Kunzwisisa Nheyo: Rusununguko Nokuenzana

Mifungo yorusununguko nokuenzana yakaumbwa mutsika yehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu yeAmerica. Inooneka muZiviso yeKuzvimirira, Bumbiro reMitemo, uye masangano asingaverengeki akaumba nhau yorudzi. Pakukurukura kuti mipimo iyoyi inodzivirirwa sei uye inomanikidzirwa sei, mashoko maviri anoramba achibuda: rusununguko rwavagari vemo nekodzero dzevanhu. Nepo anowanzoshandiswa nenzira dzakasiyana- siyana mukurukurirano dzenguva dzose, anomirira mifungo yapamutemo ine mavambo akasiyana, madonzo, uye dziviriro. Kunzwisisa musiyano pakati pekodzero dzevanhu nekodzero dzevanhu kunokosha kumunhu upi noupi anotsvaka kunzwisisa kuti tsika yepamutemo inowirirana sei nevimbiso yomunhu nechipikirwa chokubatwa kwakaenzana.

Papfungwa dzadzo huru, rusununguko rwevagari vemo runoshanda sedziviriro kuvhozhokerwa kwehurumende, nepo kodzero dzevanhu dzichishanda sebakatwa kuti dzive nechokwadi chokuwana kwakaenzana uye mukana. Chimwe chinoganhurira izvo hurumende inogona kuita kwauri; chimwe chinoda kuti hurumende iite chiito kuti idzivise rusaruro.Musiyano uyu, kunyange zvazvo usinganyatsooneki, une revo huru pamusoro penzi iyo mitemo inotsanangurwa nayo, kuti zviitiko zvinopokanidzwa sei, uye kuti vagari vemo vanowana sei upenyu hwavo hwezuva nezuva.

Kurondedzera Kusunungurwa Kwehurumende: Chidziviro Pasimba reHurumende

Rusununguko rwechiko ikodzero huru dzavanhu dzinodzivirirwa padzongonyedzo dzehurumende. Idzo ikodzero dzomunhu ari wose, nemhaka bedzi yokuva munhu, uye dzinopinzwa muBumbiro remitemo kudzivisa Hurumende kupindira pakodzero dzomunhu oga. Manyuko makuru erusununguko rwavagari vemo muUnited States ndiBill of Rights, bvumirano gumi yokutanga kuBumbiro reMitemo, inoganhurira zvakajeka simba rehurumende pavanhu vamwe navamwe.

Somuenzaniso, First Amendment haipi hurumende simba rokutanga chitendero kana kuti rokurambidza chitendero chakasununguka.

Kusunungurwa Kwevagari Vomunyika Imwe Chete

Rusununguko chairwo rwakadzivirirwa sezvo rusununguko rwevagari vemo rwakakura nokufamba kwenguva kupfurikidza nokududzira kwedare, asi kazhinji kazhinji runobatanidza:

  • [ rusununguko rwokutaura nokutaura[ kodzero yokutaura mirangariro, kutsoropodza hurumende, uye kutora rutivi muhurukuro yavose pasina kunzvera.
  • Rusununguko rworudzidziso zvose zviri zviviri rusununguko rwokushandisa rudzidziso rupi norupi pasina vhiringidzo yehurumende norusununguko mukuva norudzidziso rwehurumende runoiswa pauri.
  • Rusununguko rwegungano nesangano kodzero yokuunganidza mumapoka, kunyunyuta, kuumba masangano, uye kukumbira hurumende chinjo.
  • Kurerekera kuva voga [ rusununguko runorehwa neDare Rapamusorosoro runodzivirira zvisarudzo zvomunhu oga pamusoro peroorano, mhuri, kubereka, uye kurapwa.
  • kumufambiro wakafanira [ vimbiso yokuti hurumende ichatevera miitiro yakanaka isati yanyima munhu upenyu, rusununguko, kana kuti zvinhu.
  • Kudzivirirwa pakunzvera kusina mufungo nehosha chinodikanwa chokuti kuchengetwa kwomutemo kuwane maruramiro akavakirwa pachisakiso chinobvira pamberi pokunzvera zvinhu zvakavanzika.

Mvumo dzavagari vemo dzakapararira murondedzero idzo dzinoshanda kumunhu ari wose ari mukati moudzori hweUnited States, pasinei zvapo nemugariro wougari hwemo. Zvisinei, ukuru hunoshanda hweidzi rusununguko hwave huri nhau yekurukurirano yakakomba nerevoresa munhau yose yeAmerica. Dare Rapamusoro rinoita basa rinokosha mukurondedzera miganhu yerusununguko rwevagari vemo kupfurikidza nemitemo ye ñongodzino yetsika dzinodudzira Bumbiro remitemo muchiedza chemigariro inochinja.

Kurondedzera Kodzero Dzevagari Vemo: Munondo Wokurapa Kwakaenzana

Kodzero dzechikodzeri [[FLT: 1] dzinosiana zvikuru nerusununguko rwavagari vemo mukuti vanonangidzira ngwariro pauenzani panzvimbo pekusununguka pabasa rehurumende. Kodzero dzavagari vemo ikodzero dzavanhu kuti vawane kubatwa kwakaenzana mumutemo, zvikurukuru pamusoro pokudzivirirwa pamavara akati akadai sedzinza, vatano, urema, rudzidziso, mavambo orudzi, uye chimiro chevatano. Kusafanana nedziviriro dzavanhu, kodzero dzavagari vemo dzinodavirwa kazhinji kazhinji kazhinji kuvimbisa kuti vanhu vose vane mazadziro akaenzana kumikana yokuwana mabanza nepokugara.

Chikamu chinodzivirira maruramiro ekodzero dzevanhu chinonyanya kuiswa muKiremya rechi14, icho chinovimbisa dziviriro yakaenzana pasi pomutemo kuvanhu vose.

Mutongo Wekodzero Dzevagari Vemo

Kusafanana norusununguko rwavagari vemo, urwo runorondedzerwa zvikurukuru neBumbiro reMitemo nedudziro yekutonga, maruramiro avagari vemo anoumbwa zvikuru nomutemo wemitemo.

  • Civil Rights Act ya 1964 mutemo wehurumende unorambidza rusaruro rwakavakirwa padzinza, ruvara, rudzidziso, vatano, kana kuti mavambo orudzi mubasa, pokugara, zvirongwa zvinotsigirwa nehurumende, uye dzidzo.
  • Mutemo weVoting Rights Act wa 1965 wakarongedzerwa kubvisa rusaruro rwedzinza mukuvhota, kubatanidza gadziriro dzairambidza kunzverwa kwokunyora nokunyora nedzimwe mhinganidzo dzakashandiswa kubvisa vavhoti vashomanene.
  • Fair House Act ya 1968 mutemo unorambidza rusaruro mukutengeswa, kurenda, uye kupiwa mari kwedzimba dzakavakirwa padzinza, rudzidziso, mavambo orudzi, uye mamwe mavara akadzivirirwa.
  • American neChirevo Chourema cha 1990 mutemo wakakwana unorambidza rusaruro pavanhu vane urema mubasa, mabasa avose, pokugara pevoruzhinji, uye kukurukurirana nefoni.

Kodzero dzavagari vemo dzinotsigirwa neboka. Munhu haana kodzero yevagari vemo yokusasarura muzvinhu zvisiri zvekufungidzira; panzvimbo pezvo, maruramiro nemhaka yokuti munhu wacho ndeweboka rakaitwa zvisina kufanira munhau. Uku kusiyana kunokosha nemhaka yokuti kunoreva kuti kodzero dzevanhu hadzisi dzese dzinodzivirirwa nenzira imwe cheteyo. Mutemo unosarura munhu wose zvakaenzana hauputsi kodzero dzevanhu, asi mutemo unosarura boka rakadzivirirwa rinodzivirirwa.

Kusiyana Kukuru Pakati Pekodzero Dzevagari Vemo Nokusunungurwa Kwehurumende

Kunyange zvazvo pfungwa dzose dziri mbiri dzichishanda pakudzivirira vanhu, kusiyana kwekodzero dzevanhu nerusununguko rwevagari vemo kunokosha uye kune migumisiro inoshanda yokuti pamutemo unotevedzerwa ndokugadziriswa sei.

Kunaka Kwacho

Rusununguko rwavagari vemo rusununguko rwemunhu ari wose. Anodzivirira kuzvitonga kwomunhu oga pakuvhozhokerwa nehurumende. Kodzero dzavagari vemo, mukupesana, zvibvumikiso zvokubatwa kwakaenzana uko kunoshanda kumitezo yamapoka akati ayo akatarisana nerusaruro rwenhau. Rusununguko rwehurumende nderwokuti rusingagoni kubviswa nehurumende pasina chikonzero chinogombedzera uye muitiro wakarurama. Ruramiro rwevagari vemo nderwokuti runofanira kudzivirirwa nokutsigirwa nehurumende kuvimbisa kuva nohumuko.

Basa reHurumende

Rusununguko rwavagari vemo runoisa musengwa wakaipa pahurumende: harufaniri kudzongonyedza rusununguko rwako rwomunhu oga. Hurumende inoputsa rusununguko rwako rwevagari vemo apo inonzvera kutaura kwako, inonzvera musha wako pasina maruramiro, kana kuti inotanga rudzidziso rwehurumende. Kodzero dzavagari vemo dzinoisa musengwa wakananga pahurumende: inofanira kuita chiito kudzivirira rusaruro uye kuva nechokwadi chokubatwa kwakaenzana. Hurumende inoputsa kodzero dzako dzavagari vemo apo inokundikana kugombedzera mitemo inorwisana norusaruro, apo inoshandisa mitemo inokuvadza nomutoo wakakomba mapoka anodzivirirwa, kana kuti apo vamiriri vayo vanopinda mumiitiro yokuparadziro.

Kudzivirirwa

Rusununguko rwavagari vemo runowanwa zvikurukuru muBill of Rights neGumi Guru reGumi raMadokero Classias, iro rinoshanda zvizhinjisa zvedziviriro idzodzo kuhurumende dzehurumende. Dare Gurusa ndiro rinopa mitongo mikuru yekodzero dzevanhu, kutsanangura Bumbiro remitemo kurondedzera mwero worusununguko rumwe norumwe. Kodzero dzevagari vemo, kune rumwe rutivi, dzinotorwa zvikurukuru kubva muMutezo weCompal Protect Protective Claus of the 144th Amendmentivement nemitemo yehurumende. Nepo matare edare anoshandisa basa rinokosha mukutsanangura mitemo yekodzero dzevanhu, bazi reChimbishinga remitemo yeChibvumirano chine chiremera chine chiremera chine chiremera chokutsanangura nokuwedzera kodzero dzekodzero dzevanhu kudzivirira nokuchengetedza kodzero itsva.

Kushanda Kwacho

Mubasa, musiyano pakati pekodzero dzevanhu nekodzero dzevanhu kazhinji unosarudza nzira yepamutemo inowanika kumutongi. Kana munhu achidavira kuti rusununguko rwake rwokutaura rwakatyorwa, anounza rusununguko rwevagari vemo muFirst Amendment. Kana munhu achidavira kuti vainyimwa basa nemhaka yedzinza ravo, vanobudisa kodzero dzevagari vemo pasi peTitle VII of the Civil Rights Act. Izvi zvakasiyana - siyana zvinobatanidza mitoro yakasiyana - siyana youchapupu, uye kurapa kwakasiyana - siyana. Kudavirwa kwevagari vemo kunowanzoda kuratidza kuti hurumende inodzorwa nemaune parusununguko rwakadzivirirwa. Kudavirwa kwekodzero dzevagari vemo kungabudirira nokuratidza kuti mutemo kana kuti kushandisa mutemo worusarura ganda une simba, kunyange pasina kupupurira kusarura kwapamutemo.

Nhoroondo: Kuchinja Kunoita Mifungo Iyi

Kunzwisisa nhoroondo iyi kunobatsira kunzwisisa kuti nei nyaya iyi ichipesana uye kuti pfungwa idzi dziri kuramba dzichiumba sei mutemo nenzanga yeAmerica, hakusi kutotaura nyaya imwe chete.

Kuvamba Kworusununguko Rwevagari Vemo: Bhuku Ramaruramiro Nokusarura

Bumbiro reMitemo rapakuvamba ra 1787 raiva nedziviriro shomanene dzakajeka nokuda kwerusununguko rwomunhu mumwe nomumwe. Iri Bill of Rights, yakatenderwa muna 1791, yakawedzerwa zvakananga kupedza uku kuperevedza uye kuganhurira simba rehurumende yehurumende yehurumende ichangobva kusikwa. Nokuda kwenhau zhinji yeAmerica, zvisinei, Bill of Rights yakashanda bedzi kuhurumende yehurumende, ichisiya hurumende dzakasununguka kuganhurira rusununguko sezvadzakaona kuti dzakakodzera. Ikoku kwakachinja zvikuru pashure peHondo yeHurumende yeChizvarwa chaMarudzi neIneth Amendementmentmentation, iyo yakabatanidza Hurumende inodzorwa nemitemo yeCreast Claus. Muzana ramakore rechimakumi maviri, Supreme Court yakashandisa ichi chirectoro kuhurumende inosaidzorwa nenzira inosaidzwa nomutemo.

Kurwira Kodzero Dzevagari Vemo: Kubva Pakuvakwazve Kusvikira Kunguva Yazvino Uno

Nhau yekodzero dzavagari vemo inhau yerwisano, kurambwa, uye fambiro mberi yapashoma napashoma. Pashure peHondo yavagari vemo, Reconstructon Confectings ye 13th, 1450, uye 15 dzakaitirwa kutanga gadziriro yapamutemo yetsika yokuenzana kwedzinza. Zvisinei, mugumo wekodzero dzapamutemo muna 1877 wakatungamirira kukuiswa kwemitemo ye Jim Crow kumativi ose eSouth, iyo yakamanikidzira kusarurana kwedzinza uye kubvisa vagari vemo veBlacky muzana ramakore rimwe nerimwe. Kodzero dzazvino uno uno uno uno unoumba ma1950 ne 1960 yakanga iri denho yakananga kutsika ino. Kupfurikidza nokuramba kwechisimba, kutsigira kwapamutemo, uye kuronga zvamatongerwe enyika kwakabatanidza mutemo unorambidza kusarura basa, dzidzo, dzidzo, zvivako. Chibvumirano chaMagariro echivo avagari vemo echizvarwa chavagari vemo mubato cha19646 ne19 emitemo yavagari vemo yavagari vemo vakaedza kurwisa nokuda kwekodzero dzavagari vemo. VaAmerica vakasarira kutsigira zviremera, vakaedza kusimbisa zviremera,

Chiratidzo Chenhau Dzedare Rapamusoro Zvikurusa Dzinorondedzera Miganhu

Dare Gurusa rave richibetsera kurondedzera zvose zviri zviviri rusununguko rwavagari vemo nekodzero dzavagari vemo. Munzvimbo yerusununguko rwavagari vemo, nhau dzakafanana ne Map v. Ohio (1961) yakatanga mutemo wokuparadza, kudzivirira zvisiri pamutemo ufakazi hwokuva akashandiswa mudare. [[[FFG:5]]][10] orgav.[FFF]] yakaziva maruramiro okudzivirira chisarudzo chomukadzi kuti ave nepamuviri, yateswa gare gare gare gare gare gare gare gare [vv: F6] [vv:] [Ungano].[FLT][12]

Nokuda kwetsananguro ine udzame yedzidziso yokubatanidzwa netapuro yayo parusununguko rwavagari vemo, Cornell Legal Information Institute paisanganiswa inogovera pfupi inoremekedzwa. Nokuda kwokuravazve pachisarudzo chenhau chesangano rekodzero dzevagari vemo, NAACP Legal Defense and Educational Fund pamutemo wetsika yetsika [ inogovera mashoko akapoteredza anokosha.

Chikonzero Nei Kusiyana Kuchikosha Nhasi

Musiyano pakati pekodzero dzevanhu nerusununguko rwevagari vemo haisi nzirawo zvayo yokudzidza. Ine migumisiro chaiyo yenyika nokuda kwekuitirana nharo pamusoro penhau mutsika yavose, kuti kutaura kwapamutemo kunodzorwa sei, uye kuti vagari vemo vanonzwisisa sei ukama hwavo nehurumende. Munguva yechinjo yeruzivo rwokugadzirwa kwezvinhu nokukurumidza, mamiriro ezvamatongerwe enyika, uye zvimiro zvitsva zvenzanga, uyu musiyano wakafanira zvikuru kupfuura nakare kose.

Kurwisana Pakati Pekodzero Nerusununguko

Dzimwe dzenharo dzapamutemo dzinorwisana zvikurusa muAmerica yazvino uno dzinogona kunzwisiswa serwisano pakati pekodzero dzavagari vemo nerusununguko rwavagari vemo. Somuenzaniso, gakava pamusoro porusununguko rworudzidziso kazhinji kazhinji rinoparira rusununguko rwevagari vemo rwokushandisa kwakasununguka mukupesana nekodzero yehurumende kusununguka pakusarurana. Apo muridzi webhizimisi anoramba kupa mibayiro yezvitendero zvakafanana pazvitendero zvechitendero, vari kuita kuti rusununguko rwehurumende ruvepo. Vaviri voga voga vanotsvaka mabasa ari kusimbisa kodzero yevagari vemo yokubatwa kwakaenzana mudzimba dzavose. matare anofanira kuyera idzi nheyo dzinokwikwikwidzana ndokusarudza kuti itsika ipi inowanikwa mumashoko akapoteredza. Nenzira yakafanana, gakava pamusoro pezvikoro zvehurumende dzinobatanidza nyaradzo pakati pekusununguka kwevoko nekodzero yehurumende yevoruzhinji yevadzidzi vose kuti vadzidze mumhoteredzo yokunetswa nokusarura. Kushandiswa kwemashoko, kusimbisa kutaura kwehurukuro yedare, uye kupesana kwemashoko kudzivirira kwemashoko.

Ruzivo Rwokugadzira Zvinhu, Kuva Woga, uye Kukwanisa Kuwana Zvinhu Zvakaenzana

Chinjo yoruzivo rwokugadzira zvinhu yakaparira denho itsva nokuda kwezvose zviri zviviri rusununguko rwevagari vemo nekodzero dzevagari vemo. Kufambira mberi muruzivo rwokuongorora, kubatanidza kuzivikanwa kwechiso, kucherwa kwemajeni, uye mapurisa anofanoona, kunomutsa funganyo dzekodzero dzevagari vomunyika pamusoro pezvakavanzika uye nzira dzakafanira kuitwa. Panguva imwe cheteyo, ruzivo urwu runogona kusimudzira uye kuwedzera mitoo iripo yorusaruro, kumutsa kunetseka kwekodzero dzevanhu pamusoro petsika dzerudzi pakuita chisarudzo chemitemo yemitemo yemitemo. Kushandiswa kwouchenjeri hwokugadzira zvinhu mukurojaira, dzimba, uye kukweretesa chikwereti zvinogona kuparira migumisiro yetsika dzoruzhinji kunyange pasina chinangwa chakajeka, kuisa maruramiro etsika dzechinyakare. Kutonga kwezviteshi zvemapepanhau kunomutsa mibvunzo pamusoro penhau dzemagariro yemagariro yemitemo yemitemo yetsika nerechipo neyomunhu oga oga kuvimbisa kuwana kukwanisa kukwanisa kukwanisa kukwanisa kupiwa nekwakwakwakwakwakwakwa navanhu vose.

Kunetsa Kwemitemo Nokupinza Muropa Muzvinhu

Masangano ezveumbavha anowanzoshanda munharaunda imwe kana kuti imwe. American Civil Libertes Union inonangidzira zvikurukuru parusununguko rwavagari vemo, kuisa mhaka dzinobatanidza kutaura kwakasununguka, kuva woga, muitiro wakafanira, uye rusununguko rworudzidziso. Masangano akadai seNAACP Legal Defense Fund neSango reSangano reChiviko reChiviko pakodzero dzevagari vemo muMutemo. Kutsoropodza dzidzo yetsika, kudenha rusarura mudzidzo, vvudzi, basa, uye dzimba. Kunzwisisa iyi nzanga inobetsera vagari vemo vakafanirwa nemitemo yakanakisisa nokukurukura zvinonetsa. Nokuda kwerimwe basa, musiyano inotsoropodza mutemo unopukunyuka kunzvera pamutemo. [FFF]

Mugumo: Zvidhinha zviviri Zvenzanga Yakasununguka uye Yakaenzana

Kodzero dzavagari vemo nerusununguko rwevagari vemo hadzisi mhatsa dzinokwikwidzana; imhaka dzinotsigira gadziriro yehurumende yeAmerica inosarudzwa navanhu. Rusununguko rwevagari vemo runovimbisa kuti vanhu vane nzvimbo yokufunga, yokutaura, yokunamata, uye kurarama maererano nehana dzavo vamene vasingatyi kumanikidzwa nehurumende. Kodzero dzevagari vemo dzinovimbisa kuti rusununguko urwu runowanika kumunhu wose pahwaro hwakaenzana, pasina rusaruro rwekodzero dzevanhu, pasina kusarurana, chitendero, kurema, kana kuti zvimwe zvinhu. Rudzi rwavara. Rudzi runodzivirira rusununguko rwevagari vemo asi rusingatyi kodzero dzevanhu nderunako bedzi. Runoro runotsva rwevanhu runoramba ruchizviisa mungozi yekodzero dzavagari vemo pasina kudzivirira rusununguko rwevagari vemo munhamburiko dzarwo. Chinetsoro chinoramba chichivangana chirongwa chetsikano chemutemo chepamutemo nevagari veAmerica kuti vagarike pakati penyika dzose. Sezvitwe nemitemo yehurumende inotongedzerwa kutongwa neyamuto yehurumende inotongedzedzero yoruzhinji inoramba ichi chikatongedzero chinoitwa pakati penyika.