Chinomirira Mutemo: Kunzwisisa Muzinda WaPurezidhendi

Chipikirwa chapurezidhendi chehofisi chinomira seimwe yenguva dzinokosha zvikurusa muhurumende yeAmerica. Apo purezidhendi anosarudza anosimudza ruoko rwavo rworudyi ndokudzokorora mashoko akarongwa na [[FLT: 0] Article II, Chikamu 1, Classiase 8 yeBumbiro reMitemo, havasi kuita bedzi tsika dzetsika. Vari kupinda mubvumirano yepamutemo netsika nerudzi. Chipikiso chinorava kuti: "Ndinopika zvakakomba (kana kuti ndinosimbisa) kuti ndichaparadza nokutendeka Hofisi yaPrezidheni weUnited States, uye kuchadzivirira, uye kudzivirira mutevedzero mukuru weUnited States. Uyu mutsetse unotakura mureza mukuru. Chinoumba purezidhendi kutsigira chinyorwa chiri pamusoro pechinyorwa, kubatanidzawo chakakurumbira, kana kuti chitemeso chakakurumbira.

Vagadziri veBumbiro reMitemo vakanzwisisa kuti purezidhendi aida zvose zviri zviviri simba nokuzvidzora. Vakaronga mhiko secherekedzo pasimba revakuru vakuru, chiyeuchidzo chavose chokuti purezidhendi anobatira Bumbiro remitemo, kwete imwe nzira. Chinodikanwa ku "chengetedza, dzivirira nokudzivirira" chinoisa gwaro racho rimene sechiremera chikurusa muupenyu hwezvamatongerwe enyika yeAmerica. Iyi nheyo, inozivikanwa soukuru hwemitemo, inoreva kuti chiito chiri chose chehurumende, nhevedzano yehurumende iri yose, uye chisarudzo chiri chose chinofanira kuwirirana neganhuriro yebumbiro remitemo. Chipikiso chinoshandura purezidhendi kubva kumukuru mukuru mukuru mukuru wehurumende angongongosarudzwa kuva mukuru mukuru mukuru wemitemo kuti atsigire mutevetevero wehurumende.

Munhau, mhiko dzapurezidhendi dzakapiwa nokungwarira kumashoko chaiwoiwo. Mutongi mukuru John Marshall akagovera mhiko yaThomas Jefferson muna 1801, achigadza muenzaniso wokutamisirwa kworugare kwesimba. George Washington akawedzera mashoko okuti "Naizvozvo ndibetserei Mwari" pashure pemhiko yake, gamuchidzanwa purezidhendi vazhinji vakaitevera, kunyange zvazvo Mutemo weMitemo weMitemo usingaitiri donzo. Kuchinjika ku "chitsigo" panzvimbo pe" zvipfeko zvorudzidziso kana kuti zvomunhu oga, kuratidzira musengwa wavamiriri kurusununguko rworudzidziso. Chipikiso chakapfava nokunanga zvakachibvumira kuramba chisina kusimbwa kwamazana amakore maviri, kudzikamiswa kusingawanzoitiki mutsika inotsinhira mutemo.

Nzira Iyo Kugadzikiswa kweBumbiro reMitemo Kunodzosa Nayo Huru

Kugadziridza kweBumbiro reMitemo inzira iyo rudzi runochinja nayo rugwaro rwarwo rwokuvamba kumamiriro ezvinhu anochinja. Kubvira pakugadziridzwa kweBill of Rights muna 1791, kumwe kugadziridzwa kwegumi namanomwe kwakawedzerwa, kunoverengeka kwazvo kunotapura purezidhendi zvakananga kana kuti nenzira isina kunanga. Kugadziriswa uku hakuchinji mashoko emhiko, asi kunochinja mashoko ayo mhiko inoshanda. Purezidhendi anopika kudzivirira Bumbiro remitemo ringabatanidza gadziriro itsva pamusoro pekodzero dzokuvhotera, nhevedzano, miganhuro, kana kuti miitiro inosarudzwa.

Kugadziridza magadzirirwo kunoratidza magadzirirwo ebumbiro remitemo. Chikamu V chinoda kuva nomwero mukuru wembiri mudzimba dzose dziri mbiri dzeCongress nedzinokwezvwa nedzitatu mativi makuru enyika. Iyi bhawa yakakwirira inovimbisa kuti kugadziriswa kunoratidzira bvumirano huru yamarudzi, kwete zvishuvo zvezvamatongerwe enyika zvechinguvana. Kana kugadziriswa kwapfuura, kunotakura uremu hwebvumirano iyoyo ndokuva rutivi rwejira remitemo purezidhendi anopika kudzivirira. Uhu ukama hune simba pakati pemhiko napashure hunoita chirongwa chipenyu chemitemo chinowirirana negamuchidzanwa nefambiro mberi.

Foundation Amendment: Kubvisa Nzvimbo Yakanaka

, yakatenderwa muna 1804, yakananga kukanganisa kwemavako muBumbiro remitemo rapakuvamba. Mutsika yapakuvamba, purezidhendi nomutevedzeri wapurezidhendi vakasarudzwa kupfurikidza negadziriro imwe yevhoti, mumhanyi achiva mutevedzeri wapurezidhendi. Ikoku kwakatungamirira kurusarudzo rwechinetso rwa1800, apo Thomas Jefferson naAaron Burr, vakakandira sarudzo kuImba yavamiririri. Rendement yechi12 yakaitwa mavhoti akaparadzana apurezidhendi napurezidhendi, ichivimbisa kuti mukwanyina wapurezidhendi anoshanda pamwe navo. Nokuti purezidhendi aiita mhiko nhasi, iyi inoreva kupinda muhofisi yomuteveri mukuru wavo, inosimbisa boka ravo.

Amendment ye20th , yakatenderwa muna 1933, yakapfupikisa nhambo pakati perusarudzo rwaNovember nokutsaurirwa kwaMarch. Inozivikanwa se "Lame Duck Ame Ame Ame Ame Ame Ame Amestment," yakasunda Kuchinja Zuva kusvikira kuJanuary 20, yakaderedza nguva inosara purezidhendi achienda pashure pokukundwa kwevhotera. Iyi chinjo ine revo inokosha nokuda kwemhiko. Purezidhendi anotadzazve kubatira bedzi mavhiki gumi sembavha, inoganhurira mano avo okuita chinjo inogara kwenguva refu kana kuti dare. Kuchinja kunogoverawo nokuda kwenhambo yapakuvamba kana purezidhendi wemugadziri asati afa, achivimbisa kuti mhiko yacho haitongononotswa nokusingaperi. Purezidhendi wezvino unoziva kuti nguva yavo inodzorwa zvikuru inodzorwa negadziriro inodzokororwa negadziriro inodzoro.

Miganhu Yemashoko Ne Amendedzero Yechi 22

.Ichi chigadziriso chakanga chiri mhinduro yakananga kuna Franklin D. Rooset, inomirira imwe yedzosero yakananga zvikurusa pautungamiriri. Inoganhurira munhu upi noupi kumirano miviri yakasarudzwa sapurezidhendi, kana kuti makore gumi kana vabudirira kuhofisi pakati penhambo. Iyi yakanga iri mhinduro yakananga kuna Franklin D. Rovelt, iyo inomutsa pamusoro pesimba rehurumende. Nokuda kwapurezidhendi anotora mhiko, Hurumende ye 22 ye Amendement inochinja ukama hwavo nehofisi. Purezidhendi wokutanga anoziva bedzi mukana unovimbiswazve, kuronga kwavo kwokutonga, uye kuronga marumbidzo, uye kuronga kwenhambo yenguva refu. Chikamu chechipiri chinovawo chiregere kusunungurwa nezuva rimwe, chikabvumwawo norusununguko rwezvamatongerwe enyika.

Chinochinja chitsivo chemhiko yacho chakakura. Purezidhendi anopika ku "chengetedzo, dzivirira nokudzivirira Bumbiro remitemo" anofanira zvino kuremekedzawo ganhuriro dzebumbiro remitemo panzvimbo yavo vamene. Ikoku kunosimbisa nheyo yokuti kuva sachigaro chinhu chinoronzeswa chechinguvana, kwete maruramiro echigarire. Kuzvipira kwechi 22nd Amendment kudziviriro yebumbiro remitemo kunobatanidza kuzvipira kukutsinhanwa kwakarongwa nokuvandudzwa kwezvamatongerwe enyika. Hapana purezidhendi anogona kushandisa mhiko seruramiso yokugara musimba kupfuura miganhuro yemitemo, sokurondedzera zvakajeka kupera kwebasa gurusa.

Kubudirira uye Kusakwanisa Kubudirira: Kupedzisa Kupedzisa Kuchinjira Kumwe Kwokupedzisira

, yakatenderwa muna 1967, zvichida inowirirana zvakananga nebasa rapurezidhendi rezuva nezuva. Inojekesa miitiro yokutevedzana kwapurezidhendi uye yehurukuro yapurezidhendi murusando. Iyi Hurumende isati yagadziriswa, Bumbiro remitemo rakagovera bedzi kuti purezidhendi a "zodzosa masimba nemabasa" zvaProfesi kana purezidhendi akafa, kana kuti kubviswa. Yakasadudza zvakaitika muzvinoitika zvechinguvana zvokuvhiyiwa, zvakadai sokuvhiyiwa, kukuvadziko. Kuurawa kwaJohn F. Kennedy muna 1963 kwakasimbisa izvi zvikamu, sezvo rudzi rwakanga rusina basa rakajekashairwa nokuda kwokubata purezidhendi airarama asingagoni kuita mabasa avo.

Chikamu 2 chinogovera kuzadza chinzvimbo chapurezidhendi kana kuti kupiwa kwapurezidhendi kana kuti kubviswa kwedare. Chikamu 2 chinobvumira kuisa mutevedzeri wechikamu chapurezidhendi kupfurikidza nemubatanidzwa wedare rapurezidhendi nebvumirano. Chikamu 3 chinobvumira purezidhendi kuendesa simba kudivi rapurezidhendi nokuzvidira kupfurikidza nechiziviso chakanyorwa, icho chakashandiswa kanoverengeka nokuda kwemiitiro yezvokurapa. Chikamu 4 chinosimbisa muitiro wokutamisirwa kwoumbindi wesimba nokuzvidira kana mutevedzeri wapurezidhendi nevoruzhinji vedare vachiziva kuti purezidhendi asingakwanisi kubvisa mabasa avo. Nokuti purezidhendi anoita mhiko, chibvumirano che25 rePremendecramendi yePrimendi yeProjimendi zvino chinoreva chipikirwa chokupfuurira nokutsigadzikisa. Chipikiso chibvumirano chitsamiro chokudzivirira kutevedzerwa kwomugariro unotevedzerwa kwomugariro wapasitiko.

Mapurezidhendi Ronald Reagan naGeorge W. Bush ose ari maviri anoshandisa Chikamu 3 kwechinguvana mukati memiitiro yokurapa, achiratidzira ukoshi hwechigadziridzo. Bviro yeChikamu 4 cheInTERAM yakakurukurwa mukati menjodzi dzakasiana- siyana dzoutano, kunyange zvazvo isina kutongoshandiswa. Kuvapo kwapurezidhendi kunobatanidza zvimiro zvapurezidhendi, kunokurudzira kujeka pamusoro pomugariro woutano namapoka akajeka echiremera. Mhiko ku "Kuita nenzira yokutendeka Hofisi" zvino inobatanidza basa rakakwana kuvimbisa kupfuurira kwesimba roukuru kupfurikidza namasangano emitemo.

Kupindirana Mumuitiro: Nhau Dzemiedzo

Zviitiko izvi zvinoratidza kuti mhiko yacho haisi chipikirwa chaicho asi musengwa mupenyu unoenderana nezviri kuitika mubumbiro remitemo.

John Tyler Yakabudirira uye Mutezo Wama 25 We Amendedzero

Nzvero yokutanga yakasvika muna 1841 apo William Henry Harrison akafa mwedzi mumwe chete muupurezidhendi wake. Mutungamiriri weSangano John Tyler akaomerera kuti akanga asiri bedzi "kushanda sapurezidhendi" asi kuti akanga ava purezidhendi akazara, namasimba ose namabasa. Tyler akarondedzera muenzaniso waipfuurira kusvikira pa 25 Demendment yakabatanidza. Tyler amene akaita mhiko, achigadza kuti kutsinhana kwapurezidhendi kudikanwe kuti kutora nguva. Zviito zvake zvakaratidzira kuti mhiko yacho haisiwo tsika asi chiito chebumbiro remitemo chinoendesa chiremera chakazara. Chibvumirano chechi 25 gare gare gare gare chakasimbisa muenzaniso weTylerble, chinoratidzira kuti muitiro wemitemo unogona sei kupinda mumugariro wakarongwa. Mutungamiriri wehurumende nhasi anobudirira kukuita chibvumirano chimwe chete.

Sitiroko yaWoodrow Wilson Nekahavha Pamberi Pe Amendeji Yechi 25

Woodrow Wilson akatambura sitiroko yakakomba muna 1919, achimusiya akaoma mitezo zvishoma uye asingakwanisi kuita zvizere mabasa ake kwemwedzi. Mudzimai wake Edith akakwanisa nenzira inobudirira kusvika kuna purezidhendi, achimutsa mibvunzo yakakomba pamusoro pokuti ndiani chaizvoizvo akanga achishandisa simba routungamiriri. Bumbiro reMitemo panguva iyoyo rakanga risina gadziriro yokuzivisa purezidhendi asina simba kwechinguvana. Mutungamiriri waWilson angadai akarega kushandisa simba, achitya njodzi yemitemo. Mugariro uyu wakapfuurira nokuda kwechikamu chasara cheGenelson, chinosimbisa mukahaha mugadziriro yemitemo yemitemo. Chino muuyo chakabetsera pakupedzisira kuendesa purotesiti ye25 Demendement, iyo yaizove yagovera muitiro wakajeka wakajeka nokuda kwokuzivisa mubato wehurumende uye kuendesa simba. Chino chaWilson chinoratidza kuti chaita kudzivirira muganhu muteshi weBumbiro remitemo mubumbiro remitemo muruwamato. Gamendero, chikasha chikasha chikasha muganhu chikasha muganhu chenguva chikashati nyika youtano chinenge chikasha vanhu munguva yapa chaitika kuti

Gerald Ford Negadziriro Dze Amendedzero Yechi 25 Dzokubudirira

Chibvumirano cha25 chakaedzwa zvikuru makore manomwe chete pashure pokuzvidzwa kwacho. Apo Purezidhendi Spiro Agnew akarega muna 1973, Purezidhendi Richard Nixon akashandisa Chikamu 2 kudzosa Gerald Ford somuteveri wapurezidhendi, uye Congress akamusimbisa. Ipapo, apo Nixon akarega muna 1974, Ford akava purezidhendi pasi peChikamu 1 chechigadziriso. Ford akava munhu bedzi anoshanda savose vari vaviri purezidhendi napurezidhendi pasina kusarudzwa kundova muteveri. Akatora mhiko yapurezidhendi yehurumende uye nokukurumidza akatarisana nedenho yokudzorera chivimbo chapachena pashure peWatergate. Ford yakaratidzira simba re 25 reRemendementation Reconfmentation traintionstionstion, kugovera kupfuurira kwemiteko yemiteko yemitemo nemitemo inobvumirwa nomutemo. Nokuti chikumbiro chakatorwa chakava mumitevedzero mukati Washington, asi chaimo chinoitwa mugadziriro yapamutemo yakare yakaitwa pakati penyika inosarira mberi.

Kuchinja Kuduku Kunoziviswa Nedzidziso DzaPrezidhendi

Kupfuura kugadziridzwa kukuru, dzimwe chinjo dzinoverengeka dzebumbiro remitemo dzinoumba upurezidhendi munzira dzamanomano asi dzinokosha. merfection ye14th Amendment , yakatenderwa muna 1868, inobatanidza gadziriro pamusoro pechikwereti chavose uye kusiiwa kwevakuru vakuru vanobatanidzwa mukupesana. Chikamu 3 che 14 Reformation Reformation chakakurukurwa mumashoko azvino uno pamusoro pokuti ingasakwanirisa here vapuresi vatsi vapurofesa mukuru mukuru vaitora rutivi kana kuti kutsigira kupesana. Purezidhendi achaita mhiko yacho anofanira kupika kutsigira chibvumirano icho chinobatanidza kupesana uku kuoma, kuparira kusawirirana kana mabasa apurezidhendi asati avapo. Kuchinja kwacho kunovimbisawo dziviriro mumutemo, uko purezidhendi anoparadza magariro angaita mukurwisana neboka ripi neripi neripi.

, yakatenderwa muna 1913, yakachinja kusarudzwa kwevatongi kubva pakusarudzwa kwomutemo kuti vatungamirire vvumbi yakakurumbira. Nepo iyi chinjo isingarangariri zvakananga kuva purezidhendi, yakachinja mamiriro ezvamatongerwe enyika umo purezidhendi anoshanda. Vatongi vanopa nzvimbo dzavo kurusarudzo rwakakurumbira panzvimbo pehurumende vangadavidza zvikuru kugadziriro dzenyika dzezvamatongerwe enyika, vachitapura kuti mapinduru anokurukura sei magariro ehurumende yehurumende yehurumende.

, yakatenderwa muna 1971, yakaderedza zera rokuvhota kuva 18. Uku kukura kwevhoti kunotapura zvakananga nhimbe dzapurezidhendi nokudzora. Mapurezidhendi ari kuita mhiko zvinomirira dare guru, rakasiyana zvikuru kupfuura pakuvamba vavo. Kugadziriswa kwacho kunoratidzawo kuchinja kwemipimo pamusoro pekodzero dzevagari vemo, kunoratidza kuti kugadziriswa kwemitemo kunogona sei kudzorera kutora rutivi kwamadhimonia. Chipikiso ku "Dzidzira, dzivirira nokudzivirira Bumbiro remitemo" zvino chinobatanidza Bumbiro remitemo rinoziva makore 18 akazara savatori vezvamatongerwe enyika.

Mutsipa Sechibvumirano Chipenyu Chebumbiro Romutemo

Mhiko yapurezidhendi yakaramba isingachinjiki mumagwaro kwaanopfuura mazana maviri amakore, asi revo yayo yakachinja sezvo Bumbiro remitemo rimene rakachinja kupfurikidza nokugadziridzwa. Ikoku kunoparira ukama hwebumbiro remitemo hune simba. Mhiko yacho haisati ichingonongedzera bedzi kuBumbiro remitemo rapakuvamba 1787 asi gadziriro yose yebumbiro remitemo sezvairi panguva yokugadza kumwe nokumwe. Chivako ichi chinoreva kuti revo yemhiko inobatira inodzikanya nguva, kunyange sezvo mashoko acho anoramba aripo.

Chisarudzo chavamiriri kududza mhiko muBumbiro reMitemo panzvimbo pokuisiya chinosimbisa ukoshi hwayo hwenheyo. Mhiko haisati iri yokuzvidira. Chinodikanwa chebumbiro remitemo chinofanira kuzadzikwa purezidhendi upi noupi asati agona kushandisa simba roukuru. Ichi chinodikanwa chinobatanidza chiito chiri chose chapurezidhendi kuchiremera chebumbiro remitemo. Kana purezidhendi achipa murairo wehurumende, anoita muitiro wokumwe, kana kuti anoraira mauto, anoita kudaro pasi pechiremera chemhiko kudzivirira Bumbiro remitemo. Kana chiito chikaputsa miganhuro yemitemo, hachingovi chisiri chapamutemo asi kushambadzwa kworudzo. Ikoku kunoparira kudzodzo huru yetsika yetsika, kunyange kana kuwirirana nemiitiro yezvamatongerwe enyika nemitemo yokuzvidavirira.

Kuchinja Kunoita Zvinhu Sematurusi Okufambisa Mashoko

Kugadziridzwa kweBumbiro reMitemo kunogoverawo miganhu yokusimbisa mhiko yapurezidhendi. ye25th Amendment inopa muitiro wokubvisa purezidhendi uyo asina simba. Hurumende yeSangano rePramende[[[FLT:]] inoganhurira kuti purezidhendi upi noupi anogona kubatira kwenguva yakareba sei, kuvimbisa kupfurikidza nokuchinja. [[FLT:] 12.12] uye 20 Hurumende yeSangano yeSangano revhoorivhi, ichiita kuti zvive zvakaoma zvikuru kuti purezidhendi upi noupi atore simba kupfurikidza nokushandisa. Pamwe chete, uku kuumba uku kuparira kuvakwa kwebumbiro remitemo inotsigira kutevedzero. A anoputsa chibvumirano chavo chibvumirano chemitemo chezvamatongerwe enyika chisati chaitwa mubumbiro chapamutemo.

Muitiro wokusabvumirana, wakatangwa muChikamu II, Chikamu 4 cheBumbiro reMitemo, unoramba uri mutoo mukuru wokubvisa nawo purezidhendi anozvidza mhiko yavo. Kupomera kwakabatanidza kupomera kuti purezidhendi akatadza ku "pasa] mitemo, sezvinodikanwa nemhiko. Chikamu che14 Reformation chinogovera urongwa hwokuwedzera kupfurikidza nokusakwanirisa muhofisi avo vanopika kuti vatsigire Bumbiro remitemo. Iyi gadziriro inoisa bvumirano zvakananga kuputsa kubvisa murairo, inoratidza kuti kugadziriswa kunogona sei kuparira miuyo yakasimba nokuda kwokuputsa chipikirwa.

Mupedzi: Mutsipa Sechinodzorwa neBumbiro reMitemo

Kugadziridza mhiko yapurezidhendi nemitemo zviripo muukama hwechinjo. Mhiko yacho inogovera kupfuurira nedzikamo, inotsigisa purezidhendi mumwe nomumwe muchipikirwa chimwe chetecho chehwaro chakaitwa naGeorge Washington. Gadziriro dzinogovera kugadziridzwa nokukura, dzichibvumira Bumbiro remitemo kupedza zvinetso zvitsva nemipimo. Pamwe chete, dzinova nechokwadi chokuti purezidhendi weAmerica anoramba akatendeka kumavambo ake uye achigamuchira nguva dzaro. Mhiko inobatanidza purezidhendi kuBumbiro remitemo sezvairipo nhasi, kubatanidza wirirano dzose dzapamutemo, kuparira musengwa wetsika netsika uyo unopfuupfuura kudzoro ipi neipi kana kuti boka rezvamatongerwe enyika.

Kunzwisisa iyi rondedzero inokosha nokuda kwomunhu upi noupi anotsvaka kunzwisisa murairo wemitemo weAmerica. Hurukuro haisati iri mutongi asi mukuru mukuru webumbiro remitemo, inoganhurirwa nezvose zviri zviviri chinyorwa chapakuvamba negadziridzo izvo zvakawedzera nokunatsa revo yacho. Mhiko inhambo yemhiko yebumbiro remitemo, chiito chamashoko icho chinoshandura mukundi wechisarudzo kuva muchengeti webumbiro remitemo. Kuchinja ikurukurirano inopfuurira apo rudzi runonatsa kunzwisisa kwarwo kwebumbiro remitemo. Pamwe chete, zvinoumba gadziriro yokudzora inodzikamisa inodzikamisa nokuchinja, gamuchidzanwa, chiremera uye kuzvidavirira. Nokuda kwavagari vemo, kutarira kutsaurirwa nokunzwa mhiko kunodzokororwa chiyeuchidzo chokuti pamutemo kunotsamira papereko yomunhu oga oga uye uchenjeri hwokuvaka.

Nguva inotevera apo purezidhendi anoisa ruoko paBhaibheri kana kuti kusimudza ruoko kuti asimbise, vateereri vanofanira kuziva mashoko ose ebumbiro remitemo. Mutongo mumwe iwoyo unorema kugadziriswa kwegadziriro yose yemitemo, kuedzwa kwose kwenhau, uye njodzi iri yose yebumbiro remitemo yakaumba purezidhendi. Kuchengetedza, kudzivirira, uye kudzivirira Bumbiro remitemo nderokugamuchira gwaro benyu, rinogadziridzwa uye kududzirwa muzvizvarwa zvose, somutemo mukurusa wenyika. Kupika nokugadziriswa pamwe chete kunoumba gadziriro yemitemo yemitemo iyo yakatungamirira vaAmerica kupfurikidza namazana maviri amakore edenho nechinjo. Vanoramba vari vakakodzera nhasi separeko yokutanga kunyora muteko yomutemo werudzi.

Nokuda kwokuraviwa kwokuwedzera panheyo dzebumbiro remitemo roupurezidhendi, ona Kunzvera kweBasa rokunzvera kwenhau yemhiko netapuro yemitemo. Tsimendiro dzeNational dzinogovera mashoko akazara eBumbiro reMitemo yemitemo uye gadziridzo dzose[, kubvumira varavi kunzvera rugwaro kupika kudzivirira. [[FLT:] House yenhau yeimba yePucialism yeimwe neimwe inopa mashoko enhau pamusoro penziradzirwo rwakasiana neradzirwo pamutemo.