Hwaro Hwebumbiro reMitemo Hwokusarudzwa kwaPurezidhendi

Sarudzo yaVice Purezidhendi weIndia yakavakirwa muZvikamu 63 kusvikira ku 68 zveBumbiro reMitemo reIndia. Chikamu 63 chinoumba hofisi, chichitaura kuti kuchava naMutungamiriri wePurezidhendi uyo ari expositio Hashaijan weDare reUnited States (Rajiya Sabha). Chikamu 66 chinoisa mugadziri wemitemo: Mutungamiriri achasarudzwa nemitezo yekoreji ine nhengo dzose dziri mbiri dzeParamende. Iyi "Compris" inovhoteratelselse Sab neRaja Shabbahahapalparmes inopa Seclatea ji yepasika. Mumiririri mukuru mukuru mukuru mukuru wehurumende panzvimbo imwe chete. Mumiririri wehurumende haatariki inoresari yakakurumbira, asi inoisarusaruri inoumba imwe inomiririra muteveri.

Electoral College for the Vice President inobatanidza vose vakasarudzwa uye mitezo inosarudzwa yedzimba dzose dziri mbiri. Kusafanana nesarudzo yaPrezidenti, iyo inobatanidza mitezo yeState Legistrative Colleges, Purezidhendi weSander Secure iparamende chaiyo. Iyi purani inovimbisa kuti Mutungamiriri weSanihente, uyo anoshanda saMuteshi weRaja Sabba, akasarudzwa bedzi nedare renyika. Dare reEcomment of India (ECI) rinoitisa Sarudzo pasi peChikamu 324, achitevera mitemo yakarongwa muPrezidhea naVicebresidenti Eults Reclations, 1952, uye Dare reEcoutions Revolutions Revolutions Res Revolutions.

Nokuda kwohumwe udzame hwemitemo, nongedzera ku [[FLT]] rugwaro rwakazara rweBumbiro reMitemo, zvikurukuru Parti V, Ganhuro III. Bhuku reEcoution Commission rinojekesawo mipimo.

Muitiro Wokufambisa Mumwe Chete

Sarudzo yeSangano reSangano raPurezidhendi inoshandisa gadziriro ye projectal projectal kupfurikidza neNhamba imwe inopfuudzwa Vote (STV). Uyu mutoo wakasiana ne "kutanga-kare-post" tsika yakashandiswa nokuda kwezvigaro zvizhinjisa zveparamende. MuSTV, vavhoti venzvimbo dzezvirongwa munhevedzano yezvinodikanwa. Kana pasina mutengi akachengeta munuro unodikanwa (nhamba yevhoti inosarira inokamuraniswa nenhamba yezvinzvimbo, kubatanidza imwe nokuda kwechiverengero chokutanga), mutevedzero wokutanga wezvivhotina zvokutanga zvikurusa zvinobviswa, uye mavhoti ake anotamisirwa kunenge asara vakavakirwa pada yechipiri.

Sangano reSTV rinovimbisa kuti Mutungamiriri wenyika akasarudzwa anobvumirana zvikuru mumapoka ose ezvematongerwe enyika. Nemhaka yokuti vhoti dzinogona kuchinjwa, kunyange vavhoti avo vasati vari chisarudzo chokutanga voruzhinji vanogona pakupedzisira kuwina kupfurikidza nokutsvaka zvinoda zvakazotevera. Ikoku kunoderedza ngozi yokuwana muwini mukuru" neboka duku bedzi. Muitiro, nhamba yavada kutora rutivi inowanzova duku, uye chikamu chinodikanwa chinowanzowanwa pakuverenga kwokutanga pachako, zvikurukuru apo mutevedzeri anobvumirana anenge agamuchirwa.

Munhamba, muganhu unoshanda unoverengwa se: Quota = (Nhamba yeSeats + 1) + 1. Nokuda kwaMutungamiriri weHurumende, kune chigaro chimwe bedzi, naizvozvo chikamu chinova Quota = (Nhau yapamutemo Votes / 2) + , zvinoreva kuti mutengi anofanira kudzivirira hafu yevhoti dzevhoti dzinoshanda. Kana mutengi akagamuchira zvinopfuura mwero uyu pamavhoti okutanga, anoziviswa pasina kuchinjwa. Rusarudzo rwemite yemite yeEcom yemist.

Kugadzirwa Kwokunyora Nokunzvera

Kana Ecommution Commission yangozivisa rudungwe rweSarudzo, muitiro unovamba nokuziviswa kweziviso yavose. Vasai vanofanira kuisa pasi mapepa avo pamberi poMutungamiriri anodzosera akasarudzwa (zvikurukuru Munyori .Sangano General weRaji Sabha). Pepa rokuvhota rinofanira kusainwa navavhota vanenge 20 savavhotisi savane 20. Mutengi mumwe nomumwe anofanira kuisawo chitsama chechengeteko (zvino uno 175 000), icho chinoraswa kana muvhoti akakundikana kuchengetedza chinenge chinenge chitanhatu chezvivhoti.

Kuongororwa kwezvirongwa kunoitika pazuva rinotevera musi wokupedzisira wokunyora. Mukuru mukuru anodzosa anoongorora kunyorwa kumwe nokumwe kwemagariro emitemo: muda kubhabhatidzwa anofanira kuva mugari weIndia, ane makore anenge 35, anokwanisa kuva nhengo yeLokabha (uye naizvozvo kusabata nzvimbo ipi neipi yemhindu pasi pehurumende yepakati kana kuti hurumende), uye haafaniri kuva wendangariro dzisina kunaka kana kuti asingamirirwi mukunyungudutsa. Urema hupi nohupi muvatengi kana kuti zvikwaniriso zvavari vevadaviri hunogona kutungamirira kukurambwa. Masumo angabvisa kusabvumirana kwavo pasi pehurumende mukati mamazuva maviri pashure pokunzvera.

Musarudzo dzemisi ichangobva kupfuura iyi, Dare Gurusa reIndia rakajekesa kuti "basa remhindu" chitsama chemashoko chinoshandurwa zvakasimba. Somuenzaniso, mu Pradyut Bordoi v. Commission yeIndiya [2022], Dare rakatsigira kubviswa kwemutezo uyo akava nenzvimbo yehurumende yenguva inokwana mativi mana nebetsero dzemari. Ikoku kunovimbisa kuti muitiro wechisarudzo unoramba wakasununguka mupesvedzero yavakuru vakuru.

Kufarira: Mutambo Wakavanzika Nomufambiro

Kuvhura kunoitika muParamende, New Delhi, pamusi wakagadzwa neECI. Mitezo yose yeLok Sabba naRaja Sabha yakakwaniriswa kuvhota. Bumbiro reMitemo rinoraira kuva nechakavanzika [[[FLT:] kudzivirira kuzvimirira kwomuvhotera mumwe nomumwe, kunyange zvazvo mukuita basa renharo dzakawanda. Dare Rapamusoro, mu Pashupati Nath Singh v. Ecomment Commission of India [[FLT:]] 2020], rakacherekedza kuti chibhakera hachitongo chapamutemo mukuvhotarwa kwaPust, sokusati kuri kuvhota pauriro youriri.

Muvhoti mumwe nomumwe anogamuchira pepa retsoropodzi rinoronga vakwikwidza munhevedzano yemabhii, pamwe chete nevongedzero dzebato (kana pane ani naani) nezviratidzo zvevhota. Muvhoti maratidziro akasarudzwa kupfurikidza nokunyora "1", "3", "3", zvichidaro, mukurwisana navatendi. Chiratidzo chisina kukwana kana kuti kushandiswa kwezviratidzo kunze kwenhamba zvinogona kuita kuti blackotator ive isine basa. Mukuru mukuru mukuru mukuru navakuru vakuru vanovhota vanovimbisa kuti pasati paine muvhotera. Pashure pokuvhotera, pekuisa pepanhau rebhoti rinoiswa mubhokisi rakanamirwa.

Komisheni yeNzvimbo yokusarudza inogadza zviteshi zvakawanda zvokuvhota mukati menzvimbo dzeParamende kuti zvive nyore kuvhota. Pane dzimwe nguva, kuvhota kwave kuchiitwa kwakawanda nokuda kwemitezo iri kurwara kana kuti iri pasi pokuchengetwa, asi muitiro wetsika unoganhurira kuvhota kwose pazuva rimwe. Vapashure havabvumirwi muvhoti yeSarudzo yaPrezidhendi, kusafanana nomusarudzo yaPrezidhendi; mumigariro yechienzi bedzi mutezo unogona kuvhotera muchipatara kana kuti jeri negadziriro chaidzo.

Kuverenga Mazango Neziviso Yomuuyo

Kuverenga kunotanga nokukurumidza pashure pokunge kupera. Mukuru mukuru anodzosa anozarura mabhokisi okuvhota pamberi pevanoda kusarudzwa kana kuti vasarudzo vavo. Nhanho yokutanga ndeyokusarudza hwerengedzo yamavhoti apamutemo. Mabhora asina basa ndeayo asina kunyorwa, anoratidzirwa nokuda kwavanopfuura mumwe, kana kuti ane chiratidzo chipi nechipi chinozivisa.

Kuverenga kunotevera chibvumirano cheSTV. Muzvinoitika zvisingabvumiki zvikuru kana kuti zvisingabvumirani, chiverengero chokutanga chezviverengero chinosvitswa. Kana zvisina kudaro, mukwikwidzani ane vhoti shomanene dzokutanga anobviswa, uye mavhoti ake anopfuudzwa kuvanenge vasara vakavakirwa pazvisarudzo zvechipiri. Uku kupfuurira kusvikira mukwikwikwidzi asvika chiverengero. Muitiro wose unonyorwa uye unogona kudenhwa pamberi peDare rapamusorosoro muchikumbiro chesarudzo pasi peChikamu 71.

Muuyo wokupedzisira unoziviswa noMutungamiriri weForing, uyo ipapo anotumira gwaro rakasainwa kuna Purezidhendi. Mutungamiriri mutsva anoshanda nokukurumidza pashure pokupera kweshoko romutangiri kana kuti paziviso yaPurezidhendi, uye anopika chinzvimbo pamberi paPrezidhendi kana kuti mumwe mukuru mukuru akasarudzwa.

Chikonzero Nei Raja Sabha Achiita Basa Rinokosha

Kunyange zvazvo koreji yevhoti inobatanidza dzimba dzose dziri mbiri, Raja Sabha anoshanda saPurezidhendi mukuru mukuru. Chikamu 64 chinoita kuti Mutungamiriri weSajioffio Caignaman weRajiya Sabba. Ikoku kunoreva Rajiya Sabhaha inzvimbo huru yeparamende apo Purezidhendi anotungamirira. Mutungamiriri weSagenabi anoshanda saPrezidhendi apo anenge atadza kubvisa mabasa nemhaka yokusavapo, chirwere, kana kuti basa. Iri basa guru rinoita kuti Mutungamiriri wePrezidhente ave mubatanidzwa mukuru pakati pomukuru mukuru nedare.

Nemhaka yokuti Raje Sabra inoumbwa nemitezo inosarudzwa nehurumende nemitezo inosarudzwa, inomirira mutezo weIndia. Mutungamiriri weSaice, saChairman, anofanira kuchengeta kusasarura uye kutsigira chiremera cheImba. Nokudaro, muitiro wevhota unorongedzerwa kuva nechokwadi chokuti mutengi achava nechivimbo chesiri bedzi boka rehurumende asiwo boka rakafara remapoka eruwa nerokushora. Rajaya Sabba yakasanwa nomutoo wakananga uye unopfuurira (hakasati achizodzorwa) uremu hwesarudzo, sezvo Cheagerman anofanira kufamba imba iyo kazhinji kazhinji ine chimiro chakasiana chezvamatongerwe enyika kupfuura Loka.

Munhau dzakaitika, Rajiya Sabba panhambo dzinoverengeka yave iri nzvimbo huru yehondo yaPurezidhendi weSangano rePurezidhendi. Muna 2022, sarudzo yaJagdeep Dhankhar yakaona National Democratic Alliance (NDA) inodzora ichiunganidza tsigiro inobva mudzimba dzose dziri mbiri, asi makwikwi akakweva ngwariro nemhaka yokuti Rajiya Sabbaha akanga ane mugove mukurusa wekoreji (mitezo 230 panguva yacho). Mutsigiriki weSveri, Margaret Alva, akavhota, akavhotera mavhotera 182 muDhanhar 528, asi mabhineti muRajiya Sabbabha amene akasanocherekedzwa sea tsigiro yeparametary.

Kuenzanisa Nechisarudzo chaPrezidhendi

Sarudzo yaMutungamiriri weBazi rePurezidhendi inowanzoenzaniswa nejenaguru(* uye kusanangurwa kwaPurezidhendi weIndia. Zvose zviri zviviri zvinoshandisa kuwirirana neSTV nevhoti yapachivande. Zvisinei, pane misiyano mikuru:

  • Electoral College: Koreji yaPurezidhendi inosarudzwa inobatanidza mitezo yakasarudzwa yeLok Sabhaha, Raja Sabra, uye State Legastive Convention (kubatanidza National Capital Territory of Delhi ne Puuchry). Koreji yePurezidhendi yehurumende inobvisa chose chose chose.
  • Ukoshi hwezvivhoti: Musarudzo yaPurezidhendi, vhoti dzinosimbiswa pahwaro hunorangarira chiverengero chavagari vemo vehurumende imwe neimwe. Musarudzo yaPurezidhendi, mitezo yose yeParamende ine ukoshi hwevhoti hwakaenzana.
  • [[FT:0] Kudzokororwa kwemashoko: Nokuda kwaPurezidhendi, muda kubhapatidzwa anoda zvikarakadzo 50 nezvikamu 50; nokuda kwaMutungamiriri wePrezidhendi, chinodikanwa ndi 20 mumwe nomumwe.
  • [[FLT: 0]Ath: Purezidhendi anopika kuchengetedza, kudzivirira, uye kudzivirira Bumbiro reMitemo; Mutongi Mukuru anopika kuti achatakura kutenda kwechokwadi nokuvimbika kuBumbiro remitemo uye kuita mabasa ebasa nokutendeka.
  • Kushanda: Nzvimbo muhofisi yaPurezidhendi inofanira kuzara mukati memwedzi mitanhatu; nzvimbo muhofisi yoMutongi weBazi rePurezidhendi haina ganhuriro yenguva yemitemo, asi sarudzo inowanzoitwa nokukurumidza.

Iyi misiyano inosimbisa basa raMutungamiriri weHurumende sechisikwa cheParamende, kwete rechisarudzo chikuru chehurumende.

Nhoroondo uye Zvinonyatsozivikanwa

Muvindi wePurezidhendi wokutanga weIndia, Dr. Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan, akasarudzwa muna 1952 akabatana. Chifo chenguva iyeyo, sarudza rakapokanidzwa ka11 bedzi mu15 sarudzo somuna 2022. Rwisano yapedyosapfuura yakaitika muna 1967 apo V.V.Gri akakunda mutezo weDare rehurumende nechero vhiyi 55 chete pashure pokuzviverengero. Muna 2017, M.Vkaijaah Naidu akawana namavhoti 5164 okurwisana ne 244 eGopalkrishna Gandhi, mushori, muvhotera yakakwirira zvikuru.

Chinetso chikuru chakauya muna 2002 apo Sarudzo yaBhairon Singh Shekhawat yakapokanidzwa, asi Dare rakaitsigira. Kudzikama kwegadziriro yacho kunotaura nezvokugadzirwa kwakasimba kwemichina inosarudzwa pasi peECI.

Rajiya Sabra Sectariat inochengeta chinyorwa chakazara chemiuyo chifo chokuzvimirira. Munhu anogona kuwana iyi mashoko kupfurikidza ne Commission yaSarudzo yeSarudzo yePurezidhendi peji.

Quorum, Tiegrade Pestrunending, uye Mamwe Mabhuku

Hapana chinodikanwa chechikamu chidukusa mukati mokuvhota; kuvhota kwacho kunoshanda pasinei zvapo nechiverengero chose chevhoti dzakaitwa, chero bedzi sarudza racho rikaitwa zvakarurama.

Kana vaviri vanoda kubhapatidzwa vakagamuchira chaizvoizvo nhamba imwe cheteyo yamavhoti okutanga pachiverengero chokupedzisira, Mumiriri Anodzokera anonyora mijenya kuti azive muwinwi. Uyu muitiro wokuparadza unogoverwa muMurau 23 wePresidential and VicéPressidential Evolutions, 1974. Kudhindwa kwemijenya kunopupurirwa navadai kana kuti vamiriri vavo uye kunonyorwa mumaminiti.

Imwe revo ndeyokubatwa kwemitezo yakasarudzwa. Mitezo yakashatiswa yedzimba dzose dziri mbiri yakakodzera zvizere kuvhota, kusafanana musarudzo yaPrezidhendi umo mitezo yakasarudzwa yemitezo yehurumende isingagoni kuvhota. Uku kubatanidzwa kunosimbisa kumirira kwenyanzvi namanzwi mashoma.

Kupedzisa: Zvinorehwa Neparamende 76 Chisarudzo Chete

Sarudzo yaMutungamiriri weIndia nemitezo yeMitemo yose iri miviri yeParamende igadziriro yakasanorongwa yebumbiro remitemo. Inovimbisa kuti munhu achagara muhofisi yechipiri yakakwirira zvikurusa(* uye anoshanda somuchengeti wenhau dzaRaje Sabha inotevedzerwa nejenaguru kunobva kudare rehurumende. Kushandiswa kwokuenzanisa kunoitwa nevhoti imwe kunosimudzira kubvumirana uye kunoderedza bviro yokukunda. Uyezve, kubatanidzwa kwakakwana kweParamende kunosimbisa basa raPrezidhea somukuru mukuru mukuru weparamende, kwete mumiririri wenyika.

Sezvo hurumende inosarudzwa navose yeIndia inochinja, sarudzo yaPurezidhendi inoramba iri chiratidzo chikuru chewirirano yezvamatongerwe enyika napakati-isipatiti. Kunzwisisa mutoo wayo. Kuvambira pagadziriro dzebumbiro-mitemo kunzira yeSTV kunokosha nokuda kwomunhu upi noupi anotsvaka kunzwisisa kugadzirwa kwakazara kwegadziriro yebumbiro remitemo yeIndia. Kuvaravi vanofarira kunyudza kukuru, [FLT]][FLT]PRS Legislative purectorer [FLT] inogovera pfupi yakaisvonaka yemiendime nefonsorosero.