Hwaro Hwehurumende Ine Miganhu

Simba rehurumende, pamavambo aro, rinomirira chiremera chehurumende chokuita nokushandisa mitemo, levy mitero, kuchengeta nhevedzano, uye kugovera zvinhu zvavose. Murondedzero yehurumende yehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu, iri simba rinobva mukubvumira kudzorwa uye kuripo kuti ribatire zvakanaka zvakafanana. Bva nhau inodzidzisa kuti chiremera chikuru, kunyange apo chinenge chapiwa pakuvamba nokuda kwezvinangwa zvakaisvonaka, chinogona kuva tyisidziro kurusununguko. Democracy iri yose inotarisana nenzanga inzira yokupa nayo hurumende inoshanda nenzira inobudirira apo inoidzivisa panguva imwe cheteyo kuva inodzorwa. Iyi ganhuriro inowa kupfurikidza nokuvakwa kwakakwirira kweganhuriro inovakirwa mumitemo nemubatanidzwa wehurumende.

Midziyo youzivi yehurumende yakaganhurirwa inodzokera shure kugamuchidzanwa renzanga ravafungi vakadai saJohn Locke, uyo akarangarira kuti vanhu vanopa bedzi dzimwe dzamaruramiro avo omuzvarirwo mukutsinhana nokuda kwedziviriro youpenyu hwavo, rusununguko, uye zvinhu. Pfungwa dzaLocke dzakapesvedzera zvikuru vagadziri veUnited States Constitution, uyo akasika namaune simba raizo “tanga kukamurwa uye ipapo kugoverwa” kuti vadzivirire kudzvinyirira. Federalist Papers, zvikurukuru Fiderator No. 51, anotsinhira nenzira yakakurumbira nheyo yokuti“ chinzvimbo chinofanira kuitwa kuti chishuvo.” Uku kudzo chamagariro chinoramba chiripo parro yedemocracyism yedemocracyism uye kupfuurira kupindura nokutyisidzira kutyiswa kutsva.

Gadziriro Dzebumbiro reMitemo: Dzakanyorwa Nedzisina Kunyorwa

Bumbiro remitemo, ringave rakanyorwa kana kuti risina kunyorwa, rinobatira segadziriro yapamusoro yemitemo inorondedzera ukuru nemiganhu yechiremera chehurumende. Mabumbiro emitemo anowanzoita mabasa maviri anokosha: vanopa masimba kuhurumende uye nzvimbo panguva imwe cheteyo inoratidzira zvirambidzo pamasimba iwayo. Idzi ganhuriro dzinotora chimiro chedziviriro dzinorongwa, zvinodikanwa zvourongwa, uye zvinodzivisa izvo vatambi vehurumende vasingagoni kufuratira nenzira yapamutemo.

Mavs. Mabumbiro emitemo asina kunyorwa

United States Constitution muenzaniso wakatanhamara wegadziriro yakanyorwa, yakaumbwa negadziriro inochinjika. Inoronga zvakajeka masimba ehurumende yehurumende yehurumende muChikamu I, Chikamu 8, uye ipapo inowedzera miganhu yeganhuriro muBill of Rights nedzinotsidzira. Nemhaka yeidzo, United Kingdom inoshanda mubumbiro remitemo risina kunyorwa, mutemo wavose, kokorodzano dzeparamende, uye magwaro anodzorwa anokudzwa akafanana ne Magna Carta uye [[FLT:]B] yekodzero dzekodzero dzakafanira [89] [FLT]]. Pasinei zvapo nokushaiwa chinyorwa chimwe, gadziriro dzebumbiro remitemo yeUK dzichiripo nemuganhu woutongi, mutemo wokutonga, uye maganhu emitemo.

Kokorodzano Dzebumbiro Remitemo

Kupfuura magwaro akanyorwa, hurumende dzinosarudzwa navanhu dzakawanda dzinotsamira pakokorodzano dzinosungirwa dzisati dzichibvumirwa pamutemo asi dzinotakura simba rezvamatongerwe enyika rakadaro zvokuti kudziputsa kunganyandura kudzorwa kwakakomba. Somuenzaniso, muUK, kokorodzano iyo mambo anofanira kubvumira kupiwa mutongo upi noupi neParamende haina kurambwa mumakore anopfuura mazana matatu. MuCanada, kokorodzano yehurumende ine mutoro inoda kuti mushumiri mukuru abviswe kana akarasikirwa nevhoti yechivimboro, kunyange zvazvo pasina mutemo unoigombedzera.

Kuparadzana Kwesimba: Muenzaniso WeTripate

Kuparadzaniswa kwamasimba inheyo inokamuranisa chiremera chehurumende pakati pamapazu matatu akasiyana: chibvumirano, mutungamiriri, uye dare. Uku kupesana kunodzivisa mutumbi upi noupi kuunganidza simba rokuita, kunamatwa, uye kududzira mitemo panguva imwe cheteyo. Pfungwa yacho yakaziviswa zvikuru nomuzivi wezvamatongerwe enyika weFrance Masteeu mumabasa ake 1748] Mudzimu weMitemo yeMitemo , uyo waipikisa kuti rusununguko rwezvamatongerwe enyika runoda kuti simba rinzverwe negadziriro yezvinhu. Nhasi, anodokuva adzokorokorokororesa shanduro yazvinosarudzwa zvazvino unoumba izvi, kunyange zvazvo zvichienzaniswa kugoverwa kwemasimba anosiyana zvikuru.

Bazu Romutemo: Kuchengeta Mutemo Secheki

Bazu remitemo, raiwanzova musangano weparamende, rine mutoro mukuru wokugadzira nokugadza mitemo. Nemhaka yokuti vaiti vemitemo vanowanzosarudzwa uye vanofanira kupindura kuvanoumba, mutevedzeri wedare remitemo vanogona kubatira senzvero yakananga pakungwarira kutsoropodzwa munzira dzinoverengeka. Chokutanga, simba rechikwama chechikwama rinopa chiremera chapamutemo chiremera chokutendera mari nendyiko dzehurumende, nokudaro vachiganhurira mano emukuru webasa okushandisa pasina kubvumirana. Chechipiri, matare anotarisira anogona kunzvera mibato yebazu yehurumende, kushevedzera vakuru vakuru vezvouchapupu, uye kukumbira magwaro, zvikurukuru mumasangano anoongorora namasangano anoongorora anoongorora masangano., zvechitatu, mumasangano makuru ehurumende, anofanira kusimbisa kuronga kuronga nokutsigira kutungamirira nokutsigira dare rabhinya.

Bazu Rine Chiremera: Kumanikidza Mumiganhu

Bazu guru, rinotungamirirwa napurezidhendi mukuru, mutungamiriri wehurumende, kana kuti dare rehurumende, rinopomerwa basa rokushandisa nokusimbisa mitemo inopiwa nedare. Bva masimba aro haasati ari akakwana. Vakuru vakuru havagoni chaizvoizvo kuva nemari yakafanira pasina mvumo yemitemo, uye vanofanira kuwirirana nemiitiro yemitemo inoganhurira pasina donzo. Mukuru mukuru mukuru wehurumende wazvino uno akura zvikuru uye asvika, asi nheyo inoramba iripo: mukuru mukuru anofanira kushanda mukati memiganhu yakagadzwa nemitemo yemitemo. Apo mukuru mukuru mukuru anopfuura miganhu iyoyo, mutongi anoramba akagadzirira kupindira. Uyezve, kudzora kwomutungamiriri wehurumende pamusoro penhau yehondo nenhau dzokunze kunowanzova pasi pemitemo yehondo, bvumirano, uye mudzimwe nyika dzinodzokorodzanwa dzemitemo.

Bazu Rokutonga: Gunhuro Yeganhuriro

Vatongi vanorondedzera mitemo uye vanopedza nharo. Mukuita kudaro, inobatira somuchengeti mukuru weganhuriro dzebumbiro remitemo dzinoiswa pamapazu ose ehurumende. dare razvimirira, risina kupindira mune zvamatongerwe enyika, rinogonawo kushayisa simba mutemo kana kuti mabasa avakuru vakuru anowanwa kuputsa gadziriro dzebumbiro remitemo. Iri simba [[FLT: 0] redare redzorosa] ndiro nzvero hurusa uye yakananga pakudzora hurumende. Vatongi vanogonawo kuvimbisa kuti vakuru vakuru vehurumende vatevere muitiro wakafanira uye vanoremekedza kodzero dzavanhu vamwe navamwe. Mugadziriro dzakawanda, matare anogona kuraira kumisa mabasa ehurumende, kusunungurwa kwavanhu vakaiswa pasi pemitemo zvisiri pamutemo, uye kuparadzwa kwekodzero dzavo dzakaputswa. Kuzvitonga kudzodzodzo dzoudzo dzoudzodzo dzoudzo

Makepi Nedzikamo: Kutamba Kunoshanda

Nepo kuparadzana kwamasimba kuchiparira mapazi akasiyana, kunzverwa uye dzikamo zvinogovera bazu rimwe nerimwe maturusi okuganhurira mamwe, kuchiumba gadziriro huru yokudzivisana. Iyi purogiramu yakagadzirirwa kwete nokuda kwokubudirira asi nokuda kwokuzvimba mukuunganidzwa kwesimba. Miitiro mikuru inoverengeka inoratidzira kuti kunzvera nokudzikamisa zvinoshanda sei.

  • Simba nokurerutswa: muUnited States, purezidhendi anogona kupfuudzira mutemo unopfuudzwa neCongress, asi Congress inogona kukurira ikoko nevoruzhinji vane mativi maviri matatu mumakamuri ose ari maviri. Ikoku kunomanikidzira mukuru kubvumirana pane zvisina kufanira nedare remitemo kana kuti ngozi kuva nezvirambidzo zvaro.
  • Kugadza kwapamutambo nokusimbisa: Mutungamiriri anosarudza vatongi, asi imba yepamusoro yedare remitemo inofanira kuvasimbisa. MuU, kubvumikiswa kweDare reSangano kwazova kwezvamatongerwe enyika zvikuru, kubatira secherekedzo padzikamo yepfungwa dzenguva refu dzejaji.
  • Kutsvaka nokubvisa: Musangano wemitemo une chiremera chokupa ndokubvisa mukuru mukuru kana kuti vamwe vakuru vakuru nokuda kwe “mhosva huru nemhosho.] Iyi zvichida ichenjedzo yakakomba zvikurusa, sezvo inogona kugumisa purezidhendi uye udzori hunoita kuti mukuru mukuru azvidavirire nokuda kwomufambiro wakashata.
  • Mitemo inoganhurirwa muUS nedare guru mu [FLT: 1] mudzimwe nyika, mugadzi wemitemo anochengeta simba rokubvisa mirau yavakuru vakuru kupfurikidza nechisarudzo chakapfava (kunyange zvazvo mavhiti akadaro emitemo akaganhurirwa muUnited States neDare Rapamusorosaimo mu INS v. Chad[ha). Zuva rinogadza mitsaramo inogumisa nenzira yomuzvarirwo mitemo yakati kana kuti mapurogiramu pashure penhambo yakatemwa, kumanikidza mugadzikiso kugadziridzo wezviito zvokushatsa.
  • Kubvuma nokubvumirana kwezvibvumirano: MuUS, Dare rinofanira kubvuma zvibvumirano kupfurikidza nevhoti mbiri nhatu, richidzivisa mukuru mukuru kubva mukusungisa nyika pasina nguva mberi kusvika kuzvibvumirano zvamarudzi ose izvo zvisina tsigiro yakafara yemitemo.

Izvi zvinhu hazvisi zvokungofungidzira chete; zvakaedzwa zvaongororwazve munhau yose. Somuenzaniso, Purezidhendi Franklin D. Roosevelt wa1973 “gadziriro yedare repamusoro - soro yakatadza zvikurukuru nemhaka yokuti Congress nevoruzhinji vakairangarira senhamburiko yokusekesa kuzvimirira kwokutonga, vachiratidza kuti kuongorora uye kudzikama zvinotsamirawo pamipimo yezvamatongerwe enyika uye pfungwa dzevanhu.

Kuhwirudzura Ruramisiro: Chinokosha Cheganhuriro Dzebumbiro reMitemo

Kuhwirudzura rutongeso isimba rematare rokunzvera kuva kwebumbiro remitemo neremitemo. Ndiwo mutoo wapamutemo wakananga zvikurusa wokusimbisa ganhuriro idzo bumbiro remitemo rinoisa pahurumende. Pasina hwirudzuro yorutongeso, bumbiro remitemo rinova gwarowo zvaro rezvamatongerwe enyika risina mazino anosungirirwa.

Mavambo Nokugamuchirwa Kwevana Munyika Yose

Murangariro wehwirudzuro yedare wakasimbiswa zvakakurumbira mu Madison (103) muUnited States, umo Mutongi Mukuru John Marshall akasimbirira kuti “inhau yakananga uye basa resangano rinotonga kutaura kuti mutemo uri. Kubvira panguva ino, kuhwirudzura kwokutonga kwakapararira kuhurumende dzakawanda, kunyange zvazvo ukuru hwematongero nechimiro zvakasiana. MuGermany, Dare reMitemo yeMitemo reHurumende harina kungohwirudzura bedzi mitemo yokuwirirana noMutemo waSine asi rinonzwawo zvichemo zvapamutemo. MuCanada, Dare Rapamusorosoro rinogona kurova pasi pemitemo pasi pezvose zviri zviviri Hurumende neRomubatanidzwa weHurumende, kunyange zvazvo isati iri pamutemo yakaganhuridzwa kupfurikidza kuchengetedza mitemo yakati. Muchikamu chikuru chemitemo yeHurumende yeUnited States, Muchikamu cheSarudzo yeSarudzo yemitemo yeChibvumirano chaMagariro, asi chikadzo inodzo inodzoro yemitemo inodzorwa kudzorongedzerwa kudzoro yomutemo.

Zviratidzo Zvinooneka Zvakaumba Miganhu

  • Marbury v. Madison (1803, US): yakagadza nheyo yokuti matare ehurumende ane simba rokuparadza mitemo isina kurongwa, achisimbisa basa redare rejaji sebazu rakaenzana.
  • Brown v. Board of Education (1954, US): yakafumura dzidziso “yakapesana asi yakaenzana” ndokuzivisa paradzano yedzinza muzvikoro zvavose isina wirirano, inoratidzira kuti hwirudzuro yedare inogona sei kumanikidzira maruramiro makuru kunyange mukurwisana nemitemo.
  • Roe v. Wade (1973, US): Akaziva maruramiro ebumbiro remitemo kuchivande anotambanukira kuchisarudzo chomukadzi chokugumisa pamuviri, achisimbisa basa redare mukudzivirira rusununguko rwomunhu oga pakudzorwa kwomutemo.
  • Miller v. Munyori weHurumende nokuda kwokubuda muEuropean Union (2017, UK):[ Dare rapamusoro reUK rakasarudza kuti hurumende haigoni kunyandura Chikamu 50 kuti chisiye European Union pasina Mutemo weParamende, ichisimbisa kuti kunyange kushandiswa kwemasimba ekodzero kwakaganhurirwa nenheyo dzemitemo neuchangamire hweParamende.
  • Kesavanda Bharati v. Hurumende yeKerala (1973, India): Dare rapamusoro reIndia rakatanga “dzidziso yetsika,” richirangarira kuti kunyange kuchinja kwebumbiro remitemo hakugoni kuchinja gadziriro huru yeBumbiro remitemo reIndia, nokudaro richidzivirira zvinokosha zvedemocracy kubva kuna vatsoropodzi veparamendi.

Iyi nhau inoratidzira kuti hwirudzuro yokutonga inokosha nokuda kwokushandura miganhu isina mufungo yebumbiro remitemo kuva dziviriro dzakajeka.

Mubatanidzwa: Simba Rinoparadza Kuchikura

Kupfuura kuparadzaniswa kwakananga kwamasimba pakati pamapazu, nyika zhinji dzinoshandisa unani hwehurumende sechishandiso chakamira kuganhurira chiremera chehurumende. Federalism inoparadzanisa simba pakati pehurumende yapakati (yorudzi) nehurumende yamarudzi ose (hurumende, nharaunda, kana kuti nharaunda), imwe neimwe ine nzvimbo yayo imene yokuzvitonga. uchangamire huviri hunoderedza kuiswa pasi kwesimba uye hunogovera mirwi yokuwedzera yedziviriro nokuda kwamaruramiro omunhu oga nefariro dzomunzvimbomo.

Kunzvera Kunoita Chiremera Chehurumende

Mugadziriro yehurumende, hurumende yepakati haigoni kuchinja nokubatana kumwe kukamukana kwamasimba, sezvo chinjo dzakadaro dzichida chaizvoizvo zviito zvikuru mudare rehurumende kana kuti mvumo nemapoka amarudzi ose. Uyezve, hurumende dzamarudzi ose dzinogona kushanda semarabhoratori ehurumende dzinotonga hurumende dzinopesana, kuedza kugovera vagari vemo vakasarudzwazve. Kana hurumende yepakati yehurumende ichiita zvirongwa zvechimbichimbichimbi, nyika kana kuti maruwa anogona kudenha mabasa ayo mudare, sepanhau dzakawanda dzehurumende dzakavakirwa paUnited States, dzakadai se United States v. Lopez (1995) [195], idzo dzinoganhurira chiremera cheHurumende pasi peClassiclaus. MuCanada, purovhinzi dzakabudirira dzakataura kuti mitemo youdzoronge kudzoronge kudzora nhaka utsotsi pamusoro pezviganhu zvehurumende.

Mienzaniso Yezvivako Zvemapurani

United States, Canada, Australia, India, uye Brazil ose anoshandisa gadziriro dzakasimba dzehurumende. Imwe neimwe ine mutoo wayo imene yokudzikamisa chiremera chapakati neruwa. Hurumende yeGermany yeSini yeInglini inoda chisarudzo chakabatana munharaunda dzakawanda. Mukupesana, chibvumirano cheIndia chinopa chiremera chikuru zvikuru asi chichiri kuchengetera masimba makuru nokuda kwenyika nehurumende kuti dzirambe hurumende dzakaganhurirwa. Masangano ehurumende pakati penyika anoratidza kuti boka remitemo renyika risave rakasimba rinowirirana rakabatana munzanga ringakwanisa kuisa mamiriro ezvinhu enyika akadzikamiswa.

Kuzvidavirira Kwavose: Mugari Wemo Senzvero Yokupedzisira

Hapana gadziriro yokunzvera kwesangano yakakwana pasina kubatanidzwa kunoshingaira kwavagari vemo. Miitiro yokuzvidavirira yavose inovimbisa kuti vakuru vakuru vehurumende vanoramba vachigamuchira uye kuti vanodzorwa vane mutoo wokunzvera, kunyunyuta, uye kutsiva ayo ane simba.

Kusarudza Kwakasununguka uye Kwakanaka

Sarudzo dzenguva dzose inzira yakananga zvikurusa iyo vagari vemo vanogona kuganhurira nayo simba rehurumende. Apo vavhoti vanogona kusarudza pakati pavakwikwikwidzani namapoka, uye apo zvisarudzo izvozvo zvinoremekedzwa, vakuru vakuru vehurumende vanotarisana nechinonyandura chakavakwa kuti vaite mufariro yavose kana kuti kubviswa kwengozi. Zvisinei, sarudzo dzinoshanda bedzi sechinoganhuriro kana ivo vachikwikwidza zvapachokwadi, vasina kumanikidzira kana kuti kubiridzira, uye kana vavhoti vane masvikiro akakwana pamusoro pemashoko nemitemo. Mitemo yemari yemari, masangano esarudzo anozvishandira, uye zvitepfeko zvisina rusaruro zvinokosha kuvimbisa kuti Sarudzo inobatira sechisarudzo chine revoridzo pane chitambiso cherabhabhabhabha.

Rusununguko Rwemashoko Nemitemo Yokuona Zvakajeka

Kuti vagari vemo vazvidavirire kuzvidavirira kwehurumende, vanofanira kuziva zviri kuitwa nehurumende. Freedom of Information Act (FOIA) mitemo munyika dzakadai seU, UK, Canada, uye Australia inopa vanhu kodzero yapamutemo yokuwana magwaro ehurumende nezvinyorwa, inoganhurirwa kuganhurirwa kukuvadziko nechivande. Iyi mitemo inobvumira vatori venhau, vatsvakurudzi, uye mapoka ezve uori kubudisa uori, tsvina, kana kuti kushatisa. Kubhajeka, kudzorwa kunosvika, uye nhanho dzokuza mirayiridzo dzinopfuudza mashoko zvinopfuudza vagari vehurumende kutungamirira hurumende yavo. Pasina kuoneka, mamwe mabasa okuzvidavirira — mavhota, mapepa, uye madare — basa ringabudirira.

Mapepanhau Nenzanga Yavagari Vemo

Mapepanhau akasununguka anobatira se “nzvimbo yechina,” inoshanda sechipo chinofumura kusazvibata, chinodzidzisa nzanga, uye kurukurirano dzemiitiro. Kupa mishumo yemari yakaita basa rinokosha munhau mukuputsa nhau dzokubatwa zvisina kufanira kwehurumende, kubva kuPentagon Papers kunyadziso yeWatergate. Nenzira yakafanana, masangano enzanga — kubatanidza kusava nemhindu, mapoka ezvibvumirano zvemasangano, anofunga matangi, uye masangano ebasa — anonyandura vagari vemo, mufambiro, kunzvera, mabhinya, uye kutsigira kuzvidavirira. Somuenzaniso, masangano akafanana ne [[FLT][FLT]] uye maruramiro eH.[FFFFFFOLT]

Zvinetso Zvenguva Ino Kuganhurirwa Kwesimba Rehurumende

Nepo kurongwa kweganhuriro kwakasanosimbiswa, zvinoitika zvazvino uno zvinoverengeka zvinodzvinyirira mano eizvi zvinhu okudzora hurumende nenzira inobudirira.

Kukura Kwesimba Rine Simba Rinodzora

Muhurumende dzakawanda dzinosarudzwa navanhu, vatungamiriri vakaunganidza masimba matsva mukupindura njodzi, kudyidzana kwenyika dzepasi pose, uye kuoma kwehurumende dzazvino uno. Kushandiswa kwe mirayiridzo inoderedza uye masimba matsva [ ava akakurumbira zvikuru, kazhinji kazhinji kudarika muitiro wechibvumirano chemitemo unononoka uye chinoderedza rusununguko. Mukati mechirongwa cheCHOVAID-19, hurumende dzakawanda dzinoisa ganhuriro huru pakufamba, gungano, uye kutengeserana zvine mubatanidzwa muduku wemitemo kana kuti kutungamirira. Kunyange zvazvo mabasa akadaro angaruramiswa mumakurumidziro, angava anoramba echigarire kutoti kunyura kwezuva nokuongorora kushataidzwa. Kuwedzera kwesimba rezvokudzora nokudzikamiswa kwemitemo yenyika munyika nokudzika kwehurumende, ganhuriro dzinodzorwa nokuda kwemiteverwa, ganhuriro dzehurumende dzinopfuurira kurongwa.

Kudzidza Nekodzero Dzemunhu Woga

Kukura kworuzivo rwemichina kwakapa hurumende simba risina kumboenzana naro rokutarisira vagari vemo vayo. Zvirongwa zvokuongorora, kuunganidzwa kwemashoko akawanda, kuzivikanwa kwechiso, uye kufanofungidzira kwemapurisa zvinoita kuti zviremera zviunganidze mashoko akawanda emunhu oga zvichiona zvishoma. MuUnited States, Surveillance Act uye [[FLT] Patriot Act inokudza masimba ehurumende okuongorora, inotungamirira kukuzivisa nokuunganidza kweridzoro pamusoro pemamiriyoni ezvinyorwa zvemazarekodhi. Dare padzimwe nguva nenguva rakarova zvirongwa zvokusadzidzwa sezvipoto, sezvibvumirano zvechikamu chechipiri zvechikamu [Flate ].[FLT][5]

Uori Nokubatwa Nemasangano

Vakuru vakuru vehurumende pavanoshandisa simba ravo kuti vawane zvavanoda, uori hunogona kuderera. Uori hunogona kuva nezvimiro zvakawanda: chiokomuhomwe, kudzorwa kwemitemo, kudzorwa kwemitemo, uye kurwisana kwezvirongwa. Kunyange zvikamu zvakasarudzirwa zvakanaka uye zvikasainwa hazvishandi kana vanhu vanoshanda vakashata. Masangano anorwisa uori, mitemo yakasimba yetsika, uye kubudisa pachena kunokosha kuti zvibvise uori. Asi mune dzimwe nyika, masangano akanyatsogadzirirwa kuganhurira simba rehurumende — sematare emitemo yepamutemo, mabhii, uye kurobhoti — akabatwa nevedzero nevedzero dzezvamatongerwe enyika, masangano okudzora panzvimbo yokudzvinyirira, kudzora panzvimbo yokudzora.

Kushanda Kwomutemo Wenyika Dzose

Nenzira inowedzera, zvibvumirano zvekodzero dzavanhu zvamarudzi ose namatare ekodzero dzavanhu zvinoisa miganhu yokunze pasimba rehurumende. Somuenzaniso, European Convention on Human Rights neEuropean Court of Human Rightss inobvumira vanhu kuti vachengetedze hurumende dzavo kuti vazvitonge nokuda kwokutyorwa kodzero dzevanhu, kunyange kana mishonga yomumusha ikakundikana. [[FLT:] International posel Parative on Civil and Politic Rights [[FFLT:3] [ICF] inoita masangano okusayina kuti vadzivirire maruramiro akafara ekodzero dzevanhu. Nepo mutemo wamarudzi ose usingagoni kudzora uchangamire hwenyika pasina kubvumira hurumende, inogona kuparira uye kumanikidza kuti uchangamire hwenyika yose hutsigire maruramiro ehurumende. Kupesana pakati pehurumende yorudzi rwavanhu namarudzi ose kupfuurira kuva masangano okutonga, zvikurukuru kuzviisa kutsigira kutsigira kudzo.

Mugumisiro: Kudiwa Kusingaperi Kwevasingabvumirani

Miganhu yesimba rehurumende haisati iri mhinganidzo kukushanda kwehurumende inobudirira; iyo ndiyo fandesheni imene yehurumende yapamutemo. Gadziriro dzeBumbiro reMitemo, kuparadzana kwamasimba, kunzvera nokudzikamisa, kudzokorora kwomutemo, uye kuzvidavirira kwavose zvinoshandira pamwe chete kugadzira gadziriro inoronga simba rehurumende kudzivirira maruramiro evagari vemo panzvimbo pokudzvinyirira. Hakuna gadziriro imwe inoringana, uye zvose zvinoda kungwarira kwenguva dzose kuti ichengetedze. Vagari, matare emitemo, uye vakuru vehurumende vanofanira kutora rutivi mugadziriro inopfuurira yokudzivisa simba. Sezvo zvinetso zvokushandisa simba rehurumende kuderedza simba, kunzvera, uye uori zvinopfuurira, nheyo dzinoziviswa navavambi vemi vemitemo zvinoramba zvichiramba zvichiripo sezvinobvira. Democracyism inzvimbo inogarwa nguva dzose pasi pekupo, kupanikirwa kupfurikidza nokudzorwa kwomutemo, uye kudzorwa kwoudzorwa kwoudzo.