Kunzwisisa kuti hurumende inoshanda sei pamwero yakasiana - siana kunokosha nokuda kwougari hwemo. Gadziriro yokutonga yeAmerica haisati iri chinhu chimwe, chinodzorwa nechinhu chimwe asi nzira yakaoma yehurumende, hurumende, uye zviremera zvomunzvimbomo. Iyi nzira yakachinjika, yakatangwa neBumbiro reMitemo reU.S., yakarongedzerwa kudzikamisa chinzwano chorudzi nekodzero dzomunzvimbomo dzomunzvimbomo. Kuvadzidzi, vadzidzisi, uye vagari vemo vemo, vachinzwisisa kuti mwero iyi inoshanda sei nokushandirana kunzwisiswa kwomuitiro wavose, kodzero dzehurumende yehurumende yehurumende yega yega yega yega, uye mashandiro ehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu.

Hwaro Hwemagariro eAmerica

Pamberi pokunzvera mwero mumwe nomumwe, kunokosha kunzwisisa gadziriro yebumbiro remitemo iyo inoumba ndokuirondedzera. Bumbiro remitemo reU.S. rakatanga gadziriro yetsika [, kubva kwakasiana kubva kuhurumende yeboka umo simba rose riri muchiremera chikuru. Federalism inokamura uchangamire pakati pehurumende yenyika nehurumende dzeruwa, ichipa chiremera chimwe nechimwe chinokosha mukati menzvimbo yayo imene.

Mavambo Ebumbiro reMitemo uye Kugadziridzwa Kwechi10

Kuparadzirwa kwesimba kwakavakirwa muBumbiro reMitemo rimene.Chikamu I, Chikamu 8 chinoratidzira masimba anotaurwa (kana kuti akarongwa) eDare, anobatanidza kuumba mari, kuzivisa hondo, kudzora kutengeserana kwenyika, uye kugadza mahofisi eposi. Aya masimba anopiwa zvakajeka kuhurumende yomubatanidzwa.

Zvisinei, vaFramers vakanga vachiitira hanya zvikuru pamusoro pechiremera chikuru muhurumende iri kure. [[FLT: 0]] ye10t Amendment kuBumbiro reMitemo inoshanda sechinhu chinokosha chebumbiro remitemo nokuda kwesimba rehurumende. Inoti: "Masimba asingagoverwi kuUnited States neConstitution, kana kuti kurambidzwa nayo kuUnited States, akachengeterwa kuUnited States, zvakatengwa, kana kuti kuvanhu. Iyi inoreva nzvimbo ipi neipi isingapiwi zvakananga kuhurumende yehurumende yehurumende [1] yakaita sarusarudzo, yakaita zvikoro zvavose, uye inotungamirira kutengeserana kutengeserana kwapanyika pasi pechiteshina. Unogona kurava rugwaro chairwo nemamiriro enhau e10 echiteshifiti [FFF:]

Simba Riripo

Mabasa akawanda ehurumende haasati ari bedzi pamwero mumwe. Aya anozivikanwa se masimba akabatana [, ayo anoshandiswa navose vari vaviri hurumende dzehurumende nehurumende. Mienzaniso inobatanidza simba rokutera, kuvaka migwagwa, kuita matare, uye kukwereta mari. Iri chiremera chinopfuudza chinowanzoda kukurukurirana nokubatana kwokungwarira kuti zvidzivise rwisano nokuva nechokwadi chokuva netasvanisa kunoshanda zvakanaka.

Zvinzvimbo Zvitatu Zvehurumende

Nepo gadziriro yacho yakaoma kunzwisisa, hurumende muUnited States dzakarongwa chaizvoizvo kuva mwero mitatu yakasiyana: hurumende, nyika, uye nzvimbo. Mwero mumwe nomumwe une mitoro chaiyo, manyuko emari, uye zvirongwa zvesangano.

Hurumende Inotonga Nyika: Chiremera Chenyika

Hurumende yehurumende ndiyo yakakwirira zvikurusa uye ine mutoro wenhau dzinotapura rudzi rwose. Simba rayo rakakamurwa pakati pamapazu matatu akaenzana, kuchiumba gadziriro yecheki dzomukati nedzikamo izvo zvinodzivisa bazu ripi neripi kuva rine simba zvikuru.

Bazu Romutemo (Murwi)

Chikamu I cheBumbiro reMitemo chinosimbisa Congress, chibvumirano chemitemo chebhimeyal chakaumbwa neDare neImba yaVamiririri.Congress idare rinogadzira mitemo rehurumende yehurumende. Mitoro yayo mikuru inobatanidza:

  • Kugadzira mirau: Kugadzira, kuitisana nharo, uye kupfuudza zvikwereti izvo zvinova mutemo womubatanidzwa.
  • Kudzosa nokunyora: Kudzora ndyiko dzehurumende kupfurikidza nokuita bhajeti yegore negore uye kupa mari kumasangano ehurumende.
  • Kushanda: Kuongorora nokutarisira bazu guru namasangano ehurumende kusimbisa mitemo iri kushandiswa semariro.
  • Advice neKonsiti (Sangano): Kusimbisa kugadzwa kwapurezidhendi (mutoo, vanyori veKhabhineti, vatongi vehurumende) uye zvibvumirano zvokusimbisa.

Bazu Rine Chiremera (Mutungamiriri Negadziriro)

Chikamu II chinopa simba rapamusoro muna Purezidhendi weUnited States, uyo anobatira vose vari vaviri somusoro wehurumende nomukuru wehurumende. Purezidhendi ane mutoro wokusimbisa mitemo inopfuudzwa neCongress. Mibato yeChikuru inobatanidza:

  • Kubvumiranisa zvinhu pamutemo: Kuona dare guru rehurumende, kubatanidza madhipatimendi akadai seDefense, Justice, uye Utano neMabasa avanhu.
  • [ Murairo wokumwe: Kubatira soMutungamiriri wamauto ane zvombo uye kutungamirira kufambidzana namamwe marudzi.
  • Mirairo yeMitemo: Kupa mirairo yokutarisira kushanda kwehurumende yomubatanidzwa. Nepo isiri mitemo, iyi mirairo ine simba romutemo wamasangano ehurumende.
  • Veto Simba: Mutungamiriri wehurumende anogona kuramba mari dzechikwereti dzinopfuudzwa neCongress, kunyange zvazvo Congress ichigona kukurira vhato nevoruzhinji vane matatu maviri mudzimba dzose dziri mbiri.

Bazu Rokutonga (Dare Rapamusoro Nematare Ehurumende)

Chikamu III chinosimbisa Dare guru ndokubvumira kuumbwa kwematare ehurumende yakaderera. Iri bazi rinodudzira mutemo uye rinouvimbisa kuti unowirirana neBumbiro remitemo. Chishandiso charo chine simba zvikurusa ndi judicial [, mano okuzivisa chiito cheDare kana kuti bazu revakuru vakuru. Simba rakavakwa mumhaka yechiratidzo marbury v. Madison [183]]. Dare rehurumende rinoita kuti zvigadzire nhau dzinobatanidza mutemo womubatanidzwa, nharo pakati penhau, uye pamutemo. Nokuda kwokunyukira zvikuru mumugariro nemubatanidzwa wematare, dare rinoshanyira [FT]

Hurumende yeHurumende: Uchangamire Hwomunharaunda

Hurumende dzinotevedzera hurumende, mapazu ehurumende, emitemo, uye okutonga, asi masimba adzo anochengeterwa nhau dzenharaunda dzisina kupiwa kuhurumende yehurumende.

Mitemo yeHurumende

Nyika yose kunze kweNebraska ine mubatanidzwa wedare webhiya rebhiyara (Dare uye Imba yeVamiririri kana kuti Gungano).

  • Kuita Mutemo weChikamu cheChirevo: Mitemo inopfuura padzidzo, zvokufambisa, utano hwavanhu vose, ruramisiro youtsotsi, uye mutemo wemhuri.
  • [[FT:0] Dhivhi: Apps inonzvera bhajeti yegore negore yenyika, iyo mari iri yose kubva kumayunivhesiti ehurumende kusvikira kumugwagwa unotenderera.
  • [ Kubatira kweHurumende dzomunzvimbomo: Kurondedzera masimba nemitoro yenzvimbo nenzvimbo munyika.

Gavhuna Nehurumende

Gavhuna ndiye mukuru mukuru wehurumende, ane mutoro wokushandisa mitemo yehurumende nokutungamirira masangano anodzora ehurumende. Gavhuna vane masimba akafanana naPurezidhendi, kubatanidza mano okuisa mutemo (kazhinji kazhinji nechinhu chemutsetse chinovabvumira kuramba zvikamu chaizvo zvemari yemari inobhadharwa) uye kupa ruregerero. Vanoitawo basa rinokosha mukuronga purogiramu yehurumende munharaunda dzakafanana nedzinochengetera utano (g. Médid wedzero) nedzidzo.

Masangano Ematare eHurumende

Dare rehurumende rinotonga nyaya dzakawanda muUnited States.

  • [[[FRAT:0] Matare echiNgezi: apo mhaka dzinotanga kutongwa uye matare anobetsera kuisa panzvimbo yetsika.
  • [[[FLT: 0] Dare reAppeneta: matare eInternate anohwirudzura zvisarudzo zvakabva kumatare anotonga.
  • State Court: Dare rokupedzisira ramabanza enhau dzomutemo wehurumende. Zvisarudzo zvaro panhau dzomutemo wehurumende ndezvokupedzisira uye hazvigoni kukwidzwa kuDare Rapamusorosoro reU.S. kutoti mubvunzo webumbiro remitemo rehurumende uchibatanidzwa.

Hurumende Yomunzvimbomo: Vamiriri Vomunzanga

Hurumende dzomunzvimbomo mwero wehurumende iri pedyosa navanhu, ine mutoro wokupa mabasa ezuva nezuva kuzuva iro rinorondedzera kunaka kwoupenyu hwenzanga. Kunokosha kucherekedza kuti hurumende dzomunzvimbomo hadzidudzwi muBumbiro remitemo reU.S.. Ndidzo "kuumbwa kwehurumende," kureva masimba adzo nezvivako zvinopiwa uye zvinorondedzerwa nomutemo wehurumende. Kune marudzi anoverengeka ehurumende yomunzvimbomo.

Hurumende Dzoruwa

Matura izvombo zvinotungamirira zvehurumende. Vanodzora mabasa ehurumende mukati memiganhu yavo yenzvimbo. Mitoro inowanzobatanidza kuunganidzwa kwemitero yezvinhu, kuchengeta marekodhi avose (kuzvarwa, kufa, roorano), kugovera sarudzo, kupa mibato youtano yavose, uye kushandisa vedhipatimendi rehurumende munharaunda dzisina kubatanidzwa.

Hurumende (Maguta, Maguta, uye Misha)

Hurumende dzinobatanidzwa munzvimbo dzinogovera betsero dzakananga zvikuru kuvagari vadzo. Dzinowanzova nechata inobva kuhurumende inodzipa chiremera chokutonga.

  • Mayor-Council: Meya akasarudzwa anobatira somukuru mukuru, uye dare rakasarudzwa rinobatira sedare remitemo. Uyu ndiwo muenzaniso wegamuchidzanwa zvikurusa.
  • Council-Mutarisiri weMakurukota: Dare rakasarudzwa rinogadza muitiro ndokuripira maneja wenyanzvi kuti atarisire mabasa ezuva nezuva reguta. Uyu mufananidzo unozivikanwa namaguta makuru zvikuru.
  • Musangano wakavanzika: unoshandiswa zvikurukuru muNew England, ichi chimiro chehurumende yavose yakananga umo vagari vanoungana kuti vavhote pamirau yomunzvimbomo nebhajeti.

Maruwa Chaiwo

Maruwa chaiwo akazvimirira, magariro akagadzirwa kuti aite basa rakati, zvakadai sedzidzo (maruwa echikoro), dziviriro yomwoto, vatarisiri vemvura, kana kuti zvokufambisa zvavose. Mabhodhi ezvikoro muenzaniso wakatanhamara wehurumende chaiyo yoruwa. Ane chiremera chikuru papurogiramu yechikoro, mari, uye muitiro, zvichiaita chimiro chine simba uye chinooneka zvikuru chehurumende yomunzvimbomo.

Masimba Oukama Hwehurumende

Kunzwisisa kuwirirana uku uye kushandira pamwe chete.

Chirefu Chakakwirira: Federal - State Relations

Ukama uhwu hwakatanga zvinoshamisa nokufamba kwenguva.

Batira Pamwe Kupfurikidza Nenzanga Yavanhu

Hurumende yehurumende inowanzopesvedzera muitiro wehurumende kupfurikidza ne vapindi-muti. Iyi mari inopiwa kunzvimbo kuti itsigire mapurogiramu akati. Kune marudzi makuru maviri:

  • Mari inopiwa nokuda kwedonzo chairo zvikuru, kazhinji kazhinji nemigariro yorumano. Muenzaniso mukurusa ndiMedicaid, purogiramu yeinishuwarenzi youtano yakabatana yomubatanidzwa yomubatanidzwa yavanhu vanowana mari yakaderera.
  • Mari inogoverwa nokuda kwenharaunda yakafara yomuitiro (g., kusimudzirwa kwenzanga kana kuti mabasa enzanga), kuchipa kuti pave nokuchinjika kukuru mukuishandisa.

Uku kuyerera kwemari kunoparira sundo ine simba yokuti nyika dziwirirane nenhungamiro dzomubatanidzwa. Nokuda kwemashoko echinjo dzinopa mamiriro ezvinhu omubatanidzwa nebhajeti yomunzvimbomo, [[FLT: 0] Conregional DHFD (CBO) inogovera kunzvera kwakakwana.

Kurwisana: Kupindwa Muropa uye Kutadza Kugadzirisa

Ukama hahusi hwenguva dzose hunobatira pamwe. Pasi pe Clausce pamutemo wemitemo [Fort]] (Aticle VI, Claus 2) weBumbiro remitemo, mutemo wehurumende ndiwo mutemo mukurusa wenyika. Apo mitemo nehurumende inorwisana zvakananga, mutemo wehurumende unosunungura [ mutemo. Ikoku kazhinji kazhinji kazhinji kunotungamirira kuhondo dzapamutemo, dzakadai sedzodzo pamusoro pemirairo yemhoteredzo, kudzo yokupinda munyika, uye kudzorwa kwapamutemo kwembanje.

Mamwe manyuko erwisano i murairo usingatenderwi. Izvozvi zvinodikanwa zvinoiswa nehurumende yehurumende pahurumende nenharaunda pasina kugovera mari kufukidza ndyiko. Mienzaniso inobatanidza zvikamu zveCeaty Water Act uye vaAmerica vane chibvumirano cheUrema. Madokero kazhinji kazhinji anodzosa mutoro wemari wezvokutanga zvenyika pamari pamari yavo.

Chiratidzo Chakarurama: Ukama hweHurumende

Bumbiro reMitemo rinopa mitemo inoverengeka yokuti hurumende dzinofanira kubatana sei.

  • Kutenda kwakazara neCresa Claus (Chervice IV, Chikamu 1): Zvinoda kutaura kuremekedza mabasa avose, zvinyorwa, uye mirau yokutonga yedzimwe nyika. Ndicho chikonzero nei rezinesi reroorano rakabudiswa munyika imwe richishandiswa mudzimwe dzose.
  • [[[FT:0] Chirango:[[FLT: 1] Chinoda kuti vapoteri vadzokere kumugariro umo vakaita mhaka.
  • Mabumbiro eInterstate: United States inogona kupinda muzvibvumirano nomumwe nomumwe, asi aya mapepa anoda kubvumiranwa kweCongress. Muenzaniso unozivikanwa zvikuru iPort Authority of New York neNew Jersey, sangano renyika dzinotarisira zviteshi zvezvifambiso zvomunharaunda.

Midziyo yeHurumende yomunzvimbomo: Kutonga kwaDillon v. Kutonga kwomusha

Ukama pakati pehurumende nehurumende dzadzo dzomunzvimbomo hwakasiana zvikuru noukama hwehurumende yenyika. Nemhaka yokuti hurumende dzomunzvimbomo i "vambi vehurumende," hurumende ine chiremera chapamutemo chakakwana padziri.

Chiremera ichi chinowanzorondedzerwa no Kutonga kwe , nheyo yapamutemo iyo inotaura kuti hurumende dzomunzvimbomo dzine masimba iwayo bedzi adzinopiwa nenzira yakajeka nedare rehurumende. Mukupesana, nyika dzakawanda dzakashandisa Kutonga kweIndaneti , izvo zvinopa hurumende dzomunzvimbomo upadzo yakafara kuti dzitarisire nhau dzadzo dzizvigadzire pasina kuda mvumo yehurumende chaiyo nokuda kwechiito chiri chose. Dzikamo pakati peidzi mbiri dzinoita zvinhu dzinotapura zvikuru dzinotapura mano enzanga okupfuudza mitemo panhau dzomunzvimbomo. [[FLT]] nzanga yeMagariro emaguta [[FLT]] 5]

Zvinetso Zvazvino Uno Mugadziriro Yakawanda

Nyika yeAmerica, nepo yakasimba, inotarisana nezvinetso zvikuru muzana remakore rechi21.

Kubvumiraniswa Kwemitemo Mukuparara

Zviitiko zvakadai senjodzi dzinongoitika dzoga kana kuti njodzi dzoutano dzinoda kuitirwa vanhu vose zvinofumura zvose zviri zviviri simba noutera hwegadziriro yehurumende. Somuenzaniso, kiza yeCOVID-19 yakasimbisa kusawirirana pakati penhungamiro yehurumende nezvinowanikwa nehurumende, pamwe chete negakava pamusoro pemirayiro youtano hwavanhu sechifukidzo nemishonga yenhomba. Kubatanidza mhinduro yakabatana munyika 50 nezviuru zvenzvimbo idenho huru yezvourongwa nezvamatongerwe enyika.

Kusaenzana Kwemari uye Kuvimbika

Hurumende dzakawanda nedzemunzvimbomo dzinotsamira zvikuru pakutsigira mari yehurumende, iyo inogona kuchinja - chinja nepfuma yenyika uye zvinhu zvezvamatongerwe enyika zvinotanga. Uku kutsamira kunogona kuparira njodzi dzemari pahurumende nomumwero womunzvimbomo apo hurumende yehurumende inoderedza kushandiswa kwemari kana kuti apo derero inoderera mitero. Dzikamo yesimba remari inhau huru muukama hwehurumende.

Kuchinja Kwematongerwe Enyika

Munhambo yekuparadzana kukuru kwezvamatongerwe enyika, rwisano pakati pemwero yakasiana- siyana yehurumende yakawedzera. Kwakapararira kuti hurumende inodzorwa nebato rimwe ipinde muhondo dzapamutemo nehurumende inodzorwa nerimwe boka. Nenzira yakafanana, maguta makuru ("Zvitsuwa zveBlue muNyika Dzvuku") kazhinji kazhinji anorwisana nehurumende dzawo pamusoro penhau dzakadai somuripo muduku, murairo wemhoteredzo, uye ruramisiro yenzanga, kuvamba wenda yakaoma yeinterGeneral ligiation.

Nei Kunzwisisa Zvinhu Zvine Nhaka Izvi: Kubatanidzwa Kwomukomana

Kuvagari vemo, kunzwisisa mwero yakasiyana - siyana yehurumende hakusi kungodzidza chete, asi kunobatsira kuvimbisana kunoitwa nehurumende.

Kufamba Nenzira Yakakodzera

Vagari vazhinji vanonangidzira ngwariro zvikuru pasarudzo yapurezidhendi asi vachifuratira zvisarudzo zvehurumende nemadzinza omunzvimbomo. Zvisinei, zvisarudzo pamusoro pezvikoro zvako zvomunzvimbomo, kugadziriswa kwemigwagwa, mari yemapurisa, mitemo yokugarwa kwenzvimbo, uye mitero yezvinhu zvinoitwa pamwero womunzvimbomo. Kuvhota kwapanzvimbo yacho kazhinji kazhinji kwakaderera zvikuru, kureva kuti vavhoti vanobvumikisa kuva netapuro huru zvikuru. Nenzira yakafanana, masangano ehurumende anodzora kugadzirwa kwezvikoro zvemo, mipimo yedzidzo, uye muitiro woutano. Kuchengetera gavhuna wako, mumiririri wehurumende, uye mutezo wedare reguta zvinokosha zvikuru sekuvhotera nokuda kwapurezidhendi.

Kuwana Masangano Anoitirwa Vanhu Vose

Kuziva mweroi wehurumende inogovera basa chairo rinogona kuchengetedza nguva nekangaidziko.

  • yakaisa ivhu rakagadzirirwa? Yana neguta rako kana kuti nharaunda inoshanda vanhu.
    • [[FLT]] mibvunzo pamusoro pechekero yeSocial Security? Kusvate seri kusangano reSocial Security.[FLT:][FLT]] [[FLT:]] [[FLT]]

    Kutarisira Vamiriri Kuva Vanozvidavirira

    Zviri nyore zvikuru kuti mukuru mukuru womunzvimbomo azvidavirire kupfuura nyika. Unogona kupinda musangano wedare rechikoro, kudana nhengo yedare reguta rako zvakananga, kana kuti kutaura pahoro yetaundi yakagamuchirwa nomumiririri wako wehurumende. Kunzwisisa mitoro chaiyo yehofisi imwe neimwe kunokugonesa kutungamirira pamutemo wako nenzira inobudirira uye kurayira migumisiro inobva kuvanhu vakarurama. Iyi gadziriro yakagadzirwa inogovera mativi akawanda okupinda, inopa vagari vemo simba rokuita nehurumende yavo munzira dzinooneka.

    mhedziso

    Kukamukana kwesimba pakati pehurumende dzehurumende dzehurumende, dzehurumende, uye dzomunzvimbomo rutivi runorondedzera rwegadziriro yezvamatongerwe enyika yeAmerica. Iri donzo, rinovakwa panheyo dzakavakirwa panheyo dzehurumende, rakarongedzerwa kuva rakasimba nerinochinjika, richidzikamisa kubatira pamwe kworudzi norusununguko rwomunzvimbomo. Kubatana kwenguva dzose (jere) kusunda nokukwevera pamwe chete uye kurwisana kunokosha zvikurusa kukuva chimiro chikuru chokudzora chinogona kuchinjira kukuchinja nguva apo chinoramba chakasimba munheyo dzamabumbiro emitemo. Kana kuchireverwa nokuda kwechinjo, kuvhotera muvhotera, kana kuti kungotsvaka basa ravose, kunzwisisa kuti aya mwero inoshanda pamwe chete sei uye yakaenzana inhano inokosha zvikurusa kukuva mugari anozivikanwa uye anobudirira zvikuru.