Gadziriro yapamutemo inowanzorangarirwa sesangano remitemo, asi idi, inoumbwa negadziriro dzakasiana- siyana dzinodzora mativi akasiyana- siyana enzanga. Pakati peidzi gadziriro, mutemo wavagari vemo nomutemo woutsotsi zvinooneka samapazu maviri akasiyana asi anowirirana. Kunzwisisa kubatana pakati pomutemo wehurumende newemhaka kunokosha kwete bedzi kuvarapi vepamutemo navadzidzi asi kuvagari vemo vangazviwana vamene vachifamba nenzvimbo dzine mativi maviri. Kubatanidzwa pakati peidzidzidzimbi mbiri dzemiitiro mbiri dzinovakwa nedzino, kupesvedzera nzira dzapamutemo, uye pakupedzisira kutema kuti ruramisiro inobatira sei nzanga nokuda kwevanyajambwa vose. Nyaya inopa kunzvera kwakakwana kwemisiyano, uye misiyano yetsika, uye mipamhene yetsika pakati penyika inotsigirwa nemiedzo inoshanda nenyanzvi dzapamutemo.

Kurondedzera Mutemo Wavagari Vemo Noweutsotsi

Mutemo wevagari vemo unobata negakava pakati pavanhu kana kuti masangano, kazhinji kazhinji rinobatanidza muripo kana kuti kudzosera. Inobatanidza nhevedzano yakafara yezvinoitika, kubatanidza zvibvumirano, makakavara ezvinhu, matort (zvakadai sokuregeredza nokuzvidza), uye nhau dzemhuri dzakadai sechatanuro nekodzero yokuchengeta mwana. Donzo guru romutemo wevagari vemo nderokupedza rwisano dzapachivande ndokugovera mishonga yemari yakakuvadzwa nejeka. Zviito zvehurumende zvinotangwa nomupomendi, uyo anotakura mutoro wokubvumikisa mhaka yavo noufakazi [[FLT:], kureva kuti inobvira zvikuru kupfuura kuti mukwirirwi anokodzera.

Mutemo weutsotsi, mukupesana, une chokuita nezviito zviri mhaka dzinorwisana nehurumende kana kuti rugare rwavanhu. Utsotsi dzakadai soumbavha, denho, kuponda, uye unyengeri zvinotongwa nehurumende (kupfurikidza negweta reruwa kana kuti muchuchisi) nokuda kwenzanga. Zvinangwa zvomutemo weutsotsi zvinobatanidza chirango, kudzorwa, kugadziriswa, uye kuiswa mumitoro mumitongo yetsotsi. Mutoro wechiratidzo mumhaka dzetsoro mukuru zvikuru: kukwidzisa kunofanira kubvumikisa kuva nemhaka ine mufungo [. Iyi nhevedzano inoratidzira miuyo yakakomba, mufambiro wakanaka, kana kuti kunyange rufu unogona kutevera kupwirwa kwoutsotsi.

Mitemo yose iri miviri ine mavambo makuru enhau. Mutemo wevagari vemo unobva mumutemo weRoma negamuchidzanwa remitemo yavose yeEngland, uchisimbisa kodzero dzakavanzika nemishonga. Mutemo weutsotsi wakabvawo kumutemo wavose asi zvishoma nezvishoma unobatanidza mitemo yokurondedzera mhosva nezvirango. MuUnited States, mutemo woutsotsi unosimbiswa zvikurukuru pahurumende uye mwero yehurumende, nepo mutemo wehurumende unoramba wakavakirwa panhau huru, kunyange zvazvo mitemo yakafanana neFederal Revilis of Civileccedective Produre ichiita semuitiro yokutonga.

Misiyano Mikuru Pakati Pomutemo Wehurumende Noweutsotsi

Kunyange zvazvo mapazi ose ari maviri achigoverana nharidzano yokuchengeta nhevedzano yenzanga, misiano yawo mikuru inoumba nzira iyo zviitiko zvinounzwa nayo, kukwikwidzana, uye kupedzwa nayo.tafura inotevera inosimbisa misiano mikurusa:

  • [[FURT:0] Purpose: mutemo wavagari vemo unovavarira kutsiva vanyajambwa nokupedza kakavadzano; murairo woutsotsi unoronga kuranga vatadzi ndokudzivirira nzanga.
  • Partition:[ Gadziro dzavagari vemo dzinobatanidza vanhu vamwe navamwe kana kuti masangano (mukwidziridzirwi); mhaka dzoutsotsi dzinobatanidza hurumende (kutambudza) mukwiridziridzi.
  • Bhegi reChibvumikiso: Chiviti: Kufungisisa ufakazi (hunopfuura 50%); Chitsotsi: pasina panikiro ine mufungo (uchokwadi hunodokuva).
  • [ Mari yakabudiswa: Vagari vemo: kuvadziko yemari, mirairo, kuita chaiko; Chitsotsi: kuiswa mutorongo, faindi, kuedzwa, basa renzanga, kana kuti chirango chorufu.
  • Akarurama Kuzano: Munhau dzoutsotsi, vakwirirwi vane maruramiro ebumbiro remitemo kugweta (Sixth Amendment); mumhaka dzavagari vemo, hakuna vimbiso yakadaro, kunyange zvazvo yamuro yapamutemo ingave inowanika.
  • [[FLT: 0] Kutonga kwechimurenga: Zvose zviri zviviri zvinogovera kutongwa kwedare rinobetsera vatongi, asi matare avagari vemo anowanzova maduku (6/12 jumpers) uye kazhinji kazhinji anoda chisarudzo choruzhinji bedzi, nepo majaji amatare anofanira kuva anobvumirana.
  • Kudzivirira: Vapomeri vanofarikanya dziviriro pakuzviwanira vamene (Fifiti Amendment), ngozi dzakapetwa kaviri, uye nzvero dzisina mufungo nehosha. Uku kudzivirira kwakaganhurirwa kana kuti kushayikwa muzvinoitika zvavagari vemo.

Somuenzaniso, mukwirirwi asina mhosva mukutonga kwemhosva angangotarisana nemhosva yemhosva yemhosva yemhosva nemhaka yokuti mutoro wakaderera wouchapupu unoita kuti zvive nyore kuti mupurisa ahwine.

Kupindira Kunoita Mutemo Wehurumende Newematsotsi

Ukama pakati pomutemo wehurumende neweutsotsi hwakaoma, sezvo chiito chimwe chete chinogona kuparira zvose zviri zviviri nhau dzehurumende nedzeutsotsi. Uku kubatana uku hakusi kuoma; rutivi rwamaune rwegadziriro yemitemo inoshanda madonzo akawanda. Vanyajambwa vanogona kutsvaka muripo kunyange apo hurumende inokundikana kuisa mhaka mukuva mhaka, uye nzanga inogona kuranga chakaipa kunyange apo mushonga wehurumende unenge usina kukwana. Kunzwisisa kuti nzira mbiri idzi dzinofambidzana dzinodikanwa sei nokuda kwomunhu upi noupi anobatanidzwa mugadziriro yeruramisiro, kubva kuvatongi kuvagadziri vemitemo navadzidzisi.

Kupomera Kwazvino Uno Nezvinoitika Zvakafanana

Kutonga kwapanguva imwe cheteyo kunoitika apo zvose zviri zviviri mhaka dzavagari vemo nedzeutsotsi dzinomuka kubva pamaidi mamwe chetewo. Gadziriro yemitemo inobvumira iyi mhaka kupfuurira panguva imwe cheteyo kana kuti nenzira yenhau, chero bedzi isingaputsi dziviriro dzengozi dzakapetwa kaviri (iyo inongova utsotsi hwakawanda nokuda kwemhosva imwe). Somuenzaniso, munhu anopomerwa mhaka yokunyengera angatarisana nemhosva nepo achipomerwawo mhaka nevanopinza mari muboka rehurumende retsoro. Zviito zviviri zvingava zvakafanana, chimwe nechimwe nokuwana kwazvo, zvirongwa, uye purogiramu yokutonga.

Zvakafanana neizvi, mashoko anowanwa mukuwana kwevagari vemo mumhaka yeutsotsi angashandiswa nevachuchisi, kunze kwokunge vadzivirirwa. Dare rinowanzopa mirayiro inodzivirira kana kuti kudzivirira nyaya dzemhosva kuti risapindirana nemhosva yacho, asi pasina mutemo unongoerekana waita kuti vatongi vasaita zvokudzorwa.

Res Judicata naColteral Estopel

Kunyange zvazvo nhau dzevagari vemo nedzeutsotsi dzakaparadzana, zviwanwa mune imwe nguva zvinogona kutapura imwe kupfurikidza nedzidziso dzapamberi. Redicata (mabhii anoenda mberi) jastio redigitationsms rerigitationssssss directededed divicted imwe cheteyo pakati pemapatongerwe eimwe cheteyo pashure porutongeso rwokupedzisira. Ikoku kazhinji kazhinji kazhinji hakushandi pamiganhuro yezvisaidzo yavagari vemo naparangeri dzemhosva nemhaka yokuti njodzi dzakatoko dzakatongedzeka dzakasirwa. Zvisinei, [FLT.2]] kudzo inoparira kudenha kudenha kurovererwa kwemhosva inotemwa mumugwagwa unotemwa mutongo.

Muenzaniso unokosha inhau yaO.J. Simpson: Kurevererwa kwake mudare ramatsotsi hakuna kudzivisa vatongi vehurumende kumuwana ane mhaka yokuurawa kusina kururama.

Kuora Mwoyo Kuviri Neganhuriro Dzako

Findstme Amendment yeChikamu cheshanu inorambidza kupiwa mhaka yemhaka yechipiri nokuda kwemhosva imwe cheteyo pashure pokupomerwa kana kuti kutenderwa. Zvisinei, hairambidzi sututi yakavakirwa pamufambiro mumwe chetewo. Dare rinosiyanisa pakati pezvirango zvoutsotsi nemishonga yavagari vemo, kunyange kana chiito chehurumende chinobatanidza kuvadziko yokuranga. Chero bedzi mushonga wevagari vemo usingarangarirwi sechirango chokuvara chirango chechipiri chetsono (mugariro usingawanzowaniki), iyi murairo unobvumidzwa mumhaka dzakafanana ne [[FLT:] Haudson v. United States[FLT:] [FLT] [1997]], umo Dare Rapamusoro rairangarira kuti chirango chemari hachina kuva njodzi.

Mienzaniso Yenhau Inoenzanisira Kubatira

Nyaya dzakawanda dzine mativi akakwirira dzinoratidzira zvakajeka kuti mutemo wavagari vemo noweutsotsi unovhengana sei.iyi mienzaniso haisati ichingodzidzisa bedzi asiwo inosimbisa miuyo inoshanda yegadziriro mbiri.

Kurevererwa Kunoteverwa Nokurevererwa Nenhema

Zvichida mufananidzo wakakurumbira zvikurusa, O.J. Simpson akasunungurwa papomero dzokuponda muna 1995 pashure pokutongwa kwoutsotsi kwakakurumbira zvikuru. Kupomera kwakakundikana kubvumikisa kuva nemhaka pasina panikiro ine mufungo.

Rodney King: Mbavha Inoregwa, Kugara Munzvimbo Yavagari Vemo

Muna 1992, vakuru vakuru vana vamapurisa veLos Angeles vakapomerwa simba rakanyanyisa pashure pokurohwa kwaRodney King pavhidhiyo. Vakuru vakuru vacho vakasunungurwa mudare rehurumende routsotsi, kunyandura zvimurenga. Zvisinei, guta reLos Angeles rakapedza dare rekodzero dzavagari vemo rehurumende rakaunzwa naMambo nokuda kwamamirioni 3,8. Mukuwedzera, vakuru vakuru vacho gare gare vakapomerwa mudare rehurumende pamhosva dzapamutemo dzakasiana - siana (tsotsi rinopfuurira pamwero yehurumende). Mhaka iyi inoratidza kuti zviremera (hurumende nehurumende) zvinogona sei kuronda mhaka dzoutsotsi, uye kuti kurapa kwavagari vemo kunogona sei kugovera muripo kunyange pashure pokukundikana kwoutsotsi.

Bill Cosby: Kutenderwa Kweutsotsi Kwachinja, Kugara Mudzimba Dzavagari Vemo

Bill Cosby akawanirwa mhaka muna 2018 yedenho yakakomba isina kufanira, asi Dare Gurusa rePennsylvania rakatendeutsa kupfimbwa muna 2021 pazvikonzero zvehurumende (chibvumirano chisina kuparadzwa). Pasinei zvapo nokuchinjwa kwoutsotsi, vakadzi vazhinji vakaisa mhaka dzavagari vemo mukurwisana naCosby nokuda kwokuzvidzwa, denho, uye nhamo yemirangariro. Vazhinji vakatsunga, asi vamwe vanopfuurira. Mhaka dzevagari vemo dzinochengeta pomero yacho dziri mhenyu muchinyorwa chavose, dzichiratidzira kuti ruramisiro youtsotsi haisati ichiita kuti mhaka dzavagari vemo.

Michael Jackson: Kurerutswa, Mhaka Dzevagari Vemo Dzakapfuurira

Asi nyaya yacho yakaramba ichitongwa nevanhu vaipomera Jackson kwemakore, uye pashure pokunge afa, muna 2013, mumwe mutongi wehurumende akawana kuti nzvimbo yacho yakanga isina mhosva (yakanga isina kushandisa murovi aipomerwa), asi nyaya yacho yakasimbisa kuti matare ehurumende anogona kuongorora mhosva kunyange kana mhosva dzoutsotsi dzikakundikana.

Iyi mienzaniso inosimbisa pfundo guru: ruramisiro yezviito neyomugari wemo haichinji; inoshanda mabasa akasiyana uye inogona kusvika miuyo yakasiana kubva kumaidi mamwe chetewo.

Kunetsa Vaparidzi Vemitemo

Magweta anonzwisisa kuti kuwirirana kwemutemo wehurumende newematsotsi hakukoshi kuti munhu akwanise kudzora zvirwere. Magweta anofanira kushandisa mitemo yakasiyana - siyana, mitoro youchapupu, uye ngozi. Chikamu ichi chinotaura nezvezvinhu zvinokosha zvinofanira kufungwa nenyanzvi.

Kuongorora Nhau Kunopa Ngozi

Somuenzaniso, mukuru mukuru wekambani anoongorora kuti abiridzire kubiridzira kunofanira kugadzirira panguva imwe chete kuti agadzirire zvipfeko zvinoshandiswa nevanhu kana kuti kuongorora kuti zvinenge zvichidiwa kuti zviitwe. Kunyatsoongorora kunosanganisira kuongorora kuti zviito zvehurumende zvakafanana, simba rouchapupu, uye kuongorora zvinhu zvakawanikwa.

Kupa Zano Mudaviri uye Kuzviparadzanisa

Imwe yenzvimbo dzinovanza zvikurusa iropafadzo yokudzivisa kuzviparadzanisa. Kuongorora mugadziriro yavagari vemo kungapa vachuchisi kubvumidzwa kukuvadza. Nenzira yakapesana, kukumbira weshanu mumhaka yavagari vemo kunogona kutungamirira kumifananidzo yakaipa(h) vatongi vangafunga kuti uchapupu hune chimwe chinhu chokuvanza. Vatongi vanofanira kupa zano vatengi pamusoro peiyi njodzi, kazhinji kazhinji vachirumbidza kunyarara kwepamutemo muzvose zviri zviviri kusvikira mhaka youtsotsi yapedzwa. Mamwe matare aranga kudzivirira kana kuti kubvumira kuwana kwevagari vemo kuderedza ngozi idzi.

Kuungana uye Kuiswa Panzvimbo Inokosha

Magweta mashoma maziviro anopa mhosva dzechikwata nedzemhosva. Naizvozvo, kushandira pamwe pakati pegweta rinodzivirira dare renyika neravagari vemo kwakakurumbira. Kutanga nzira yakabatana (imwe inodzivirira kodzero dzomutengi munhandare) dzose. Inogona kuva musiyano pakati pomugumisiro unobudirira nenjodzi. Vanachiremba vepamutemo vanofanirawo kushanda nenyanzvi dzinogona kuronga kukuvadza, ufakazi hunodenha, uye kugadzirira mipimo yakajeka.

Kufungisisa Kwomuitiro

Kumirira vatengi muzvinoitika zvakafanana kunomutsa nhau dzetsika, zvikurukuru pamusoro pechakavanzika nerwisano dzefariro. Somuenzaniso, chibvumirano chokuzvidzivirira pamwe chete chingada kufukidza vose vari vaviri vamiriri vehurumende nevoutsotsi. Vatengi vanofanira kuva nechokwadi chokuti mabasa avo kumutengi mumwe nomumwe haasati achibvumiraniswi uye kuti mashoko anokosha anoramba akadzivirirwa pamiganhu yenhau. The ABA Model Mages of Professional Palence. Varactives vanofanira kuramba vakasvinurira.

Kutarisira Kudzidzisa Zvikoro Zvemutemo Nerovedzo Yepamutemo

Nemhaka youkoshi hwezvigaro zvehurumende, dzidzo yapamutemo inofanira kuchinja kuti ishongedze magweta omunguva yemberi nounyanzvi hwokubata nhau dzakabatanidzwa. Zvikwata zvamagamuchidzanwa zvezvikoro zvinowanzoshandiswa nevezvehurumende, zvibvumirano, zvibvumirano, uye mutemo weutsotsi mukosi dzakaparadzana, kusiya vadzidzi kuti vawane mhesano. Kuedza kwakawanda kwezvemitemo kunogona kugadzirira zviri nani vakapedza kufunda nokuda kwezvinoitika zvemuitiro.

Kuchinja Nzira Nemikoto Yemikoto

Zvikoro zvemitemo zvinofanira kupa kosi dzakabatanidzwa idzo dzinokurukura zvakajeka batano pakati pomutemo wehurumende newemhaka. Somuenzaniso, “Computationx Litig” kosi ingagona kufukidza zvinoitika zvakafanana, redicata, uye muitiro wakawanda wokushurikidza. Chimwe chisarudzo i “Collar Crime and Corporate Liability" kosi inonzvera zvose zviri zviviri kuisa utsotsi nezviito zvehurumende. Kosi dzakadaro dzinobetsera vadzidzi kuona sango nokuda kwemiti.

Kuenzanisira Kunoshanda uye Kudzidza Kunokosha

Matare emijenya nekiriniki anogona kutevedzera zvinoitika chaizvoizvo zvenyika umo nhau dzevagari vemo nedzeutsotsi dzinopindirana. Somuenzaniso, mutengi anoedzesera angatarisana nepomero dzoutsotsi nokuda kwokubiridzira uye chiito cheboka rehurumende kubva kuvagari vemo. Vadzidzi vanoshanda muzvikwata, vachitanga unyanzvi hwokuzvidzivirira panguva imwe cheteyo, vachitarisira kuwanikwa kwerwisano, uye mabasa okuitirana nharo kuti vagare.

Kukoka Vatengesi Nenyanzvi Dzokuranga

Vaparidzi vanogona kugoverana nhau dzehondo pamusoro penzira yavanoita nayo nhau mbiri, kubatanidza vhiringidziko dzetsika nedzinoyera. Kukumbira maakaundi enhau, vaongorori vehurumende, kana kuti vapi vedare rinotonga kunogona kupfumisawo murangariro wacho.

Kupfuurira Kudzidza Mumutemo Nokuda Kwavane Mhizha

Kunyange magweta akarovedzana anobetserwa nezvirongwa zveCLE pawirirano yehurumende. Misoro yakadai somutemo wenhau itsva pamusoro pekubhanyairira estopel, zvinoitika mumirairo inowirirana yokuwana, nemiitiro yakanakisisa nokuda kwokubatana nezano rimwe inovandudzwa nguva dzose. Makambani emitemo namasangano emirayiro zvinofanira kuisa iyi rovedzo pakutanga.

mhedziso

Kubatana pakati pomutemo wehurumende newematsotsi rutivi rukuru rwegadziriro yemitemo isingagoni kufuratirwa. Kunzwisisa iyi gadziriro mbiri kunokosha nokuda kwavanachiremba vapamutemo, vadzidzi, uye vadzidzisi zvakafanana. Kupfurikidza nokuziva hukukutu newirirano pakati pamapazu maviri aya omutemo, tinogona kushanda kutsika dzakarurama zvikuru nedzinowirirana dzemitemo (jena rinopa zvose zviri zviviri kuzvidavirira kwenzanga nemishonga yakakwirira. Sezvinoratidza muenzaniso, nzira dzevagari vemo nedzeutsotsi dzinowirirana, dzichivimbisa kuti hakuna chakaipa. Nokuda kwenyanzvi dzapamutemo, kubatanidza uku kubatana kwouviri kunoreva kuva nekodzero yokuzvidavirira iri nani, vatengi vakaziviswa zvikuru, uye gadziriro yedzidzo yakabudirira.

Nokuda kwokuravazve, rangarira zviwanikwa kubva ku Cornell Information Institute pamusoro pomutemo wavagari vemo, , [[FLT]] American Bar Association'SCriminal Justice Chikamu [, uye kunzvera kwavadzidzi se iyi rondedzero yomutemo inohwirudzura pamusoro pechibvumirano chapanguva imwe cheteyo [[[[FLTLT:5]]. Manyuko aya anopa mitengwa mitemo yakadzika zvikuru mumitemo uye miitiro inodzora magadzirirwo maviri.