Sangano Rebumbiro remitemo Rokuzvidavirira Kwehurumende

Vagadziri veUnited States Constitution vakatanga hurumende yemasimba akaganhurirwa, vachiparadzira nokungwarira chiremera mumapazu matatu akasiana. Ichi chivako chakanga chisiri tsaona yokugadzira asi davidzo yamaune kuruzivo rwokudzorwa kwesimba rakarongwa mukutonga kweBritain. Vagadziri vakaziva kuti hunhu, kana husingadzorwi nemitezo yesangano, hunova hwokushandisa zvisina kufanira chiremera. James Madison akanyoresa ichi muboka raMasterian No. 51, achikakavarira kuti "chirongwa chinofanira kuitwa kuti chikurire chinzvimbo." Kupfurikidza nokuita kuti basa ridzore uye kupa midziyo yakananga yokudzivisa kudzorwa navamwe, Bumbiro remitemo rinogadzira kuti richengetedze kusunungurwa. Kunzwisisa kuti bazu rimwe nerimwe rinozvidavirira rinoda sei kupfuure simba rapamusoro reparadza masimba; kurayira kupesana kworuzivo rwemitemo inoshanda kuti ripe muganhuno chakananga muupenyu.

Unyanzvi hwegadziriro yeAmerica huri mukuramba kwayo kuvimba nesangano rimwe ripi neripi nechiremera chisingadzorwi. Panzvimbo pokuvimba nefariro yaavo vane simba, vagadziri vakagadzira gadziriro umo kuzvifadza nokukwikwidza kwamabasa nenzira yomuzvarirwo kungaparira kuzvidavirira. Bazu rimwe nerimwe rine zvose zviri zviviri sundo nechiremera chebumbiro remitemo zvokudzivisa kubatwa navamwe, vachiparira dzikamo ine simba iyo yakatsungirira kwaanopfuura mazana maviri amakore.

Kuumbwa Kwemasimba Akasiyana

Bumbiro reMitemo rinokamuranisa chiremera chehurumende kuva mapazi matatu akaenzana, rimwe nerimwe rine mabasa akasiyana uye makwikwi esangano.Chikamu I chinoisa simba remitemo muBangaral Congress, Chikamu II chinoisa simba roukuru mupurezidhendi, uye Chikamu III chinogadza Dare Rapamusorosoro nematare akaderera akadaro seCongress. Uku kuparadzana kunovimbisa kuti hapana mutumbi mumwe unogona kuita ndokuita kuti mutemo uteererwe, kana kuti zvose zviri zviviri kuududzira, pasina kutora rutivi kwemamwe mapazu.

  • Bhizi reRegino reBazi: Congress, inoumbwa neDare neImba yavamiririri, ine simba rokunyora mirau, kuzivisa hondo, kudzora kutengeserana kwenyika, uye ganhuriro yemari yehurumende. Nemitezo inovhota, yakarongedzerwa kuva inoderedza uye inogamuchira kumitengo yakasiana - siana.
  • Bazu reBazu reBazi: Purezidhendi anobatira somusoro wehurumende, mukuru wehurumende, uye mutungamiriri mukuru wamauto ane zvombo. Bazu guru rinobatanidzawo masangano ehurumende namasangano anoshandisa uye anomanikidzira mitemo inopfuudzwa neCongress, rinoshandisa mamirioni avashandi vehurumende kuita basa rezuva nezuva rokutonga.
  • Jodicial Bazu: matare ehurumende anodudzira revo yemirau, anosarudza kumira kwebumbiro remitemo, uye kupedza gakava rinomuka pasi pomutemo wehurumende. Dare Rapamusoro rinomira pamugumo wetsika ino, neshoko rokupedzisira pakududzirwa kwebumbiro remitemo.

Kuparadzana uku kunoita kuti pave nemamiriro ezvinhu okuzvidavirira, asi mashandiro chaiwo okuongorora ari muBumbiro Remitemo anochinja dzidziso kuva kushanda. Bazi rimwe nerimwe rinofanira kuongorora nzvimbo yaro mariri rinofanira kuongorora, kuchinja, kana kuti kuramba zvachose zvimwe zviviri zvacho.

Kuuraya Kwomutemo Neganhuriro Dzako

Congress inogara pakati pegadziriro yebumbiro remitemo, ine simba rechikwama, chiremera chokuita mutemo, uye mano okunzvera kusazvibata kwoukuru. Bva vavambi vakaganhurira noune simba remitemo kupfurikidza nokukamura Dare kuva makamuri ane zvibvumirano zvakasiana- siyana uye kupfurikidza nokupa zviito zvaro kuhwirudzuro yedare. Imba yavamiriri, nemitezo yakasarudzwa makore maviri ari ose kubva kumaruwa ari mukati menyika, yakagadzirwa kuratidzira murangariro wakakurumbira. Dare, nemitezo yakagadzwa pakuvamba nemitemo yehurumende uye kubatira mashoko akasiana namakore matanhatu, yakarehwa kugovera nokumirira fariro dzehurumende. Uku kupesana kwomukati mukati mebazi remitemo kunoitwa gadziriro yechekero dzemukati kunyange mumitezo yenyika isati yasvika.

Kutsvaka Vane Simba Nokupa Zvandinenge Ndapiwa

Bumbiro reMitemo rinopa Imba yeVamiririri simba rimwe chete rokusatendera uye Dare ndiro simba rimwe rokuedza kudzosa. Iyi nzira inobvumira kuti Dare ribvise purezidhendi, mutevedzeri wapurezidhendi, uye vamwe vakuru vakuru vehurumende nokuda kwe "mufungo, chiokomuhomwe, kana kuti mamwe utsotsi hwakakwirira. Chikumbaridzo chinovamba muImba, apo voruzhinji vanogona kubvumira zvinhu zvokusatendera. Dare rinozotungamirira muedzo, netatu mbiri dzezvikero zvinoda kutendwa nokubviswa. Ichi chikumbaridzo chinovimbisa kuti kusateerera migariro inoramba iri chishandiso chenguva dzose panzvimbo yezvo chombo chezvamatongerwe enyika. Nhau inonyora bedzi kusatendera kudzorwa kwezvikamu zvitatu pamberi penguva yazvino uno, uye kusavapo nokubviswa kwedare, kwakaratidzirwa nesimba guru rinoitirwa nesimba rapamutemo.

Kutarisira uye Kuongorora Kwomutemo

Kupfuura mushonga wechienzi wekusaidzira, Congress inoita tarisiro inopfuurira yebazu rinodzora kupfurikidza nokutongwa kwedare, zvikamu zviduku, uye zvikumbiro zvezvinyorwa nezvipupuriro. Kamuri rimwe nerimwe rinochengeta matare amire ane udzori panzvimbo dzakati dzemiitiro, uye aya matare anodana vakuru vakuru vakuru vakuru vebazu nguva dzose kupindura mibvunzo pamusoro pezviito zvesangano, kugadzirwa kwemiitiro yemitemo, uye kusazvibata kunobvira. Hurumende Accouncicasuty Office, ruoko rweCongress, mufambiro unonzvera nokuhwirudzura mapurogiramu ehurumende. Iri basa rokutarisira rakakura zvikuru chifo chepakati pezana ramakore rechi20, nokunzvera kupfurikidza negadziriro yehondo pamusoro pezvokudzora mhoteredzo.

Simba Rechidyiro

Chikamu I, Chikamu 9 chinogovera kuti "hapana mari ichatorwa muchivigiro chemari, asi nemhaka yezvikarakadzo zvinoitwa nomutemo". Iri simba rechikwama rinopa Congress simba rokusarudza basa routungamiriri. Purezidhendi angakarakadza bhajeti, asi Congress bedzi anogona kubvumira mari inoshandiswa. Kupfurikidza nomuitiro wemitero, Congress inogona kutsigira, kubvisa, kana kuti nzvimbo papurogiramu dzehurumende, zvinotema zvinotanhanhanhanharo zvehurumende yehurumende. Iri chiremera chemari chinotambanukira kusangano riri rose nedhipatimendi, achiita kuti Congressss adzo yokupedzisira yemari yomuterooresa.

Zano Nebvumirano

Dare rinoita nzvero yakakomba pakugadzwa kwavakuru vakuru uye kuita chibvumirano kupfurikidza nezano raro nebasa raro. Zvibvumirano zvapurezidhendi zvamabhii edare, vatongi vehurumende, vamiririri, uye vakuru vakuru vebazu vanofanira kugamuchira kusimbiswa kweDare kupfurikidza nevhoti yoruzhinji. Iyi nzira inobvumira Dare kunzvera zvikwaniriso, migariro, uye mirangariro yemifungo yavafundisi, uye kuramba izvo zvinorangarirwa kuva zvisina kufanira. Nenzira yakafanana, zvibvumirano zvakataurirwa napurezidhendi zvinoda tendero nembiri dzeDare vasati vagona kuita basa. Chinodikanwa chikuru ichi chinoreva kuti zvibvumirano zvikuru zvamarudzi ose zvinofanira kurayira zvikwaniso zvakafara, kuvimbisa kuti muitiro wokumwe unoratidza kupfuura zvisarudzo zvapurezidhendi.

Chiremera Chinodzora Nemitemo Yacho Yebumbiro remitemo

Purezidhendi, somukuru webazu rinotonga, ane chiremera chakati kuti chakazvimirira asi anoramba ari pasi peganhuriro dzine revo dzinoiswa namamwe mapazu. Bumbiro reMitemo rinoisa purezidhendi ane simba rokuita kuti mitemo iteererwe, anoraira mauto, uye anoita muitiro wokumwe, asi aya masimba anosanonyorwa. Masangano, achiva aona kushandiswa zvisina kufanira kwesimba rehurumende yemadzimambo, akagadzira mutungamiriri aizova nesimba rakakwana rokuita chiito chakasimba asi asina simba zvikuru zvokutyisidzira hurumende yehurumende yehurumende.

Simba reVeto Secherekedzo Yomutemo

Chikamu I, Chikamu 7 chinoda kuti musengwa uri wose upfuudzwe neCongress upiwe purezidhendi nokuda kwetendero. Purezidhendi angasaina mutongo wacho mumutemo kana kuti kuudzosa kuDare nokuramba. Muteveto unogona kushaikwa bedzi nechiverengero chezvikamu zviviri muzvitatu mudzimba dzose, chikuva muganhu unopa mutengi mukuru mukuru pamiitiro yemitemo, achibvumira mukuru mukuru wehurumende kuvhara mitemo yaanorangarira kuva isina kuchenjera, isingarangariri, kana kuti inopesana nezvisarudzi. Chityisidziro cheveto chinogonawo kuumba zviri mumutemo pamberi pokusvika pachibhariro chapurezidhendi, sezvo vatungamiriri vedare vanofanira kurangarira icho purezidhendi achagamuchira. Kubvira Washington, Purezidhendia vakabudisa vanopfuura 2 500 000, vane 10 muzana yeProvi.

Nhevedzo Dzine Vatungamiriri Nechiito Chisiri Chokushanda

Apo Congress inodzorwa kana kuti inononoka kuita chiito, mapurezidhendi anogona kuramba achitendeukira kumirairo yavakuru vakuru yokufambisira mberi purogiramu dzavo dzemitemo. Iyi mirairo inotakura simba romutemo nokuda kwamasangano ehurumende asi haidi tendero yebvumirano. Zvisinei, mirairo yavakuru vakuru inoshanda mumitemo inokosha. Vanofanira kupiwa simba remitemo kana kuti simba rebumbiro remitemo riripo, uye vanogona kudzorwa napurezidhendi anotevera kana kuti kurohwa nematare kana vakapfuura chiremera chehurumende. Dare rinogonawo kuganhurira muuyo wavo kupfurikidza nokuisa mutemo unodzosa murairo unodzosa murairo, kunyange zvazvo kuita kudaro kuchida voruzhinji vanodikanwa kukunda purezidhendi mukuru mukuru anodiwa kuti vadzore purezidhendi.

Kugadzwa uye Masimba Okubviswa

Purezidhendi anoisa vakuru vakuru veUnited States, asi Dare rinofanira kusimbisa kugadzwa uku. Iri simba rokugadza rinovimbisa kuti mukuru mukuru haagoni kubatira hurumende nevashandi vakavimbika vasingagoni kuverengwa kupfurikidza nechehurumende. Simba rokubvisa, mukupesana, rinoiswa zvikurukuru mupurezidhendi, kunyange zvazvo Congress ingadzivisa kubviswa neganhuriro dzemitemo dzakadai sokuda chisakiso chokupfura vakuru vakuru vakati. Dare rapamusoro rakaziva kuti purezidhendi anofanira kuva noudzori hwakati pavashandi vakuru vebazu kuti aite basa remitemo kuti "tarisei mitemo yacho iurawe nokutendeka."

Chiremera Chokunyanyisa uye Chehondo

Purezidhendi anoshanda semumiririri mukuru wenyika nemutungamiriri weguva guru, asi aya masimba anodzorwa neganhuriro dzinokosha. Nepo purezidhendi achigona kutaurirana zvibvumirano, anoda tendero yedare. Nepo purezidhendi anogona kuraira chiito chehondo, Congress ane simba rokuzivisa hondo nokutsigira kana kuti kubvisa mabasa ehondo. Masimba eHondo echiR. Chikanganiso cheYamaProsalment yeGenezi chinoraira purezidhendi kuti azivise mumaawa 48 okuita mauto akashopurwa kurwisana uye kubvisa mauto pashure pamazuva 60 kana Dare risati rabvumira chiito. Uyu mutemo, kunyange zvazvo wakakwikwidzanwa nomutemo, unoratidzira kutsunga kwedare kunzvera hondo yehurumende.

Chiremera Chokutonga: Muparidzi Wokupedzisira

Masimba ebazu anotonga ayo anowanzorondedzerwa seasina simba zvikurusa, asina chikwama kana kuti munondo. Alexander Hamilton akapikisa muFederalist No. 78 kuti dare richava "bazu remhuka" nemhaka yokuti raigona bedzi kutonga, kwete kuita. Chinongedzero chekunzvera, chakatangwa neDare reProvillet muMarbury v. Madison muna 1803, rinopa matare simba gurusa rokunzvera vose vari vaviri vaKokorodzani napurezidhendi. Kupfurikidza nokuzivisa mitemo kana kuti zviito zvavakuru vakuru, vatongi vanogona kuderedza zvisarudzo zvemapazu ezvamatongerwe enyika uye kudzivirira maruramiro emitemo mukurwisana nehurumende.

Kuongorora Kutonga Kunoitirwa Mitemo

Apo mhaka kana kuti gakava zvinouya nenzira yakafanira pamberi pematare ehurumende, vatongi vanofanira kusarudza kana mutemo uri panhau uchiputsa Bumbiro remitemo. Kana mutemo ukapesana negadziriro dzebumbiro remitemo, matare ane chiremera nebasa rokuriparadza. Simba iri rinotambanukira kumitemo yose iri miviri yehurumende nehurumende, kuvimbisa kuti chiito chose chemitemo chinowirirana nomutemo mukuru wenyika. Dare repamusoro redare rashandisa simba iri kane mazana enguva, risingashandisi chinhu chiri chose chinobva muNew Deacure programs kuti ritsigire ganhuriro dzemitemo yehurumende yokudzora pfuti. Kariro yedare rokutonga inoyera zvimiro zvemitemo zvemitemo, sezvo mitezo yeDare rinofanira kurangarira kana mitemo inokarakadzwa ichizopukunyuka denho yemitemo.

Kuhwirudzura Chiito Chokutungamirira

Dare rehurumende rinopa miganhu yezviito zvevakuru vakuru, kusanganisira mitemo, zvisarudzo, uye mitongo yedare.

Kudzivirirwa Kwekodzero Dzemunhu Mumwe Nomumwe

Dare rinobatira somuchengeti mukurusa wekodzero dzebumbiro remitemo mukurwisana nehurumende. Apo Congress inopa mitemo kana kuti purezidhendi anoita zviito zvinoputsa kutaura kwakasununguka, rusununguko rworudzidziso, muitiro wakafanira, kana kuti dziviriro yakaenzana, matare ehurumende akagadzirira kupindira. Uku kunzvera kunoshanda nesimba zvikurusa mumhaka dzinobatanidza kodzero dzechikamu chiduku, uko vakuru vezvamatongerwe enyika vangava vasingakendengi kana kuti vanorwisana nefariro dzamapoka asina dziviriro. Matare anomanikidzawo Bill of Rights kurwisana nehurumende kupfurikidza nedzidziso inoumbwa, achivimbisa kuti dziviriro dzemitemo dzinoshanda mumitengo yose yehurumende yeAmerica.

Miganhu Yegadziriro Pasimba Rokutonga

Bazu redare, nepo rine simba munzvimbo yaro, rakatarisana neganhuriro dzinoridzivisa kudzora mamwe mapazu. Matare anogona kusarudza bedzi mhaka chaidzoidzo kana kuti magakava; haagoni kuisa mirangariro kana kuti kupedza gakava. Vatongi vehurumende vanogadzwa nokuda kwoupenyu, izvo zvinovadzivirira padzvinyiriro yezvamatongerwe enyika asi zvinorevawo kuti vanobatira nguva refu pashure pokunge vapurezidhendi vakavagadza vasiya basa. Dare rinodzora matare ehurumende, rinogona kugadza nhamba yeruramisiro paDare Rapamusorosoro, uye rinogona kutanga kushandura kutsanangura kwedare rapamutemo kwaro risingabvumirani. Purezidhendi anovatongi, uye Dare rinovasimbisa, richiita kuti vagadziri vedare rejudia, zvisinei, mirangariro yezvamatongerwe enyika yakasarudzwa pamusoro penguva inopfuurwa pamapazuro makuru.

Kuzvidavirira Kwemararamire

Kushanda kwemakemikari ezvinoongorora uye kudzikamiswa kunoshanda mukati memamiriro ezvinhu ezvamatongerwe enyika, tsika dzesangano, uye kuzvidavirira kwavanhu. Kubatanidzwa kwamapazu kwakachinja zvikuru chifo chokuvambwa, kwakaumbwa nenjodzi dzenhau, kuchinja kweruzivo rwekugadzirwa kwezvinhu, uye kuchinja kwetsika mune zvematongerwe enyika. Kunzwisisa kuti tsika ino inoshanda sei kunoda ngwariro kurugwaro rwebumbiro remitemo uye kunorarama ruzivo rwokuzviwanira.

Kushanduka - shanduka Kwenhau uye Zvakatangira

Republic yapakuvamba yakava namakwikwi akasimba pamusoro pemiganhu yechiremera chebumbiro remitemo. Kuramba kwaPrezidhendi George Washington kugovera House of the Secondations nezvinyorwa zvine chokuita neJay Treaty zvakatanga miganhu inokosha yeropafadzo yechiremera. Kutaura kweDare rePsoro redare muMarbury v. Madison kwakabatanidza basa redare remitemo sechidzoresori. Mutungamiriri wehurumende Andrew Jackson akaunza simba rapurezidhendi rakawedzerwa napurezidhendi uye nzira yokutonga yeUnited States yakaratidzira miganhuro yechiremera apo mapazu ezvamatongerwe enyika akabatanidzwa mukushora. Hondo yeChivi neRevolvian yakatsiridza muganhu wesimba, ichisimbisa chiremera chehurumende nebazu guru muchadenga zvikurukuru. Nguva yeNew Acureant yakaunza simba ramariro akakwirira zvikuru kumugariro wezvemari. Watergate yeProleast Richardon uye kudzo yedare remitemo inoratidzirwa.

Zvinetso Zvenguva Ino uye Magakava

Gadziriro yemisi inotarisana nedenho dzinoverengeka dzegadziriro yegadziriro yehurumende dzinoedza kushanda kwokuzvidavirira. Kukwidziridzwa kwemirairo yavakuru vakuru nokuitwa kwoutongi kwakachinja simba guru rokuita mitemo kubva paCongress kuenda kubazu guru, kumutsa mibvunzo pamusoro pokuti bazu remitemo raita chiremera chikuru here. Kuwedzera kwezvamatongerwe enyika dzeAmerica kwakaita kuti kuve kwakaoma zvikuru kuti Dare ritarisire zvine revo, sezvo kuvimbika kwebato kazhinji kazhinji kazhinji kunobatanidza ruvimbiko rwesangano. Kuwedzera kweropafadzo yechiremera nokudzivisa kubatira hurumende kwaparirazve rwisano pakati pamapazu ezvamatongerwe enyika. Kushandiswa kunowedzera kwePivbuster muDare kwakaita kuti kuve kwakaoma zvikuru kupfuura, kunokurudzira purezidhendi kuita nenzira isina mufungo uye matare kupinda munzvimbo idzo dzingagona kupedzwa nenzira yakati kupfurikidza nomuitiro wedare.

Gadziriro yedare yazova inokakavadzana zvikuru, nokunonozeka kwenguva refu uye kurwisana kukuru pamusoro pevatongi. Ikoku kune miuyo nokuda kwokuumbwa kwedare rehurumende uye kunzwisisa kwavanhu kuva pamutemo kwedare. Panguva imwe cheteyo, kuda kweDare Gurusa kunzwa nhau dzenhau dzezvamatongerwe enyika dzinokakavara kwaita kuti judicaria ipinde zvikuru mugakava retsono dzechikakava, kuedza ganhuriro dzokugamuchirwa kwavose kwechiremera chedare. Izvi zvinomutsa mibvunzo inokosha pamusoro pokuti gadziriro yechekerekedzo nedzikano, sezvakagadzirwa pakuvamba, inogona kushanda nenzira inobudirira mumhoteredzo yezvamatongerwe enyika yazvino uno.

Kunzvera Kwokunze Kwomutemo Kupfuura Bumbiro Romutemo

Nepo Bumbiro reMitemo richigadza gadziriro yakarongwa yokuzvidavirira, masimba okunze okuwedzera anogovera kugadziriro yose yechekedzo nedzikamo. Muchina wakasununguka uye wakazvimirira unonzvera zviito zvehurumende, unozivisa voruzhinji, uye unoratidza kusazvibata. Kusarudza kunogovera mutoo wokupedzisira wokuzvidavirira, kubvumira vavhoti kutsiva mitezo yeCongress napurezidhendi apo vanenge vasingagutsikani nebasa rehurumende. Rusununguro rwokutanga rwokutaura, gungano, uye chikumbiro chinopa vagari vemo simba rokuronga, kuratidzira, uye kukumbira. Gaspitalism inoparadzira simba pakati pehurumende yenyika nehurumende yehurumende yehurumende. Aya masimba okunze anoparira kunzverazve kutendwa kwemitemo yehurumende. Aya okunze anoumba gadziriro yehurumende yomukati, anoumba kodzero yokuzvidavirira iyo inotambanurira mberi zvikuru kupfuura wirirano yemagariro pakati pamapazu matatu matatu matatu matatu.

Mugumisiro: Basa Rinopfuurira Routongi Hwebumbiro reMitemo

Gadziriro yemichina inoyera nokudzikamisa haisati iri gadziriro yokuzvitema imene asi gadziriro inoda ngwariro yenguva dzose nokugadziridzwa. Chizvarwa chimwe nechimwe chinofanira kudzidza nzira dzokuzvidavirira kwechikamu ndokuramba chakangwarira pamusoro pezvirongwa zvebumbiro remitemo. Kushandiswa kwesimba pakati pechirongwa chemitemo, dare, uye mapazu okutonga hakusi kufungidzira kana kuti kuda kuziva kwenhau; ibasa ripenyu reAmerica rinoumbwa nehurumende. Vagari vemo vanonzwisisa kuti masangano aya anoshongedzerwa zviri nani kuyera basa rehurumende, anochengeta vamiririritira mberi kwavo, uye anotora rutivi rune renhau. Nokuti vadzidzi nevadzidzisi venhau, kufunda nezvechekero nechiyero zvenhau hakupi zvose zviri zviviri muwindo wemafafite kuvamba nouchenjeri hwenguva inotonga. Ruteshivi rwakarurama harutsivi rwakakwana nemhaka yokuti runodzosera vanhu vanokwanisa kupfuurira mberi kwavo, asi runogona kuzviita vadzore.