti zvikoro zvinofanira kugadzirira vadzidzi nokuda kwoupenyu hwehurumende kupfurikidza nokusimudzira mhoteredzo umo gakava, kusabvumirana, uye kunzvera hazvingoshivirirwi bedzi asi zvinokurudzirwa zvikuru. Iyi rondedzero youzivi inoramba iri pakati kuti inzwisise nei kutaura kwakasununguka mumasangano edzidzo isati iri chinodikanwa chapamutemo asi chinodikanwa chedzidzo.

Zvisinei, Dare racho rakazivawo kuti zvikoro zvine mutoro wakasiyana wokuchengeta nhevedzano nokudzivirira garikano yevaduku. Uku kuoma kuri pakati pekodzero dzevanhu nechiremera chesangano kwakaparira boka guru remitemo rakapfuma uye pane dzimwe nguva rinopokanidzana iro vadzidzisi, vadzidzi, uye vatungamiriri vanofanira kushandisa.

Kuumbwa Kwepamutemo Kwokutaura Kwevadzidzi

Kunzwisisa nhau iyi nevana vayo kunokosha nokuda kwomunhu upi noupi anotsvaka kunzwisisa mamiriro ezvinhu emutemo azvino uno.

Mupimo Unopinza: Muitiro Wakawadzanywa

Mu .Des Moines Independent School School Community [1969], Dare Rapamusorosoro rakakurukura kana vakuru vakuru vechikoro vaigona kurambidza vadzidzi kupfeka zvisungo zvitema kuti vatsutsunge Hondo yeVietnam. Dare rakaramba kuti vadzidzi havasati va "vapedze kodzero dzavo dzebumbiro remitemo kurusununguko rwokutaura kana kuti kutaura pagedhi rechikoro. Iyi dare yakatanga kudzosaidzoro yetsika [[[FLT:]]: vakuru vechikoro vangaganhurira bedzi kutaura kwavadzidzi kana vachigona kuratidzira kuti kutaura kwacho kwaizodzongodzongoitwa mune zvokunyama uye kunodzosa maruramiro echikoro kana kuti kuvhozhokera maruramiro avamwe.

Chisarudzo cheTinker chakanga chiri chisakarurama nemhaka yokuti chaizivisa vadzidzi savanhu vanoshivirira maruramiro panzvimbo pokuva vagamuchiri vasingadzorwi vechiremera chehurumende. Dare rakasimbisa kuti "rutyo rwakasiana kana kuti rutyo rwenyongano haruna kukwana kukurira maruramiro okutaura." Uyu mupimo wakaisa mutoro unorema pavatarisiri kubvumikisa kana kuti kudzongonyedzwa kwapedyo pamberi pokunzvera kutaura kwavadzidzi.

Zvisinei, Dare rakanyorawo kusiyana kunokosha kunoganhurira kusvika kwaro mumashoko akapoteredza chaiwo kweanopfuura makore makumi mashanu.

Kuwedzera Chinyorwa: Chinokosha Chinosiyanisa

Pashure peTinker, Dare Rapamusoro rakaziva mapoka anoverengeka ehurukuro yavadzidzi ayo akafanirwa nokuderedzwa dziviriro yebumbiro remitemo:

  • School-Spondored Exponent (Hazelwood): Mu [FLT:] Hazelwood School District v. Kuhlmeier, Dare rakatonga kuti vakuru vakuru vakuru vechikoro vangadzora chikoro nezvinonyorwa, mibato yemitambo inotakura marimi yechikoro. Mhiko yechikoro. Rute ndeyekuti zvikoro zvine fariro yapamutemo mukudzora mibato ingagona kunzwisiswa nenzira inowirirana sokumirira sangano. Uyu mupimo unoshanda mu "paturo wechikoro nokuda kwepo" uye rutivi rwezvikamu zvedzidzo.
  • , Dare rakarambidza kuti zvikoro zvingarambidza kutaura kuri "rugar," Mu [FLT] . mhaka iyi yakabva muhurukuro yevadzidzi yaiva neredhiyo pagungano rechikoro. Fraser (1986), Dare rairambidza kuti zvikoro zvingarambidza kutaura kuri "kudzosa," kana kuti kushatiswa kwemashoko echidzidzira.
  • Dare rakaramba kuti kutaura kwemadhiragi kunofanira kutsanangurwa sekunosimudzira kushandiswa kwezvinodhaka. [[FORT:1] Mu Morse v. Frederick [2007] [2007], Dare rairambidza kutaura kunonzi kunofanira kunzi kusimudzira kushandiswa kwezvinodhaka. Mhaka yacho yaibatanidza kurava rugwaro rwenziyo runonzi "BONG HITS 4 JES" pachiitiko chechikoro. Dare rakagumisa kuti kushandisa zvinodhaka kunodzivisa kuisa zvinodhaka kunoumba fariro yehurumende inokurira kodzero dzevadzidzi dzokutaura mumashoko aya mashoma.

Mubvunzo mukuru unowanzoshanda pamaidi chaiwo enyaya yacho, sezvo mugumisiro wacho ungasiyana zvikuru zvichienderana nokuti matare anoshandisa zvikamu zvina.

Kutaura Nemadhigirii uye Miganhu Yevane Simba Rechikoro

Kukura kwemasangano anotumira mashoko, kutumira mameseji, uye mimwe michina yemakombiyuta kwakaita kuti pave nemibvunzo yakaoma zvikuru mumutemo werusununguko rwokutaura.

Chinovharwa Pakutaura

Mu Mahanoy Atreat School District v. B.L. [2021], Dare Rapamusoro rakataura mubvunzo uyu zvakananga. Mhaka yaibatanidza mudzidzi wechikoro chapamusoro uyo akaisa mashoko eSnaphiting akarevetuka akatsoropodza vose vari vaviri chikoro uye timu yazvo yokutungamirira kusvudziro pashure pokunge akundikana kuita kuti varsuty ive. chikoro chakamumisa kubva kuboka revarsy, chichidudza mugariro unovhiringidza weposita. Dare rakarangarira kuti chikoro chakanga chaputsa kodzero dzacho dzokutanga Kushandura, kurangarira kuti zvikoro zvine fariro inosunda zvishoma mukutungamirira mukurukurirano inoitika kubva pachikoro napanze pechikoro.

Nepo Dare rakaramba kushandisa mutemo wakajeka nokuda kwokutaura kwose kwokusashandisa macampus, rakadudza zvinhu zvinoverengeka zvinoremedza chiremera chechikoro mumhaka dzakadaro:

  • Kutaura kwokusataura kazhinji kazhinji kutaura kwomudzidzi amene, kwete kutaura kwokuti chikoro chabvumira kana kuti kutsigira.
  • Zvikoro zvine fariro yakaderedzwa mukudzora kutaura kusingaitiki mukati menzira yazvo yokutarisira.
  • Kudzora kutaura kwokusafunga kunomutsa funganyo pamusoro pekutaura kunotyisa kunobata nenhau dzinoitira hanya vanhu.

Zvisinei, Dare rakabvumawo kuti zvikoro zvingava zvine chiremera chokubvisa kutaura kunobatanidza tyisidziro dzechokwadi, kunetsa, kana kuti kudheerera vadzidzi vakati. Chisarudzo chacho chinojekesa kuti nepo Tinker achishanda kuvamwe vanotaura vasingashandisi, kusvika kwazvinoita hakuna kuganhurirwa, uye matare akaderera achapfuurira kuchenesa miganhu yacho mumhaka dzomunguva yemberi.

Kodzero Dzakasununguka Dzokutaura Dzoutsi Nadzo

Vashandi vose vari vaviri vehurumende nenyanzvi dzine unyanzvi muzvirango zvavo. Basa iri riri kuita kuti pave nemitemo yakaoma inodzikamisa zvinhu zvesangano norusununguko rwedzidzo.

Rusununguko Rwokutsigira Somutezo Wemitemo Wokutanga

Murangariro we worusununguko rwedzidzo yepamusorosoro une midzi mikuru mudzidzo yeAmerica. Inodzivirira maruramiro apurofesa okudzidzisa, nzvero, uye inobudiswa pasina vhiringidzo isina kufanira kubva kuhurumende kana kuti vakuru vakuru vakuru vesangano. Nepo Dare Rapamusorosoro rakaziva rusununguko rwedzidzo se "itiro hanya chaiyo yeFirst Amendment" muzvinoitika zvakadai se Kemishian v. Board of Regents[[FLT] [1967], dzidziso inoramba ichingova nhengedzo yemifungo. Inodzivirira kutaura kurondedzera kubvunza kwounyanzvi uye kufunda mukati mativi apurofesa, asi hakugoveri dziviriro nokuda kwokutaura kwose.

Dzidzo YeGarcetti

Mu Garcetti v. Ceballos (2006), Dare Rapamusorosoro rakataura kuti apo vashandi voruzhinji vanotaura "kubatira mabasa avo apamutemo," havasi kutaura savagari vemo vakavanzika nokuda kwamadonzo okutanga eGamplendment, uye kutaura kwavo hakuna kudzivirirwa pachirango chavashandirwi. Ichi chisarudzo chakava netapuro huru pakutaura kwakasununguka. Nepo Dare rakaramba kutaura kana Garcetti gadziriro yedzidzo yamapurofesa payunivhesiti, matare maduku kazhinji kazhinji kazhinji akarangarira kuti kutaura kwechipo kunodzidzisa, kunzvera, uye basa rakadzivirirwa murusununguko rwedzidzo rwakachinjwa.

Kunyange zvakadaro, chisarudzo cheGarcetti chinoparira kusagadzikana kukuru.Faculty anotsoropodza mitemo yesangano muukuru hwayo savashandi / [vashandi] kupfuura senyanzvi kana kuti vagari vemo vogahwnwn vawana kutaura kwavo kusina kudzivirirwa. Ikoku kwakatungamirira kukunzwika kworusununguko rwedzidzo munharaunda dzakadai segadziriro yepurogiramu, kurongedzerwa, uye udzori hwesangano romukati.

Nokuda kwokunzvera kukuru zvikuru nzira iyo matare akabata nayo kutaura kwevadzidzisi, varavi vanogona kunzvera American Association of University Purofesa nhungamiro pamusoro porusununguko rwedzidzo uye kunzvera, idzo dzinogovera gadziriro huru yokunzwisisa idzi nhau.

Zvinetso Zvenguva Ino Zvokutaura Norusununguko Pakafa Musasa

Zana remakore rechimakumi maviri nerekutanga rakamutsa makakatanwa matsva anoedza kusimba kwenheyo dzokutaura norusununguko mudzidzo.Aya matambudziko anoratidza nharo huru dzenzanga pamusoro pokusatya, kuchengeteka, uye chinangwa chedzidzo yepamusoro.

Nzvimbo Dzakachengeteka Nenyevero Dzikuru

Kubuda kwe "nzvimbo dzakakotsekana" uye "nyevero dzakakura" pa makoriji kwakaparira gakava rakati. Vatsigiri vanotaura kuti iyi miitiro inoparira mhoteredzo umo vadzidzi vanoderedza vanogona kutora rutivi zvizere muupenyu hwedzidzo pasina kutya kunetswa kana kuti kuvadziko yendangariro. Vatsoropodzi vanotaura kuti matanho akadaro anogona kutonhodza tsinhano youngwaru hwakasimba ndokuparira tsika youngwaru.

Mumurangariro wapamutemo, nzvimbo dzakakotsekana nenyevero dzinotanga kazhinji kazhinji inhau dzemiitiro yesangano panzvimbo pechibvumirano chebumbiro remitemo. First Amendment haidi kuti zvikoro zvipe nyevero dzekunyandura, uyewo haizvirambidzi, (kureva kuti hazvishandi semiitiro yokunzvera. Mubvunzo wapamutemo mukuru ndewokuti kana kuti muitiro wakati kana kuti kushandisa zvinodzivisa kutaura nenzira inobudirira kwakavakirwa pamurangariro. Kana zvikoro zvichizivisa vakurukuri chakananga kana kuti mirangariro isingagamuchiriki munzvimbo dzakakotseka, zvingashandisa kurambidza kurambidza kweChibvumirano Chokutanga chePrimendement parst Reformation parvection rest rest rest rest rest rest rest rest rest rest resthectivestions.

Kurasika Mupfungwa, Kuzvinyengera, uye Miganhu Yokushivirira

Zvisinei, kuratidzira kuti mune zvokunyama kunodzongonyedza muitiro wedzidzo yedzidzo yezvivako (somuenzaniso), kupfurikidza nokudzivisa makirasi okuvaka pamusangano, kudzivirira masangano ekodzero dzevanhu, kana kuti kubatanidzwa muruzha runopfuurira runoita kuti murayiridzo uve usingabviri kupfurikidza nenguva ine mufungo, nzvimbo, uye ganhuriro dzetsika.

Denho yavatarisiri iri mukusiyanisa pakati pekutaura kwakadzivirirwa nevhiringidziko isingachinjiki.Dare rakasimbisa kuti kuedzwa kwokudzongonyedza kukuru kunoda ufakazi hwedzongonyedzo chaiyoiyo kana kuti ine mufungo inodeya kuonwa napamberi pezviito zvechikoro, kwete kusanzwa zvakanakawo zvako kana kuti kusabvumirana neshoko riri kuratidzirwa.

Nokuda kwenhungamiro pamusoro penzira iyo zvikoro zvinogona kuvamba nayo mitemo yokuramba iyo inoremekedza nheyo dzeFirst Amendment, Fromment for Exenix Rights and Action (FRE) inopa mipimo yemipimo yemuenzaniso uye rumbidzo dzakanakisisa nokuda kwokutaura kwakasununguka kwepachikoro.

Kubudirira Kwomutemo Nechiito Chehurumende

Nyika dzakawanda dzakagadza mitemo inoda kuti makoreji avose namayunivhesiti agamuchire mitemo yakananga yokutaura norusununguko, yakadai seiyi:

  • Kupa mashoko akadai senzvimbo dzine rusununguko rwokutaura, dzinoita kuti vanhu vakwanise kuita mabasa maduku ari kure nenzvimbo dzepachikoro.
  • Masangano ehurumende anokumbira kuti agamuchire mashoko anoratidza kuzvipira kwawo kuratidzira kusununguka.
  • Vachizivisa kuti zvikoro zvinochengeta ndaza dzavakurukuri vakakokwa uye kuzivisa nhambo dzipi nedzipi umo vakurukuri vanovhiringidzwa kana kuti vanodzongonyedzwa.

Kuedza kwemitemo uku kunoratidza kunetseka kuri kuwedzera kwokuti mitemo yokudzidzisa kutaura uye miitiro yokutarisira yakadzvinyirira pfungwa dzisingachinji nedzimwe pfungwa dzisina kutenderwa.Vatsoropodzi vemitemo iyi vanotaura kuti haidi kudzivirirwa nebumbiro remitemo riripo uye kuti vanozviisa pangozi yokuita zvisarudzo zvedzidzo.

Pasinei zvapo nenzvimbo yomunhu pazvakanaka, mutemo werusununguko rwokutaura unogona kuramba uri nzvimbo ine simba yokubudirira kwemiitiro. Vadzidzisi navatarisiri vanofanira kugara vachiziva pamusoro pezvinodikanwa zvapamutemo muhudzo dzavo uye kubvunza zano rapamutemo vasati vashandisa mitemo mitsva ine chokuita nekurukurirano.

American Civil Liberties Union inogovera zviwanikwa zvine udzame padziviriro dzehurumende nedzerusununguko rwokutaura dzehurumende, kubatanidza kugadziridzwa kwomutemo woga woga uye kurongwa.

Zvirongwa Zvinoshanda Zvokutaura Makasununguka

Kugadzira tsika yepachikoro inoremekedza kutaura kwakasununguka uku uchiita kuti dzidzo yakarongeka ivepo kunoda kushanda nesimba uye mitemo yakajeka.

Iva Netsika Dzakajeka, Dzinodzorwa Nebumbiro Remitemo

Mitemo yechikoro inofanira kurondedzera mufambiro unorambidzwa norudungwe uye kudzivisa mutauro usina kujeka kana kuti wakanyanyisa ungagona kushandiswa kudzvinyirira kutaura kwakadzivirirwa. Mitezo yetsika inofanira kubatanidza mupimo weTinker inodzongonyedzwa, mupimo wemashoko echikoro cheHazelwood, uye mamwe masangano apamutemo anokosha. Masangano anofanira kuhwirudzura nguva nenguva miitiro yawo kuva nechokwadi chokuti anowirirana nomutemo unotsinhirana nenhau.

Rovedza Vane Simba, Vanoshandira, uye Vadzidzi

Kunzwisisa kodzero dzokutaura norusununguko uye mitoro hakungori kworuzivo rwokuberekwa narwo. Zvikoro zvinofanira kugovera purogiramu dzokurovedza dzenguva dzose dzinofukidza:

  • Kurongwa kwepamutemo kwekutaura kwevadzidzi uye kwechirevo.
  • Kusiyanisa kwaungaita kutaura kwakadzivirirwa nokunetswa kana kuti kutyisidzirwa.
  • Basa rorusununguko rwedzidzo mumirayiridzo yomukirasi nokutsvakurudza.
  • Miitiro yakanakisisa yokubetsera kurukurirano dzekirasi dzakaoma.

Ita Nhamba Dzokukurukura Dzinobudirira

Makirabhu okukurukurirana, kukurukurirana nevaenzi, uye purogiramu dzekurukurirano dzakarongwa zvakanaka zvinogona kubatsira vadzidzi kuti vatange kuva nounyanzvi hwokufunga kwokutsoropodza uye kudzidza kuona zvinhu nenzira inopesana.

Simbisa Zvirongwa Zvokunyunyuta Nezvokufadza Zvinooneka

Apo kukakavadzana kunomuka pamusoro pechirango chine chokuita nokutaura, vadzidzi navadzidzisi vanofanira kuva nomuitiro wakanaka uye unojeka wenyunyuto dzepokugara nezvisarudzo zvinofadza. Izvi zvinofanira kubatanidza mitsetse yakajeka yenguva, mikana yokupa ufakazi, uye kuhwirudzurwa navanhu nezivo yomutemo weFirst Amendment.

mhedziso

Kodzero dzokutaura dzakasununguka mumasangano edzidzo dzinomirira imwe yenharaunda dzine simba zvikurusa nedzinokwikwidza mutemo wemitemo weAmerica. Kuvambira panzvimbo ine chiratidzo muTinker kusvikira kumibvunzo yemichina inomutswa muMahanoy, matare akashanda kudzikamisa kodzero huru yokuratidzira mukurwisana nezvinodikanwa zvinoshanda zvezvikoro kuchengeta nhevedzano uye kuita mabasa awo edzidzo.

Nokuda kwavadzidzi, kunzwisisa kodzero dzokutaura norusununguko kunoreva kuziva zvose zviri zviviri simba neganhuriro dzeFirst Amendment.

Pakupedzisira, kutaura kwakasununguka mudzidzo hachisi chishandiso chapamutemo chete asi chinoshandiswa chapamutemo (chiya, pachakashandiswa nokuchenjera, chinogadzirira vadzidzi nokuda kwokuwana vagari vomunyika uye kusimudzira kurondwa kwezivo.) Kupfurikidza nokuvanza mipimo yemitemo yemitemo, kusimudzira tsika dzekurukurirano yokuremekedza, uye kuramba kune nhevedzano yezvinoitika zvemitemo, masangano edzidzo anogona kutsigira chipikirwa cheFirst Amendment achibatira basa ravo guru redzidzo.