Mavambo Echido Chokurwira Nyika

Kukamukana kwesimba pakati pehurumende dzehurumende nedzehurumende, dzinozivikanwa sehurumende yehurumende, ibwe rekona reUnited States Constitution. Vagadziri vamaune vakagadzira gadziriro inodzikamisa hurumende yakasimba nehurumende imwe neimwe. Ichi chivako chiri pachena zvikurusa mubazu remitemo, umo Congress, dare rehurumende, uye mitumbi yomunzvimbomo imwe neimwe inoshandisa zviremera zvakasiyana asi pane dzimwe nguva zvinopfuuriranwa. Kunzwisisa iri simba kunokosha nokuda kwokunzvera kuti mitemo inoitwa sei, inoitwa sei, uye inodenhwa munyika yose.

Hurongwa uhwu hwakaitirwa kudzivisa udzvinyiriri nokubvisa chiremera nokubvumira nyika kushanda semarabhoritari okutonga kwoutongi. Kwamazana maviri emakore, miganhu iri pakati pehurumende nesimba rehurumende yakaedzwa, yakajekeswa, uye yakagadziridzwa kupfurikidza nokugadziridzwa kwemitemo, mitemo, uye kutevedzerwa kwedare repamusorosoro.

Masimba Emitemo Enyika: Akaiswa Panzvimbo Yacho uye Ashandiswa

Masimba ehurumende ehurumende anotonga anodudzwa zvikurukuru muChikamu I, Chikamu 8 cheBumbiro reMitemo. Aya masimba akaganhurirwa asi ane simba, anofukidza nharaunda umo kufanana kworudzi kunonetsa. Masimba makurusa ehurumende anobatanidza:

  • Kudzora kutengeserana kwenyika: The Commerce Classias (Mazita okumabhizimisi, Chikamu 8, Classia 3) inopa Hurumende chiremera chokudzora kutengeserana “pakati penyika dzinoverengeka.] Iri simba rakadudzirwa zvikuru kuti rifukidze kwete bedzi kutengeserana asiwo zvokufambisa, uye mibato yemari iyo inotapura zvikuru kutengeserana kwenyika. Somuenzaniso, hurumende yehurumende inogona kugadza mipimo yekotsekano yendege, kudzora misika yamarudzi, uye kuisa mitemo inodzivisa chengeteko.
  • Kushandisa mari nokushandisa:[[FLT: 1] Congress inogona kubhadhara mitero yeBHA, mabasa, mitongo, uye kubvisa kuti ribhadhare zvikwereti ndokugovera nokuda kwegarikano yavose. Simba rokushandisa nokuda kwegarikano yose zvayo rakabvumira hurumende kutsigira mapurogiramu makuru akadai seSocial Security, Medicare, uye zvirongwa zvemitemo. Kupfurikidza nezvipo, Washington inogonawo kupesvedzera muitiro wehurumende munharaunda dzakadai sedzidzo nekotsekano yomumugwagwa.
  • Kuzivisa hondo nokuchengeta hondo: Congress yoga inogona kuzivisa hondo, kusimudza nokutsigira mauto, kugovera nokuchengeta mauto ehondo, uye kuita mitemo inodzora mauto ane zvombo. Chisarudzo cheHondo cheGenesaidzo cha1973 chinodawo kuti purezidhendi abvunze Congress asati aita kuti mauto apinde muhondo.
  • Kutora nokuisa zvinhu kwomuzvarirwo: Hurumende yehurumende inogadza mitemo yakafanana nokuda kwaavo vangapinda munyika, mumigariroi, uye kuti vasiri vagari vanogona sei kuva vagari vomuzvarirwo. Mitemo yakaganhurirwa, zvikurukuru mukubatira pamwe nokudzikamisa kwomubatanidzwa kana kuti munharaunda dzakafanana nenzvimbo dzomuruwa nokuda kwevagari vasina kukokwa.
  • Kupa mari nokudzora ukoshi hwayo:[[FLT: 1] Congress ine maruramiro akakwana okuumba mari, kutsikirira, uye kudzora ukoshi hwayo. Ikoku kunodzivisa mitengo pakubudisa mari yavo vamene uye kunovimbisa upfumi hwenyika hwakatsiga.
  • Kusimudzira kutangwa kwechinhu nokuumbwa kwekodzero: Kusimudzira, Congress inogadza dziviriro nokuda kwavagadziri kupfurikidza nemitemo yekodzero dzokunyoresa nekodzero dzakarongeka, ichivimbisa gadziriro yorudzi yakafanana.
  • hofisi dzeposi nemigwagwa yeposi: Hurumende yehurumende inoshandisa Postal Service yeU.S. uye inogona kutanga nzira dzepositi.

Kupfuura aya masimba anodudzwa, Idict and Faith Clausle (Mazita aCityle I, Chikamu 8, Classia 18) anopa Chiremera kuita Mitemo yose iri “mudikanwa neyakafanira” nokuda kwokuita masimba ayo akaverengwa. Iri simba rinorehwa rakashandiswa kururamisa kusikwa kweFederal Reserve, mutemo wepfuti pasi peGunControl Act ye 1968, uye kutangwa kwamasangano ehurumende akadai seEnvironmental Protection.

Kutengeserana kwaClaus Nokushanduka Kwako

Hapana simba rehurumende rave riri re kukakavadzana zvikuru kupfuura Communist Claus. Zvisarudzo zvapakuvamba zveDare rapamberi pevhu, zvakadai se Gibbons v. Ogden (1824), akapa mashoko acho kududzira kwakafara, kubvumira Congress kudzora mvura inopfuudza mvura nejecha remvura. MuNew Deal , Dare rakawedzerwazve simba renyika muzviitiko zvakafanana ne [[FLLD:]] NLB v. Jones & Laughlin Sound Corp. [FL:3] [197] [197] [FL]) uye [FLT] dziviriro yevhu.[54] v [FLT] [FLT] [5] [194], iro rinotonga, iro ringagona kudzora mibato yebhizimisi, kupfuudzira kutengeserana kwamakumi amakumi amakore akawanda, chikwaromendero, chipfuumbiso chezvo, chipfuumbidzo, chipfumi, chipfumi chevhuri.

Zvisinei, Dare reRehnquist rakavamba simba rakamanikana rezvokutengeserana rehurumende mu 1990. Mu United States v. Lopez (1995]), Dare rakakurira Gun-Free School County Act, richitonga kuti kuva nepfuti pedyo nezvikoro hakuna kutapura zvikuru kutengeserana kwenyika. Makore maviri gare gare gare, mu United States v. Morrison [2000], Dare rakabvisa rutivi rwamasimba masimba okurwisana navakadzi, richiita kuti masimba masimba masimba evatano nevatano ave masiri basa rezvoupfumi. Izvi zvisarudzo izvi zvakaratidza kuremekedzazve chiremera.

Misi ichangobva kupfuura iyi zvikuru, chirevo cheAffordal Care Act chavanhu vamwe navamwe chakatsigirwa somutero, kwete pasi pokutengeserana Claus. Mu National Federation of Independent Business v. Sebelius (202), Dare rakatonga kuti Congress haingamanikidzi vanhu kupinda mukutengeserana pasi peClaus, richiisa muganhu mukuru pasimba renyika.

Simba Rehurumende: Rakachengetwa Uye Rakafara

Iyi “simba rakagadzwa” dzidziso inopa chiremera chikuru chokudzikamisa nhau dzeitiro hanya yomunzvimbomo. Mitemo inowanzonzi“ masangano ehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu” nemhaka yokuti inogona kuedza mitemo iyo gare gare ingagamuchirwa murudzi.

Nharaunda huru dzesimba rehurumende remitemo dzinosanganisira:

  • , nyika dzinodzora mipimo yezvidzidzo, mudzidzisi kunyora magwaro, mari yechikoro, uye gadziriro dzedzidzo yakakwirira. Hurumende yehurumende inogovera mari kupfurikidza nePlementary and Secondary Education Act uye kumanikidzira mitemo yekodzero dzavagari vemo, masangano anogona kuita zvisarudzo zviduku zvikurusa. Somuenzaniso, masangano anogona kugamuchira mipimo yawo amene yesayenzi kana kuti anoda makosi okudzidzira mune zvemari.
  • United States inovaka nokuchengeta migwagwa, mabhiriji, nhandare dzendege, uye kufambisa vanhu. Inogadza ganhuriro dzekumhanya, marezenisi okunyoresa motokari, uye inodzora kunyoresa kwemotokari. Mari dzeFederal dzinowanzouya nemigariro, zvakadai sokuda zera rokunwa shomanene re 21 kuti igamuchire mari yomumugwagwa.
  • Kuchengetwa kwapamutemo neruramisiro youtsotsi:[[FLT: 1] Nyika dzine mauto adzo amene amapurisa, matare, uye majeri. Dzinorondedzera mhaka zhinjisa (kuparwa, kuba, kudenha) uye dzinogadza zvirango. Hurumende yehurumende inotonga mhosva dzehurumende bedzi, dzakadai sokutengesa mirimo mumitsetse yenyika, kudzorwa kwezvibvumirano, uye utsotsi panzvimbo dzomubatanidzwa.
  • Utano hwePublic: United States inodzora zvipatara, vanachiremba navanamukoti, inogadza zvinodikanwa zvepfuti nokuda kwevana vechikoro, uye inoita chimwe chinhu kumigariro youtano yomunzvimbomo. Murakatira weCHOVID wakasimbisa kusagadzikana pakati pezviratidzo zvehurumende nehurumende, sezvo hurumende dzakabudisa kugara pamusha nenzvimbo dzokuzvidzivirira nedzokuzvidzivirira pameso zvinoraira nepo hurumende yehurumende yakagovera nhungamiro nezviwanikwa.
  • Uvato, mhuri, uye ukama hwomumba:[[FLT: 1] nyika dzinobudisa marezere eroorano, dzinogadza mitemo yechatanuro nekodzero yokuchengeta mwana, uye dzinodzora kurera vana. Zvisinei, Dare Gurusa mu Obergefell v. Hodges [2020] yakatonga kuti masangano anofanira kuziva roorano dzakafanira kuva dzevatano dzevatano, kusimbisa mitemo yehurumende yakanga yaarambidza.
  • [ purofiti nebvumirano pamutemo: nyika dzinodzora kutengeserana kwenzvimbo, ukama hwemuridzi wenzvimbo, zvido, uye zvibvumirano. Iyi mitemo inosiana zvikuru, kuumba chikamu chemhoteredzo dzapamutemo.
  • Sarudzo: nyika dzinoita sarudzo, dzinogadza maawa okuvhota, dzinotanga nzvimbo dzokuvhota, uye dzinonyora miganhu yeruwa yedare (pamberi pezvinodikanwa zvehurumende zvakadai seChiratidzo cheRevoting Rights). Dzakagadzawo mitemo yedare revhoti nemiitiro yokunyoresa, kazhinji kazhinji kazhinji inonyandura kurukurirano yeRecester.
  • Mitemo yemibato:[[FLT: 1] rezinesi reSta revanachiremba, magweta, vadzidzisi, vamiriri venzvimbo, uye mamwe mabasa mazhinji. Ikoku kunoparira mhinganidzo kubatira pamwe asi kunobvumira nyika kugadza mipimo inowirirana nezvinodikanwa zvomunzvimbomo.
  • Kudzikamiswa kwemipimo yetsika: United States inogona kuita mitemo yemhoteredzo inodzorwa zvikuru kupfuura hurumende yehurumende. Somuenzaniso, California ine mipimo yayo imene inobudisa mhepo nokuda kwemotokari, yakapiwa nomuridzi pasi peDec Air Act.

Nyika dzinewo masimba amapurisa — simba rinogarwa nhaka rokudzivirira utano, chengeteko, garikano, uye tsika dzavagari vemo.

Masimba Emapurisa Nokuchengeteka Kwevanhu

Masimba amapurisa anobvumira masangano kudzora mativi akawanda emibato. Somuenzaniso, masangano anogona kugadza zera rapamutemo rokunwa, kurambidza kusvuta munzvimbo dzavose, anoda ngowani dzemudhudhudhu, uye kudzivirira vana vechikoro (vanozviisa pasi pokusunungurwa). Dare Rapamusoro rakatsigira kushandiswa kwesimba kwamapurisa kune mufungo, chero bedzi asingaputsi kodzero dzinokosha kana kuti asingasaruri. Mukati mokukurumidza kwoutano hwavanhu vose, masangano angaparadzanisa vanhu, mabhizimisi epedyo, kana kuti masangano aizova akaoma kutora zvakananga.

Simba Riripo: Kupana Mirairo

Dzose dziri mbiri hurumende dzomuhurumende nedzehurumende dzinogoverana masimba akati, anonzi masimba enguva imwe cheteyo. Muidzi nharaunda, mwero mumwe nomumwe unogona kushanda nenzira yokuzvimirira, asi mutemo womubatanidzwa mukuru apo rwisano dzinomuka. masimba makuru egadziriro anobatanidza:

  • Kuisa zvinhu: Hurumende yehurumende inogona kubvisa mitero yemari inotambirwa, mitero yokutengesa, uye mitero. Zvisinei, mitero yehurumende haigoni kurema zvisina kufanira kutengeserana kwenyika, uye hurumende yehurumende haigoni kubhadhara mitero yehurumende.
  • Mari yokukwereta: United States inoisa zvisungo zvemari kumabasa makuru sezvikoro nemigwagwa mikuru. Hurumende yehurumende inokwereta mamirioni mumisika yezvisungo.
  • matare okuzivisa: nyika dzinotarisira gadziriro dzadzo dzimene dzedare (dare, appelte, mukurusa). Dare rehurumende rinobata nhau pasi pomutemo womubatanidzwa, murairo wemhatsa, uye mibvunzo yebumbiro remitemo. matare eFederal nehurumende pane dzimwe nguva anoshanda kupfurikidza nehurumende nenzvimbo nehabeas corpus.
  • Sarudzo dzinoraira: Nyika dzichisarudza, Congress inogadza nguva, nzvimbo, uye mutoo wesarudzo dzehurumende (mukuwirirana neganhuriro dzebumbiro remitemo) uye dzinogona kumanikidzira maruramiro okuvhota kupfurikidza nemirau yakafanana neVoting Rights Act.
  • Kuchengetwa kwemitemo: Mwero yose iri miviri ine masangano anotarisira mutemo (FBI, DEA nokuda kwehurumende; mapurisa ehurumende, mapurisa eruwa nokuda kwehurumende). Idzo kazhinji kazhinji dzinobatira pamwe pakutengesa mirimo, utsotsi hwekombiyuta, uye zviitiko zvougandanga kupfurikidza namasimba akabatana.
  • [[FLT: 0] Mabhangi anopinza: Mabhangi anogona kuhayiwa pamwero wehurumende kana kuti wehurumende, asi mutemo wehurumende unoputsa mimwe mirau yehurumende yebhangi.

Masimba akabatana anoumba nzvimbo dzinobvumiranwa idzo dzinogona kutungamirira kubatira pamwe itsva kana kuti kugadzirwa kwekudzokorora kunokangaidza.

Kurwisana Kwavana Claus Vasina Kukodzera Nerwisano Pakati Pehurumende Nomutemo Wehurumende

Supremacke muChikamu VI cheBumbiro reMitemo inozivisa kuti mutemo womubatanidzwa ndiwo “mutemo mukuru wenyika.” Apo mutemo wehurumende unorwisana zvakananga nomutemo wehurumende wapamutemo kana kuti Bumbiro reMitemo, mutemo wehurumende unovapo, uye mutemo wenyika unobviswa chinhu. Iyi dzidziso, inozivikanwa sekusunungurwa, inogona kuva yakajeka (Confor unozivisa vavariro yawo yokubvisa) kana kuti kureva (chirongwa chehurumende chinova chakakwana kwazvo zvokuti haisiyi nzvimbo yokuisa mutemo wenyika).

Njodzi inowanzomuka munharaunda dzakadai sedzinobuda munyika, umo matare akaputsa mitemo yehurumende inoedza kuranga kubuda zvisiri pamutemo, kududza chiremera chehurumende. Mu Arizona v. United States (2012]), Dare Rapamusoro rakabvisa mativi eSB 1070, ringadai rakaparira mhaka dzehurumende nokuda kwokushatiswa kwehurumende uye kudikanwa kwavakuru vakuru vakuru kuti vanzvere mugariro wokupinda munyika. Dare rairangarira kuti kuchengetwa kwokupinda munyika kumusha zvikurukuru mutoro womubatanidzwa wehurumende.

Mumwe muenzaniso wakatanhamara kunyoreswa kwapamutemo kwembanje. Nepo nyika zhinji dzakashandisa pamutemo kurapa kana kuti nhandaro, mbanje inoramba iri shopu yandinodzora pasi pomutemo wehurumende. Department ye Justice yakaramba kazhinji kazhinji kutonga mabasa ehurumende pasi peCole Memyandrum (yakabviswa muna 2018), asi rwisano yapamutemo inopfuurira. Mabhangi anongwarira pamusoro pokubatira mabhizimisi echidyanabis nemhaka yemitemo yehurumende inoisa mitemo.

Kutarisira utano kunogovera mumwe muenzanisiro. Affordble Care Act yakabatanidza chinodikanwa icho chinoti kufutunurwa kwaMedicaid kana kuti ngozi yokurasikirwa nemari yehurumende iripo. Mu National Federation of Independent Business v. Sebelius, Dare rakatonga kuti hurumende yehurumende haingagoni kutyisidzira kunyima mari yeMedicaid iripo kuti imanikidze nyika(a muganhu wesimba rokushandisa.) Zvisinei, Dare rakabvumira kukura nokushandisa mari itsva, uye pakupedzisira masangano mazhinjisai akaigamuchira.

Nhau Hurusa dzeDare Dzinoshora Kurwira

Zviitiko zvinoverengeka zvechiratidzo chakaumba dzikamo yesimba pakati pamapazu ehurumende neapamutemo ehurumende:

McCulloch v. Maryland (1819)

Mumhaka iyi yehwaro, Dare Gurusa rakatsigira simba reCongress rokuita bhangi renyika pasi peChinodikanwa neChitendero ndokukurira kuedza kwaMaryland kubhadhara mubhangi. Mutongi Mukuru John Marshall akanyora kuti “simba rokutera rinobatanidza simba rokuparadza,” uye ikoko kugona kudzongonyedza mabasa ehurumende apamutemo. Mhaka yacho yakagadza nheyo mbiri: kududzira kwakafara kwamasimba ehurumende nedziviriro yezvishandiso zvomubatanidzwa kubva mumutero wenyika.

Gibbons v. Ogden (1824)

Nyaya iyi yakatsanangura kuti Commerce Claus ndiyo nguva yokutanga yakaita kuti New York ipe chikepe chine utsi chinopesana nerezenisi rehurumende, uye kuti simba reCongress rokudzora kutengeserana kwenyika dzose rakabatana uye rakaita kuti kufamba nengarava kwose kuende.

Filburn (1942)

Roscoe Filburn akarima gorosi papurazi rake reOhio, zvikurukuru nokuda kwokushandisa kwomunhu oga, migove mikuru yehurumende pasi peAgricultural Sunt Act. Dare rakatsigira chirango chehurumende, richitonga kuti kunyange gorosi romunzvimbomo raikura raigona kutapura mugove wenyika nedikanwo. Iyi chisarudzo chakakudziridza zvinoshamisa simba rezvokutengeserana rehurumende ndokuramba richipiwa chiremera kwamakumi amakore.

United States v. Lopez (1995)

Alfonso Lopez akawanwa ane mhaka yokutakura pfuti muchikoro pasi poMutezo weGun-Free School Act wehurumende. Dare Rapamusoro rakachinja mvumo, richiita kuti kuva nepfuti pedyo nechikoro kusati kuri mubato wezvemari uye hakusati kuchitapura zvikuru kutengeserana kwenyika. Iyi yakanga iri nguva yokutanga mumakore makumi matanhatu Dare rakaputsa mutemo wehurumende wechiremera chikuru cheChomast Claus.

Morrison (2000) akatsigira nyaya yeUnited States kana kuti kuUnited States

Dare rakarerutsa gadziriro yezvokurapa yavagari vemo yeRhale Against Women Act, ichitonga kuti masimba masimba anonyandura vanhukadzi hausi mugariro wemari uye haasati achitapura zvikuru kutengeserana kwenyika. Mhaka yacho yakagombedzerazve kusvika kweClaus yeChemmerce.

Sebelius (202)

Ichi chisarudzo chakatsigira murairo womunhu oga weAfford Care Act semutero asi chakabvisa wedzero yeMedicaid inosungirwa sechibvumirano. Dare rakarambawo kuti Commerce Claus haabvumiri kuti Dare ride vanhu kuti vatenge inishuwareri youtano, nemhaka yokuti kukundikana kuita chiito hakuiti mukutengeserana. Mhaka iyi chiratidzo chazvino uno chemiganhu yesimba rehurumende.

Matambudziko Emazuva Ano Nenharo

Nhasi, kusawirirana pakati pesimba rehurumende nerehurumende remitemo kunoitwa munharaunda dzakawanda dzine mativi makuru:

  • Kudzikamiswa kwemipimo yetsika: nhamburiko dzeCalifornia kugadza mipimo inodzorwa zvikuru yemotokari dzakasvitswa nokuedza kwomubatanidzwa kubvisa kushata kwayo. Hondo yacho inoratidzira kuti hurumende dzinogona sei kupfuuridzira mberi pamuitiro wemamiriro okunze apo hurumende yehurumende yehurumende inenge isingashandi.
  • Kuvandika: The California Consumer Ancy Act (CPA) ndiimwe yemitemo yakakomba zvikurusa yapachivande yehurumende. Kune gakava rinopfuurira pamusoro pokuti mupimo mumwe womubatanidzwa unodikanwa here kudzivisa basa rakaganhurirwa remitemo yehurumende.
  • . United States dzakapasa mitemo yakasiana---kunyora kuti “mirai.” Dare rinowanzokundikana kuita chiito, kuchitungamirira kukwara kukuru mumirau. Chisarudzo cheDare Gurusa mu New York State Rifle & Pistol Association v. Bruen[FLT] [2002] [202] mano akaganhurirwa okutakura, asi udzame huzhinji huchiri kukwikwidzwa.
  • Kubvisa: Pashure [[FT:1] Pashure pa [FT] Dobbs v. Jackson Women’s Health Organization [202]) yakatendeuka Roe v.Wade, hurumende dzakawana simba rokudzora kubvisa pamuviri. Dzimwe nyika dzakaita zvirambidzo zvinodokusvika makore ose. Izvi zvakaparira nyika yakashata ndokumutsa mibvunzo pamusoro pokufamba kwechikamu chenyika nokubvisa pamuviri.
  • Kutora: Sa Texas neFlorida yakaedza kumanikidza mitemo yokutama, kuchitungamirira kumatare nokupindira kweDare Rapamusorosoro. Hurumende yehurumende inochengeta chiremera chikuru, asi hurumende inogona kubatira pamwe kana kuti kudzivisa.
  • Dzidzo nezvinofundwa: Hurumende dzazova nhandare dzehondo pamusoro pokudzidzisa rondedzero yedzinza inotsoropodza, kuzivikanwa kwedzinza, uye nhau yeAmerica. Ikoku kunoratidzira simba rehurumende rokugadza mipimo yezvidzidzo neganhuriro zvechiremera chehurumende pasi peDenderment yeTern Amendment.

Kugoverwa kwamasimba hakusati kuchingopfuurira; kunoshanduka kupfurikidza nechiito chezvamatongerwe enyika, kududzirwa kwedare, uye chinjo yetsika.

mhedziso

Kupesana kwesimba remitemo pakati pehurumende dzehurumende nehurumende dzehurumende yehurumende kunoramba kuri chinhu chinozivisa chirevo chehurumende yeAmerica. Chitsama chokungwarira cheMitemo chemasimba ehurumende akacherekedzwa, masimba ehurumende akachengetedzwa, uye zviremera zvenguva imwe zvinoparira zvose zviri zviviri mikana yokuvandudza nokubvira kwerwisano. Kubva paNew Develop yesimba rehurumende rezvokutengeserana kunzvimbo yezvokutengeserana yemisi ichangobva kupfuura iyi yeDare rePurce Allemment, dzikamo yachinja nokufamba kwenguva. Kunzwisisa iri pakati nepakati pezviimo yehurumende kunokosha yeAmerica yose kunokosha nokuda kwavadzidzi, vagadziri vemitemo, uye vagari vemo vanoshupawo zvavo vanoshuva kuvamba kuvamba kumuka . Sezvinobva mukuita kwoungwaruko rwezvoutano hwehurumende yehurumende yehurumende inopfuukuru kunobva mukuita kuti vagadzirire kodzero nedze maruramiro echigaro.