Kupfuudzira Mumutauro Wakajeka KweMiitiro Yomutemo, Yechiremera, uye Yekutonga

Hurumende yehurumende yedemocracy iri yose inoparadzira simba mumapazu matatu akasiyana: chibvumirano chemitemo, mutungamiriri, uye mutongi. Uku kuparadzana hakusi kuda kuziva kwokuda kuziva kwechimuko, iko kunokosha kwerusununguko. Kupfurikidza nokukamuranisa mitoro, bazi rimwe nerimwe rinogona kunangidzira ngwariro pabasa raro guru apo rinenge richinzvera mamwe, richidzivisa sangano ripi neripi kuti risadzore. Kunzwisisa kuti aya mapazu anobetsera sei vagari vemo vanoshandisa matongerwe enyika, anoita kuti vatungamiriri vapirwe, uye vatsigire kuchinjwa. Iyi nhungamiro inopfuudzira kupfurikidza nebazu rimwe nerimwe, inotsanangura gadziriro yechekero nechiyero, uye inobatanidza iyi miitiro kuupenyu hwako hwezuva.

Bazu Romutemo: Uko Mitemo Inoberekwa

Bazu remitemo ndiro ruoko rwehurumende. muUnited States, inozivikanwa seCongress, boka rebimear rinoumbwa neDare uye Imba yaVamiririri.dzimwe nyika dzinoshandisa paramende, magungano enyika, kana kuti mitumbi yakafanana, kazhinji kazhinji ine makamuri maviri kuvimbisa kumirira kwakafara nokungwarira.

Kurongwa Nokuumbwa

Mugadziriro yehurumende yeU.S., Dare rine zvikamu 100 zvehurumende : 2 kubva munyika imwe neimwe . Imba yeVamiririri ine 435 mitezo yokuvhota inogoverwa nevagari vemo vehurumende, imwe neimwe ichishanda nhambo yegore rechipiri. Iyi bhiyameral inodzikamisa mativi enyika huru neduku: Dare rinopa ukoro hwakaenzana kuhurumende imwe neimwe, nepo Imba inoratidzira chiverengero chavagari vemo. Zvigaro zvizhinji neparamende dzenyika munyika yose zvinotevera mutoo wakafanana, kunyange zvazvo vamwe vachishandisa gadziriro yokushanda zvakanaka yeSanihai.

Mabasa Ebazi Romutemo

Nepo kuita mitemo kuri basa rinooneka zvikurusa, bazu remitemo rinoita mimwe mibato inoverengeka inokosha:

  • [ Kupinza nokuisa mitemo mitsva. Mutezo upi noupi unogona kutanga mubhengi, asi zhinjisa dzinovamba mumatare mune dzimwe nzvimbo dzakafanana nemari, utano, kana kuti dziviriro.
  • [[[NHAU: 0] Kudzosa nokudzosera mutemo unokarakadzwa.
  • [ Kuisa mitemo inofanira kuitwa. Voruzhinji vari mudzimba dzose dziri mbiri vanodikanwa, uye chikumbaridzo chaichoicho chinosiana(zvimwe zvikwereti zvinoda zvisakafanira.
  • Kuona bazu ravakuru vakuru. Kupfurikidza nokunzwa, kunzvera, uye bhajeti retendero, vaiti vemitemo vanovimbisa masangano kushandisa mitemo nokutendeka uye vanopedza muripi wemitero nokuchenjera.
  • Kumirira zvikamu. Mitemo inoratidzira funganyo dzamaruwa avo kana kuti nyika, kubva kupfuma yomunzvimbomo kusvikira kumuitiro wenyika.

Kuvapo Kunoita Bhiri: Nhano Nenzira

Kubva papfungwa kuenda kumutemo kunosanganisira matanho akawanda, rimwe nerimwe rakaitirwa kuti vanhu vabvumirane uye kuti vasaita zvisarudzo vasingafungiri.

  1. Imba inoiswa muimba ipi neipi (kunze kwemapepa emari emari, anofanira kutanga muImba). Inogoverwa nhamba uye inonongedzerwa kudare rakafanira.
  2. [[[FOL:0] Kuhwirudzura.[[FT:1] Dare rinotonga, rinounganidza chipupuriro, uye rinokakavadzana pamusoro penhau. Ringashuma murairo zvakanaka, nokugadziriswa, kana kuti kuurega uchifa mudare.
  3. [[[FOL:0] Basa reProtoomo. [Kukakavadzana kwakazara kwekamuri mutengo, kukarakadza kugadziridzwa, uye vhoti. Kana zvikapfuudzwa, muromo wacho unoenda kune imwe kamuri.
  4. [ Kurangarirwa kwenzvimbo yapakarepo. Imwe imba inodzokorora muitiro wacho(www.codetee, kurukurirano, vhoti) kazhinji kazhinji kubudisa shanduro yakasiana.
  5. [ dare reConference. Kana shanduro mbiri dzakasiyana, dare rinobatana rinoyananisa. Kubvumirana pane zvisina kufanira kunofanira kutenderwa nemakamuri ose ari maviri.
  6. Chiito cheProfidial. Mutemo unoenda kumukuru mukuru. Mutezo unogona kuisainwa mumutemo, kana kuti kuurega uve mutemo usina siginicha pashure pamazuva gumi. Kana waiswa, Masangano anogona kudzora vhato nembiri-tatu mudzimba dzose.
  7. [[[FT:0] Kushanda. Angosainwa kana kuti kupfuvura, mutongo unova mutemo (muteveri) uye unobudiswa muchinyorwa chapamutemo.

Uyu muitiro, nepo wakaoma, unovimbisa zvikamu zvinoverengeka zvokunzvera. Kuda kudzika zvikuru, Coreg.gov [ inotevedza muromo wose panguva chaiyo.

Bazu Rine Vatungamiriri: Kushandisa Kutonga kwoMutemo

Bazu guru rine mutoro wokuita nokusimbisa mitemo inopiwa nedare. Musoro waro (hwungava purezidhendi, mutungamiriri wehurumende, kana kuti mambo ane masimba akaganhurirwa) anobatira somukuru mukuru wenyika. MuUnited States, purezidhendi anobatirawo somukuru wehurumende nomutungamiriri wemauto ane zvombo.

Utungamiriri Nesangano

Bazu guru rakakura. Panzvimbo pakakwirira panogara purezidhendi nomutevedzeri wapurezidhendi. Pasi pazvo pane Kabhini(makurukota ehurumende akadai seState, Defense, Treasurer, Justice, uye Homeland Security. Aya madhipatimendi, pamwe chete namazana amasangano, masangano, mabhisipoti, anopinza mamirioni avabatiri vehurumende. Purezidhendi anogadza vakuru vakuru vazhinji, asi kugadzwa kukuru (vakadai sevatongi veCabineja nehurumende) kunoda kusimbiswa nedare reSangano, achigovera tarisiro yemitemo.

Mabasa eCore eBazu raVatungamiriri

  • [ Kuisa mitemo yomubatanidzwa. Zvirongwa zvakafanana neFBI, EPA, uye IRS zvinoshandisa mitemo kupfurikidza nemirau, kunzvera, uye zviito zvokuchengeta.
  • Mabasa ehurumende anobatsira. Mutungamiriri anotarisira chinhu chiri chose kubva kumapaki enyika kusvikira kumibhadharo yeNzvimbo yeNzvimbo yeNdendeko, achivimbisa kutarisirwa kwezuva nezuva.
  • [ Kubatanidza muitiro wokumwe nounyanzvi hwekukurukurirana. Purezidhendi anotaurirana zvibvumirano (napane Dare rokusimbisa), kusangana navatungamiriri vokumwe, uye kutungamirira zvibvumirano kupfurikidza neBato reHurumende.
  • [ Kuona dziviriro yenyika nechengeteko. Department of Defense inoraira mauto, nepo masangano ouchenjeri achidzivirira tyisidziro.
  • Kubudisa miraidzo yavakuru vakuru. Mapurezidhendi anotungamirira masangano kuita zviito zvakananga pasina kumirira mitemo mitsva, chero bedzi mirayiro iyoyo ichigara mukati memiganhu yebumbiro remitemo.

Mukuru Mukuru Mumuitiro: Anonzvera uye Anodzikamisa Mubasa

Simba ravakuru vakuru rakakura, asi rinonzverwa panhambo iri yose. Congress inodzora bhajeti, inogona kukurira majekiseni, uye inofanira kusimbisa kugadzwa kwakawanda. judiary inogona kurova zviito zvavakuru vakuru zvinoputsa Bumbiro remitemo. Somuenzaniso, mirairo yechiremera, inogona kudenhwa mudare(* uye purezidhendi akaona mirairo yavo yadzikwa navatongi. Iyi rondedzero inovimbisa kuti mukuru mukuru webasa haagoni kuita zvisina kufanira panhau dzomutemo mukuru. Nokuda kwemurangariro wapamutemo pamibato yebasa roukuru, shanyira [[FLT:]USA.USA.

Bazu Rokutonga: Kududzira Mutemo Nokudzivirira Kodzero

Bazu redare ndiro rinotarisira Bumbiro reMitemo. Basa raro guru nderokududzira mitemo nemabasa ehurumende zvakafanana ne(8) uye kusarudza kana ichiwirirana nomutemo mukurusa wenyika. Pasina dare remitemo rakasimba, rakazvimirira, mamwe mapazi angagona kufuratira ganhuriro dzebumbiro remitemo, uye vagari vemo havasati vaizova nenzira yokudenha nayo kubatwa zvisina kufanira.

Kuvambwa Kwetsika Yokutonga

MuUnited States, gadziriro yedare rehurumende ine nhurikidzwa nhatu:

  • matare enhau. matare 94 okutonga apo mhaka dzinovamba(chivil, utsotsi, uye bumbiro remitemo rinonzwiwa nomutongi (uye pane dzimwe nguva mutongi).
  • [[[FLT: 0] matare eNdeu (Matare okukwirira). matare eAmbuya ye 13 anohwirudzura zvisarudzo zvakabva kumatare oruwa, achinangidzira ngwariro pazvikanganiso zvapamutemo panzvimbo pokupazve maidi anotenderwa.
  • Dare Rapamusorosoro reUnited States. Dare rakakwirira zvikurusa, rine matare mapfumbamwe, rine chiremera chokupedzisira pakududzira kwebumbiro remitemo. Inonzwa chikamu chiduku chenhau dzakakwidzwa nemhosva, (_Zvenjikano dzinobatanidza mibvunzo yepamutemo inokosha kana kuti rwisano pakati pematare edunhu.

Matare ehurumende anoratidza izvi, nematare edare, matare okukwirira pakati pematare, uye dare guru rehurumende.

Mibato Yedare Yebazu Rokutonga

  • [[[FT:0] Kuiswa kwemitemo. kunosarudza chinoreva mutemo uye kuti unoshanda sei kunhau yakati.
  • hwirudzuro. Simba rokuzivisa mutemo kana kuti chiito chebasa rehurumende. Iyi dzidziso, yakagadzwa mu Marbury v. Madison[[FLT] [1] (1873), ndiyo nzvero ine simba zvikurusa yejudiary.
  • Chisarudzo. Matare anogovera kusatora rutivi nokuda kwavanhu vamwe navamwe, mabhizimisi, uye hurumende kupedza rwisano norugare.
  • Kudzivirirwa kwamaruramiro omunhu oga. Kupfurikidza nokutonga pamusoro porusununguko rwokutaura, dziviriro yakaenzana, muitiro wakafanira, uye kuva woga, matare anodzivirira rusununguko pahurumende inodenhwa.
  • Michero pamamwe mapazu. Kupfurikidza nokushayisa mitemo kana kuti kuvhara mabasa evakuru vakuru, vatongi vanovimbisa mamwe mapazu kugara mukati memiganhu yebumbiro remitemo.

Kufamba Kunoita Mhaka Mumatare

Kuenzanisira muitiro wokutonga, rangarira nhau chaiyoiyo yomuhurumende: Munhu anotonga sangano rehurumende, achitaura mutemo unoputsa kodzero dzavo dzeFirst Amendment. Mhaka yacho inovamba mudare reruwa, umo mativi ose ari maviri anopa ufakazi nenharo dzapamutemo. Mubatanidzwa wacho unogona kukwirira kudare redunhu, achiramba kuti mutongi weruwa akaita mhosho yapamutemo. Kana dare redunhu rikatonga mukurwisana navo, vangakumbira kuti Dare Rapamusoro rivadze kodzero dzavo. Dare Rapamusoro rinobvuma kunzwa bedzi inenge 1 /12% yezvikumbiro. Kana mativi ose ari maviri akagamuchirwa, anopa tsinhiro pfupi uye anopa tsinhiro dzamashoko, pashure pezvibvumirano. Mufungo mukurusarudzo ungava muenzaniso unobatira.

Simba rehwirudzuro yedare rinotambanudza pesvedzero yedare rinodzora kupfuura zvikuru zviitiko zvomunhu mumwe nomumwe. Nokuda kwenhau yakakwana yemachinjire akaita simba iri, ona [[FLT: 0] Bumbiro reMitemo reNational Center yeThigh Constitution yeTreastigation yeTreaty .

Makepi Nedzikamo: Genius of the Decrard Power

Vavambi veUnited States, vachiwana vafungi vokuvhenekerwa saMontesquieu, vakaronga gadziriro umo bazu rimwe nerimwe ringagona “kunzvera” vamwe kudzivisa udzvinyiriri. Hakuna bazi rinogona kuita chose chose chose; chiito chikuru chiri chose chinoda batira pamwe kana kuti zvimwe kushivirira kurimwe bazi. Iyi nheyo inozivikanwa sechekedzo nedzikamo, uye inoshanda nguva dzose.

Mienzaniso Yemienzaniso Nedzikamo

  • Inodzora pamusoro pomukuru mukuru:[[FLT: 1] Congress inodzora kutsigira nemari; inogona kukurira vapurezidhendi; kusimbisa kana kuti kuramba kugadzwa; uye inogona kubvisa purezidhendi.
  • Kupa maruramiro emitemo:[[FLT: 1] purezidhendi anogona kukumbira mari yezvikwereti; anogona kudana kuti Congress ipinde rusando chairwo; uye, somukuru mukuru anotarisira mutemo, anogona kusarudza kuti kudzikamisa mitemo nenzira youtsinye sei.
  • [[FOLT:0] Dare remitemo: rinogona kuputsa mitemo seisino bvumirano; rinogona kududzira mirau kuganhurira zvikuru kushanda kwayo.
  • [[FLT: 0] Dare pamusoro pomukuru mukuru: rinogona kuvhara zviratidzo zvehurumende kana kuti zviito zvesangano zvinopfuura chiremera chapamutemo; rinogona kuzvidza vakuru vakuru nokuda kwokufuratira mirairo yedare.
  • Rinopa mhaka pamusoro pomutongi:[[FLT: 1] Congress inogadza chiverengero cheruramisiro navatongi vedare rakaderera; inogona kukarakadza chinjo dzebumbiro remitemo kuti dziputse zvisarudzo zveDare Rapamusoro; inogona kubvisa vatongi vomubatanidzwa.
  • Kupa simba pamusoro pokutonga: Purezidhendi anoisa vatongi vomubatanidzwa (nesimbiso yeDare) uye anogona kubudisa mhosva, iyo inoganhurira simba rokutonga.

Mienzaniso Yenyika Chaiyoiyo Yemakete Nedzikamo

Munhau yeWatergate, Dare Rapamusoro rakarayira Purezidhendi Nixon kubudisa tepi yakarekodwa, achiramba kutaura kwake kweropafadzo huru. Pave paya paya pakatanga kurayira, zvichitungamirira kukurega kwake. Muna 2012, Dare Rapamusoro rakatsigira zvakawanda zveAffordcable Care Act asi rakaputsa urongwa hwaizodai hwaizomanikidza nyika kufutunura Medicaid, ichishandisa kuongorora kuti idzorere muve muvengi mukuru mukuru womuhurumende. Nguva pfupi yapfuura, Congress anoshandisa simba rayo kuongorora mufambiro webazu, pasi pepuanailing zvinyorwa uye uchapupu hwedzikamo izvo zvinowanzotungamirira kuhondo dzedare.

Nokuda kwokunzvera zvikuru pamusoro penzira iyo uku kufambidzana kwakaumba nayo nhau yeU.S., [[FLT: 0] zvinyorwa zveNational Archives zveNational peji [[FLT: 1] zvinopa magwaro apakuvamba namashoko akapoteredza.

Mapazi Muupenyu Hwezuva Nezuva: Nei Achikosha

Kunzwisisa mapazi matatu hakusati kuri bedzi matatu avanhu, uye kunotapura zvakananga nzira iyo vagari vemo vanotora nayo hurumende inosarudzwa navanhu. Apo unovhota mutezo weDare, uri kuumba bazu romutemo. Paunosarudza purezidhendi, unosarudza mutungamiriri webazu guru. uye apo unotsigira kana kuti kushora Dare Rapamusoro, uri kupesvedzera uzivi hwedare kwamakumi amakore.

Mienzaniso yezuva nezuva yakawanda: Mutemo womunzvimbomo wausingabvumirani nawo unogona kudenhwa mudare (dare). Chinjo inodzorwa kumitemo yemhoteredzo inobva kusangano ravakuru vakuru. Kukwanisa kukwidza tikiti rinomhanya kunotsamira padare rinotonga rakasununguka. Kunyange mutengo wepeturu unopetwa nemitemo yemitero, mutemo wehurumende yokumwe, uye mitemo yedare pamusoro pemiraudzo yesimba.

Nzira Yokushandisa Nayo Bazi Rimwe Nerimwe

  • .Iregita: Saruza vamiriri vako, pupurira pakutonga kwedare, uye vhoti musarudzo huru nedzavose. Shandisa nzvimbo dzakafanana ne SATE. gov kutevera mutemo.
  • Zvinoshanda: Tsinhirira pamusoro pemirairo inokarakadzwa kupfurikidza neFederal Register, kupinda misangano yavose yamasangano anotungamirira, uye kushandisa Freedom of Information Act kukumbira zvinyorwa zvehurumende.
  • [[FUT:0] Judicial:[ pinda dare, nyora mipfupiso yeamicu (kana une unyanzvi hwapamutemo), uye tsigira masangano anodzivirira rusununguko rwevagari vemo.

Vagari vemo vanobudirira zvikurusa vanonzwisisa zvose zviri zvitatu ndokuzvishandisa nenzira yakananga.

mhedziso

Mapazu emitemo, ehurumende, uye edare haasati ari mirangariro isingazivikanwi nechaimojeka — iwo michina inoshandura hurumende yemitemo kuva mudziviriri worusununguko. Bazu remitemo rinonyora mitemo, mutarisiri anoimanikidzira, uye bazi rinotonga rinovimbisa mitemo iyoyo kukudza Bumbiro remitemo. kupfurikidza nokukamuranisa simba uye kugadzira nzvero dzechiito, iyi tsika inorinda mukurwisana nokusachinja - chinja kwakakwana kupfurikidza nenguva.

Ungave uri mudzidzi, muvhoti, kana kuti mutsigiri, uchiziva kuti iyi miitiro inoita sei inokupa zvishandiso zvokupinda nazvo zvine revo.Ushefu hausi mutambo wevaoni; hunotsamira pakutora rutivi uchiziva. Gara uchida kuziva, gara unobatanidzwa, uye yeuka kuti mapazi akagadzirirwa kukubatira.