Kunzwisisa Basa Rezvikumbiro Mutsika Yokutonga

Mano okudenha chisarudzo chedare kupfurikidza nekwirira rutivi rukuru rwemiitiro yapamutemo yazvino uno. Iyi nzira inovimbisa kuti nhau dzapamutemo dzinodzorwa nokururamiswa. Nokuda kwavadzidzi venhau, hurumende, uye mutemo, kunzwisisa kuti kukwirira kunoshanda sei uye kuti matare makuru anopa sei nzwisiso yakakomba mukudzikamiswa kwesimba, kushanduka kwenheyo dzapamutemo, uye kurondwa kweruramisiro. Nyaya ino inopa kupetwa kwamashoko kwakajeka kwomuitiro wokukwidza, chivako chedare, uye kurangarira kwakanaka kunoshanda kwedare.

Chii Chinofadza?

Chikumbiro chinoitwa kudare repamusoro richikumbira kuhwirudzura ndokuchinja chisarudzo chakapiwa nedare rakaderera. Vari kukwirira vanozivikanwa seapuresa, nepo ari kupikisa ari mubudiri. Kukwirira hakusi mikana yokutongwa kutsva; panzvimbo pezvo, vanonangidzira ngwariro pa kana zvikanganiso zvepamutemo kana kuti zvenhau zvakaitika mukati menhau dzapakuvamba dzingave dzakatapura muuyo.

Kune mapoka maviri makuru ezvikumbiro. Appeals sedzerudyi inovimbisa kuti mutongi achanzwa zvakakwana pamberi pedare panhau dzakananga, zvikurukuru kubatanidza rutongeso rwokupedzisira. Kukumbira [ kunoda kuti murongi atange kuwana mvumo kudare, iro ringagamuchira kana kuti kuramba mhaka yacho. matare makurusa, akadai seU.S. Dare rapamusorosoro, kudzorwa kwapamutemo kwakatanhamara, kusarudzwa kwakatanhamara, bedzi zviitiko zvinopa mibvunzo inokosha kana kuti rwisano pakati pematare akaderera.

Manyuko enhau egadziriro yokukwidza akadzokera kumutemo wechiNgezi wavose nokutangwa kwematare eimba yamambo. Mumazana amakore, kodzero yokukwirira yakakura kubva paropafadzo yakaganhurirwa kuenda kudziviriro yetsika inozivikanwa navose. Nhasi, muitiro weappellate unobatira zvinangwa zvakawanda: kururamisa zvikanganiso, kuva nechokwadi chekufanana mukududzirwa kwemitemo, uye kubvumira kukura zvishoma nezvishoma kwedzidziso yapamutemo kupfurikidza nemifungo yakarangarirwa.

Kuvambwa Kwemadare Akakwirira

Matare makuru akarongwa nenzira yakarongwa, uye kunzwisisa ichi chirongwa kunokosha mukufamba nomuitiro wokukwirira.

Kutungamirira Kwedare Rakagoverwa

Gadziriro yedare rehurumende ine mwero mitatu mikuru. Pamitengo yakaderera zvikurusa pane maDare oruwa eUnited States , ayo anoshanda sematare okutonga mhaka dzehurumende. Pamusoro pawo pane United States Dare reMitongo yeZvikumbiro , rakakamurwa kuva 13: 11 nharaunda dzeruwa, Diviti yeColumbia Frial Friest, uye Federal Frial Friest, iyo inobata nokukwirira chaiko senhau dzokuvara uye dzezvokutengeserana kwamarudzi akawanda. Pachikwiriso i Dare reUnited States[FLT] , iro rinodzora chiremera chadzose pamusoro pezvibvumirano zvose zviri mubatanidzwa nemitemo yehurumende.

Masangano Anodzora Hurumende

Hurumende imwe neimwe inochengeta chimiro chayo imene chedare, zvikurukuru inoratidzira muenzaniso wehurumende. Nyika zhinjisa dzine matare okutonga, dare rapakati, uye dare rezvigadzikiso zvokupedzisira, zvinowanzonzi dare gurusa rehurumende. Mamwe maruwa maduku, zvisinei, anoshaiwa matare apakati, kureva kukwirira kunobva kumatare anotongwa kunoenda zvakananga kudare rakakwirirasa rehurumende. Mazita chaiwo, zviremera, uye mitemo yemipimo inosiano anosimudzirwa kunosiana zvikuru nehurumende, kuchiita kuti kuve kunokosha nokuda kwavanonzvera miraudzo yomunzvimbomo kubvunza mitemo yomunzvimbomo.

Matare Anokosha

Kupfuura matare makuru, gadziriro inobatanidza matare chaiwo anotonga mapoka akati omutemo. Mienzaniso inobatanidza Dare reTrusa reUnited States Dare reTrusa, United States Court of Applications , uye [FLT] United Applications for Veterans Intects . Idzi matare kazhinji kazhinji dzinoratidzira vatongi vane unyanzvi hukuru munharaunda dzavo. Zvikumbiro zvinobva kumamwe matare chaiwo angaenda kumatare ematunhu kana kuti zvakananga kuDare Repamusorosoro reruwa.

Nokuda kwoudzame hwakadzama pachivako chedare rehurumende, Office youtarisiri hweDare reU.S. inogovera chiono chine chiremera[[FLT: 1].

Mabasa Akanaka Egadziriro Yokuda Kurapwa

Kunzwisisa zvinangwa zvakawanda izvi kunoratidza kuti nei nzanga dzichishandisa mari yakawanda pakuongorora zvinhu.

Kukanganisa Nokururamisa

Basa riri pachena zvikurusa kururamisa zvikanganiso zvinoitwa nematare okutonga.

Kufanana Nekutanga

Dare rokupa mhaka, zvikurukuru pamwero yematunhu neMitengo mikurusa yehurumende, chinyorwa chemirangariro inova inosarira muenzaniso pamatare akaderera mukati moudzori hwawo. Uku kubatana kunovimbisa kuti mutemo unoshandiswa nguva dzose munharaunda huru yenzvimbo. Pasina iri basa, mubvunzo mumwe chetewo wapamutemo ungagona kupa mhinduro dzinopesana mumatare akasiyana - siyana, kuchiparira nyongano nokusaruramisira.

Kufambira Mberi Nokujekesesa

Kupfurikidza nemifungo yavo, matare eparamende anoita basa guru mukuumba mutemo. Apo mutemo unenge uri munzwinya kana kuti apo ruzivo rutsva rworuzivo rwokugadzirwa kwezvinhu runodenha gadziriro dzapamutemo dziripo, zvisarudzo zveappllate zvinogovera tsananguro dzine chiremera. Nokufamba kwenguva, mutumbi wakaunganidzwa wemirangariro inoumba gamuchidzanwa remitemo yakapfuma nerinochinja. Mitezo yenhau yakadai se Brown v. Board of Education uye Maranda v. Arizona] yakavamba sechikumbiro chakakurumbira cheAmerica.

Kufadza Kunoitwa Mumashoko Oudzame

Kunyange zvazvo mitemo yetsika ichisiyana - siyana pakati penzvimbo, matanho makuru mugadziriro yokukumbira anotevera mutoo unowirirana.

Kuziva Kukwezva

Kukumbira kunovamba apo mafaira anotendeutswa anoparira kurasikirwa nekodzero yokukwirira. Mudare rehurumende, Mudare reFOLT:1 mudare rapasi. Iri chinyorwa chinozivisa nenzira yakarongwa vavariro yokutsvakazve. Mitsetse mikukutu inodzorwa uye inodzora; kushaiwa Window rokupeka kunoguma nokurasikirwa nekodzero yokukwirira. Mudare rehurumende, Kutonga 3 kweFederal Revelter Procediture kunoda kuti chiziviso chitsaurwe mukati mamazuva 30 okupinda kworutongeso. Dzimwe nhanho dzinodenha rutongeso rwokupedzisira, dzinotongerwa kutorerwa nguva pfupi.

Kugadzira Marekodhi Acho Pakukwezva

Mutongi anofanira kuva nechokwadiwo kuti inorevererwa pakukwirira inounganidzwa ndokupfuudzwa kudare. Iyi chinyorwa chinobatanidza zvikumbiro zvose, nhepfenyuro, zviratidziro, ufakazi hunobvumwa pakutonga, uye mashoko enhau. dare rinotsamira chose chose pachinyorwa kuti rirangarire zvisarudzo zvedare rapasi. Ufakazi hutsva hahuwanzorangarirwa, kunze kwemigariro yakaganhurirwa inobatanidza zvinhu zvichangobva kuwanwa izvo zvisati zvagona kuva zvakapiwa pakuvamba.

Kuzviisa Pasi Kupfupi

Masangano anoisa mhinduro dzechipfupi kupfurikidza nokudzivirira dare rakaderera. Matare mazhinji anobvumira kana kuti kukumbira mhinduro. Zvipfupiso zvinofanira kutevedzana kuforoma kuforoma, kureba, uye mitemo. Chisarudzo chedare rakaderera chinofanira kuchinjwa kana kuti kuchinjwa. Chishandiso cheAppellee chinokosha zvikurusa kupfurikidza nokudzivirira dare rakaderera. Matare mazhinji anobvumirawo kana kuti kukumbira mhinduro pfupi. Zvikamu zvipfupikidzwa zvinofanira kunamatira kuforoma nohurefukito dzakananga, kureba, uye miraudzo.

Kutaura Kwemashoko

Muzvikumbiro zvizhinjisa, dare richaronga nharo. Maattori enzvimbo imwe neimwe anooneka pamberi peboka ravatongi kupa mifungo mikuru ndokupindura kumibvunzo. Zvibvumikiso zvamashoko zvagara zvichingopera namaminiti 15 kusvikira ku30 parutivi rumwe norumwe, kunyange zvazvo dzimwe mhaka dzichigamuchira nguva yakawanda. Vatongi vanoshandisa mukana uyu kunzvera simba noutera hwebato rimwe nerimwe. Munhau dzakawanda dzakakwirira kana kuti nhau dzakaoma, zvibvumikiso zvokutaura zvinogona kupesvedzera zvikuru muuyo. Zvisinei, zvimwe zvikumbiro zvinosarudzwa pamapfupikicha pasina kurukurirano yokutaura, zvikurukuru apo nhau dzacho dzinova dzakananga.

Kumirira Chisarudzo Chedare

Pashure penharo dzinotaurwa, vatongi vanopana ndokuvhota pamuuyo. dare gare gare rinopa chibvumirano chakanyorwa icho chinotsanangura kufunga kwacho. Mifungo ingava yakabatana kana kuti yakakamukana, nemirangariro inopesana uye inopa mirangariro inopa dzimwe mirangariro. dare rinogona [[FLT:] uye [FLT] dare rinogona kusimbisa [[FLT:] mhaka yacho inowirirana nomurangariro. Muzvimwe zviitiko, dare ringaibatanidzawo [[FLT] [FLT:] [FLT:]] [FLT]] [5], kana kuti rutongeso ruchidzosa.

Zvinhu Zvinoshandiswa Nevakawanda Kuti Vafarire

Kukwirira hakuna kuvakirwa pakusabvumiranawo zvako nomugumisiro wacho, asi kunofanira kuvakirwa muzvikanganiso zvepamutemo zvakati kana kuti zvetsika.

Zvikanganiso Zvepamutemo

Chikanganiso chapamutemo chinoitika apo dare rinotonga risingashandisi mutemo kana kuti kusanzwisisa mutemo.Izvi zvinogona kubatanidza mirayiridzo isina kururama yedare rinobetsera vatongi, dudziro isina kururama yemitemo, kana kuti mutongo unorwisana nemuenzaniso unosunga. Mhosho dzapamutemo ndidzo hwaro hunozivikanwa zvikurusa hwezvikumbiro zvinobudirira nemhaka yokuti matare anoitira hanya zvikuru kuvimbisa kuti mutemo unoshandiswa zvakarurama.

Zvikanganiso Zvesayenzi

Zvikanganiso zvetsika zvinosanganisira kukundikana kutevera mitemo yakagadzwa inodzora mufambiro wekuedza. Mienzaniso inobatanidza kubvumwa kusina kufanira kana kuti kubviswa kwoufakazi, kukundikana kubvumira kupfuurira, kana kuti kusazvibata nomutongi kana kuti zano. Hachisi zvikanganiso zvose zvetsika zvinotenderwa kuchinjwa. Chikanganiso chinofanira kuva chinotyisa [, kureva kuti chingatapura mugumisiro wenhau. Madare anoshandisa miedzo yakasiana, yakadai semupimo usingakuvadziri mupimo kana kuti mupimo wakapfava, zvichitsamira pakuti musengwa unoshorwa pamuedzo.

Uchapupu Husinganyatsoiti

Izvi zvakaoma nokuti matare anoona uchapupu hunoenderana nezvakanakira boka rakapararira.

Uchapupu Hutsva

Kashoma, boka rinowana ufakazi pashure pokutonga husati hwagona kuva hwakafukunurwa nokushingaira kune mufungo pachine nguva mberi. Kana ufakazi hutsva ichinhu uye zvimwe hungaparira muuyo wakasiana, hungaumba hwaro hwekukwirira kana kuti chiito nokuda kwekutonga kutsva. matare anoedza kugarozengurirazve mhaka dzakavakirwa paufakazi hutsva nemhaka yefariro yakasimba mumhedziso.

Mipimo Yokuhwirudzura Netapuro Yayo

Imwe yepfungwa dzinokosha zvikurusa mumuitiro wedare rakaderera i mupimo wehwirudzuro . Iyoyi inonongedzera kumwero wokuderedza dare rinopa zvisarudzo zvedare rakaderera. Mipimo yakasiana inoshanda kumarudzi akasiana enhau.

Kuhwirudzura Nouti

Mibvunzo yomutemo inohwirudzurwa devo, kureva dare redare redare rinotonga dare rinorangarira nhau yacho seyavakizve pasina kunongedzera kumhedziso yedare rakaderera. Iyi mhedziso inoshanda kududziro yemitemo, mibvunzo yebumbiro remitemo, uye mirau yehurumende. Nemhaka yokuti dare redare rinokwanisa zvakaenzana kurangarira mibvunzo yapamutemo, rinoita rutongeso rwakasununguka.

Kudzokorora Zvakakanganiswa

Kuwana idi kwomutongi anohwirudzurwa pasi pe mupimo wakajeka. dare redare haringadzongonyedzi zviwanwa kutoti zvasiyiwa nepwiso yakajeka uye yakasimba kuti chikanganiso chaitwa. Iyi tsika inowirirana inoziva kuti mutongi anotonga ane betsero yokucherekedza zvapupu zvakananga uye kuwana kuvimbika.

Kushandisa Uchenjeri Zvisina Kufanira

Zvisarudzo zvinobatanidza kutongwa kwedare, zvakadai sezvisarudzo pamusoro pokubvuma ufakazi, kupa pfuuridziro, kana kuti zvirango zvikuru, zvinohwirudzurwa nokuda kwe kushandisa uchenjeri. Uyu mupimo wakakwirira zvikuru. Dare richachinja bedzi kana chisarudzo chedare rinotonga chakanga chine murairo wakarurama, chisina mufungo, kana kuti chakavakirwa pamurangariro wapamutemo wakakanganisika.

Kunzwisisa mipimo iyi kunokosha nemhaka yokuti kunotapura zvakananga bviro yokubudirira pakukwirira. Chikanganiso chapamutemo chakahwirudzurwa chinopa banza rakasimba zvikuru rokuchinja kupfuura chisarudzo chokuchenjera chinohwirudzurwa mukushandiswa zvisina kufanira kwomupimo wokungwarira.

Kurangarira Kunoshanda Kwokuronda Kufadza

Kukwidza chikumbiro hachisi chisarudzo chapamutemo; chinovawo chisarudzo chakakodzera uye chinoshanda.

Ndyiko Nenguva

Mitengo inosanganisira kubhadhara mari, kugadzira mashoko, kudhinda nokupfiga mipumburu yemagweta. Muitiro wacho unotorawo mwedzi kana kuti kunyange makore. Kuvanhu vane zvinhu zviduku, mitoro iyi ingava inorambidza. Mune dzimwe nguva, matare angabhadharisa mari yemari yemari inotambirwa, asi nguva yacho inoramba iri yakawanda.

Unhu Hunofadza

Vasati vanyora, magweta ane ruzivo rwokuzviwanira anoyera simba rezvikonzero zvinobvira zvokukwirira, mupimo unoshanda wehwirudzuro, uye rhekodhi. Kukwirira pasina nharo dzapamutemo dzinonzwika hakuwanzobudiriri. Kukwidza chikumbiro choupenzi kunogona kunyange kuguma nezvirango mukurwisana nomutauriri wavo.

Kukwirira Kwokupedzisira

Kukumbira kwakawanda kunobva mumitongo yokupedzisira, asi dzimwe nzvimbo dzinobvumira kukumbira kunobva mune mimwe mirayiro, yakadai semitemo pamirairo kana kuti zvibvumirano zvekirasi. Kukumbira kwokukumbira kunorambidzwa nemhaka yokuti kunononoka kutongwa. Dare rinobvumira bedzi apo nhau yacho inokosha uye kuhwirudzurwa kwokunyama kungafambisira mberi kupfupikisa.

Basa Rezano Rokuda Kuudzwa Zvaunoda

Muitiro wekuedza unoda unyanzvi chaihwo hwakasiana nokuedza. Zano rezvemari rinoshanda rinofanira kuva nyanzvi pakunzvera kwapamutemo, kunyora kwokunyengetedza, uye nharo. Mafemu emitemo akawanda akatsaurira miitiro yepepureta, uye mamwe magweta anonangidzira ngwariro chose chose pakukumbira. Kune avo vasingakwanisi kupa zano rakavanzika, masangano eyamuro yapamutemo kana kuti mapurogiramu eproono angagovera betsero mukukwanirisa zviitiko.

Nokuda kwokunzvera zvakadzama nzira inoshanda, American Bar Association'Spellate Practice winds [[[FLT: 1] inopa nhungamiro inokosha.

mhedziso

Muitiro wokukwirira unomira seimwe yembiru dzinokosha zvikurusa dzegadziriro yokutonga yakaisvonaka neinoshanda. Inogovera nzira yakarongeka yokururamisa nayo zvikanganiso, kugadziridza nheyo dzapamutemo, uye kuva nechokwadi chokuti mutemo unoshandiswa nenzira inowirirana muzviitiko zvisingaverengeki. Nokuda kwavadzidzi navadzidzi zvakafanana, kunzwisisa chimiro chemibato yematare makurusa, kukwirira kwenhano kwokukwirira, uye kurangarira kwakarongwa kunodzora muitiro wemitemo kunokosha kukunzwisiswa kwakakwana kwemashandire anoita ruramisiro. Kungave kunorangarirwa kupfurikidza nerefurefu yenhau, sayenzi yezvamatongerwe enyika, kana kuti fundo yapamutemo, gadziriro yetsika inoramba iri rutivi rune simba uye inokosha rwomutemo.

Avo vanotsvaka mamwe mashoko ane chiremera pamuitiro wehurumende vanogona kubvunza Mitemo yeAppellate Procediture yakachengetwa neCornell's Legal Information Institute.