Kutanga: Mutsipa Sechinomira Pabumbiro Remitemo

Chipikirwa chapurezidhendi wehofisi chinopfuura zvikuru kudzokorora kwetsika. Chikamu pakati papurezidhendi ari kuuya neBumbiro reMitemo rimene, chichisimbisazve nheyo yokuti bhii reLickck reUnited States rinoshanda pagadziriro yamasimba akaparadzana. Pasina iyi dziviriro yebasa, bazi ripi neripi rinopa muganhu, kana kuti mutongi (jeri) rinogona kuunganidza chiremera chisingadzivisiki uye kutyisidzira rusununguko rwakaitwa kuti rudzivirirwe. Mhiko, inotaurwa pachena makore mana ari ose, inomanikidza purezidhendi kubvuma kuti simba ravo harina kugarwa, asi rinogoverwa, rinoganhurirwa, uye rinozvidavirira kumamwe mapazi uye kuvanhu.

Kunzwisisa kuti mhiko yacho inoratidzira sei kuparadzana kwamasimba kunoda kunzvera rugwaro rwayo, mavambo arwo, uye kushanda chaikoiko kwenyika munhau yose yeAmerica. Nyaya ino inonzvera upamhi humwe, ichienzanisira kuti mutsetse mumwe unogona sei kupeta muchina wakaoma kunzwisisa wecheki nechiyero.

Mashoko eOath yaPrezidhendi

Bumbiro reMitemo rinoraira mashoko chaiwoiwo emhiko youpurezidhendi muChikamu II, Chikamu 1: “ Ndinopika zvakakomba (kana kuti ndinosimbisa) kuti ndichashandisa nokutendeka Hofisi yaPurezidhendi weUnited States, uye ndichashandisa zvakanakisisa zvemano angu, kuchengetedza, kudzivirira nokudzivirira Bumbiro reMitemo reUnited States.” [ Purezidhendi ari wose chifo chaGeorge Washington akadikanirwa kudzokorora ichi chitsama chamashoko(kana kuti chitsama chawo) pamberi pokurangarira masimba ebasa.

Zviratidzo Zvinokosha Nerevo Yazvo Yebumbiro remitemo

Mhiko yacho ine mashoko anoverengeka anonyatsobatana nokuparadzana kwemasimba:

  • “ Nokuvimbika unoita Hofisi” [ - Shoko rokuti “Nokuvimbika” rinoreva basa rokuvimbika kwete kubato, dare, kana kuti fariro yomunhu oga, asi kugadziriro yebumbiro remitemo. Kuitwa kwehofisi kunoreva kuita mitemo inopfuudzwa neDare ndokumanikidzirwa kupfurikidza negadziriro yokutonga, kwete kunyorazve mitemo iyoyo pasina nguva.
  • “Severa, dzivirira, uye dzivirira Bumbiro reMitemo” - Iyi mitauro mitatu yeshoko inopfupikisa basa rapurezidhendi somuchengeti wenhevedzano yose yebumbiro remitemo. Kuchengeta kunoreva kuchengeta chimiro chehurumende; kudzivirira kunoreva kudzivisa nokushingaira kuedza kuishatisa. Bazu rimwe nerimwe rine basa rakafanana, asi mhiko yapurezidhendi inoisa mutoro chaiwo pamukuru webasa kuti rishande somutsetse wokutanga wedziviriro yedzikamo yebumbiro remitemo.
  • “Kuna zvakanakisisa zvamano angu” - Iri qualifier rinobvuma kusarurama apo richiri kutanga mupimo wakakwirira womufambiro. Harwubvumiri kuregeredza kwamaune kana kuti kuputswa kwamaune kweparadzano yamasimba; panzvimbo pezvo, kunoda nhamburiko yakanaka yokutenda kuti ishande mukati memiganhu yebumbiro remitemo.

Nhoroondo Yacho: Nei Vakatanga Mabhuku Aiva Nenzvimbo Yakanyorerwa

Vamiririri vakanetsa kuti mhiko isina kujeka ingabvumira purezidhendi kutaura chiremera chikuru kana kuti kufuratira mamwe mapazu. Kupfurikidza nokunongedzera zvakajeka Bumbiro reMitemo (panzvimbo penyika kana kuti vanhu) Vavambi vakavimbisa ruvimbiko rwapurezidhendi rwakanga rwuri rwokutanga uye chikurusa kugadziriro yapamutemo inodzivisa simba. Uku kwakanga kuri kuita kwakananga kuchinoitika nehurumende yeBritain, uko mhiko yamambo yaiwanzoratidzira maruramiro oumwari okutonga. Chipikiso cheAmerica, kupfurikidza nokupesana, purezidhendi kurugwaro rwakanyorwa runoparadzanisa simba pakati pamapazu matatu okutonga kweBritain.

Mavambo Nedonzo: Muvambi Wehurumende Yakaganhurirwa

Kuparadzaniswa kwamasimba hakusi chinhu chazvino uno; kwakanga kuri chinhu chikuru kuUzivi hwezvamatongerwe enyika hwaMuvambi. James Madison, mu Federalist Nha. 51, yakatsanangura, kuti: “Kuda kunofanira kuitwa kukurira gwinyiro.” Mhiko yapurezidhendi ndiimwe yemiitiro inoparira uku kupesana. Kupfurikidza nokupika kudzivirira Bumbiro remitemo, purezidhendi anovimbisa kuremekedza nzvimbo dzakasiana dzeChurvement and judiary.

Madison Aiita Zvaaiona

Madison akataura kuti hakuna bazu rinofanira kuva nesimba rokudzora vamwe. Mukuru mukuru, anodzora mitemo yehondo neyokudzikamisa, akaonekwa sebazu rine ngozi zvikurusa pamusoro pomukupikirwa. Naizvozvo, mhiko yacho inoda kuti purezidhendi atsigire zvakananga Constitution inopa Congress simba rechikwama nesimba rokudzora, uye anopa mutongi simba rokududzira mitemo nokuhwirudzura zviito zvoukuru. Chipikiso chacho chinova chiyeuchidzo chezuva nezuva chokuti purezidhendi haasi pamusoro peBumbiro reMitemo asi pasi payo.

Mapepa Eoath Nemapepa Akarongwa Nehurumende

Mapepa anoverengeka anokurukura ukoshi hwemhiko muRepublic. Faterast Nhaka. 64 (John Jay) uye Fiterastrian N. 69 [FLT]] (Alexander Hamilton) anorondedzera basa rakaganhurirwa rapurezidhendi rinoenzaniswa namambo weBritain. Hamilton muNo. 69 anosiyanisa zvakananga utongi nemasimba naavo vamambo, achiratidza kuti simba rapurezidhendi “ri nesimba uye rinoita zvokunzvera. Mipinduro. Mhiko inosimbisa kuti purezidhendi: purezidhendi haagoni, somuenzaniso, nokuda kwehaindero, Haspeasborro pasina kutenderwa.

Kushandiswa Kunoitwa Simba Remaoath

Mutauro wemhiko yacho unoumba zvakananga miganhu yechiremera chikuru. Apo purezidhendi anopika kuti “shandisa nokutendeka” hofisi, iyo inobatanidza kuita mitemo sezvakanyorwa, kwete seizvo purezidhendi angada kuti ive. Ichi ndicho chinhu chikuru che Chengetai Claus [ [, Chikamu 3), icho chinoti purezidhendi “achatarisira kuti Mitemo ipetwe nokutendeka.” Chipikiso chinoita basa iroro: purezidhendi anopikira kuchiita, uye anogona kuva muganhu wekusaidzira.

Ganhuriro Pamirayiridzo Yehurumende Nechiito

Purezidhendi ane uchenjeri hukuru hwokupa mirairo yavakuru vakuru namasangano anotungamirira akananga, asi zviito izvozvo zvinofanira kuvakirwa mumutemo wemitemo uripo kana kuti chiremera chebumbiro remitemo. Apo purezidhendi anotambanudza chiremera ichocho, vanozviisa mungozi yokuputsa mhiko. Somuenzaniso, apo Presidentint Harry Truman [ akabata zvigadziko zvesimbi mukati meHondo yeKorea kudzivisa kurova, Dare Rapamusoro rakaputsa murairo mu Protown Comment & Lamp; Tube Co. v. sawer[FLT] [195], richiita kuti purezidhendi ave nemiganhuro yapamutemo. Dare rakatotonga kuti Truman akanga asina kuuraya nokutendeka mutemo. [FLTrange akaedza muenzaniso mukuru wenhau.]

Kugadzwa uye Masimba Okubviswa

Mhiko yacho inobatanidzawo kugadzwa kwapurezidhendi namasimba okubvisa. Purezidhendi anoisa vatongi vehurumende navakuru vakuru venzvimbo yakakwirira, asi Dare rinofanira kuvasimbisa (kunzvera kwakajeka. Kana rangosimbiswa, vakuru vakuru ivavo havagoni kubviswa padai kana Congress yakagadzira dziviriro dzemitemo (zvikurukuru, masangano anozvimirira akafanana neFederal Reserve kana kuti Sanitical and Exchange Commission). Mhikodziro inoda purezidhendi kuremekedza ganhuriro iyoyo yedare panzvimbo pokuti simba rehurumende rokudzima munhu upi noupi. Mipikiso yokubvisa yave inopfuudzira yave iri kupfuurira, asi mhiko yemitemo: purezidhendi anofuratira ganhuriro yomutemo pakubvisa haisi “pari nokudzivirira nokudzivirira muganhu weBumbiro remitemo.

Makakero Nedzikamo Zvinofema Mumuti

Kuparadzana kwakananga kwemasimba mumhiko yacho igadziriro yokuongorora nokudzikamisa zvinokumanikidza.Mhiko yacho haisati iri kuzvitsiva umene; inotsamira pamamwe mapazu kuti achengete purezidhendi achizvidavirira.

Kubvuma Sezvo Kuongorora Kukuru

Kana purezidhendi akaputsa mhiko, House of Screaders inogona kuputsa uye Dare ringapa mhaka. Bumbiro reMitemo rinorondedzera mhaka dzisingadzorwi se “Kurangarira, Chiokomuhomwe, kana kuti mamwe Matsotsi makuru,” mashoko anobatanidza kushandiswa zvisina kufanira kwakakomba kwesimba. Munhau, nyaya dzinotendwa kazhinji kazhinji kazhinji dzakataura kuputswa kwemhiko yapurezidhendi. Somuenzaniso, kusabvumirana kwa1868 kwe [[FL:0] .PFLT [P] Andrew Johnson [[FLT: 1] akabatanidza nyaya yokushandisa zvisina kufanira simba rose kupfurikidza nedare rokunzvera kupfurikidza nokunzvera simba rezvamatongerwe enyika kupfurikidza nokudzivirira simba rezvamatongerwe enyika, rakati, “panguva pfupi yapfuura, kupfumbira kupfumbira kwe [FLDRON]

Kuhwirudzura Kworutongeso: Matare Savatongi Vokupedzisira

Dare redare reSangano reProfesiti, zvikurukuru rine simba rokuhwirudzura zviito zvehurumende nokuda kwebumbiro remitemo. Mu Mathbury v. Madison (103]), Mutongi Mukuru John Marshall akasimbisa kuti “munenzira huru iruwa nomubato wesangano redare rokutonga kutaura kuti mutemo ndeupi.” Apo purezidhendi anoita chiito chinoputsa kuparadzana kwemasimba (akadai sokuramba kushandisa mari yakakodzera neCongress (imperament) kana kuti kusaramba kudzokororwa kwapa nguva hurusa. Chipikiso hachipi mutengi purezidhendi mukuongorora dare; chinoiraira chaizvoizvo kupfurikidza nokuita mutezo mukuru wemitemo.

Utariri Hwomutemo Nesimba Rechitengo

Congress ine zvishandiso zvakawanda zvokunzvera purezidhendi: kunzwa, zvipfuro, uye simba rokutsigira kana kuti kubvisa zvinhu zvokutanga. Chipikirwa chapurezidhendi choku “ita nokutendeka” mitemo inobatanidza mitemo inodzora kushandiswa. Apo purezidhendi anodzosa mari kana kuti anoramba kuwirirana navakuru, Congress anogona kukwidza kana kuti kushandisa simba rayo rokudzidzisa. Saka mhiko yacho inosimbisa kuti bazi guru harigoni kushanda nokukurumidza munhau dzinodzokanwa.

Nguva Dzakatangira Dzakaedza Muchero

Munhau yose yeAmerica, purezidhendi vakatarisana nenguva umo kuparadzana kwemasimba kwakadenhwa, uye mhiko yacho yakava chinhu chikuru.

Abraham Lincoln Neboka raHabeas Corpus

Mukati meHondo yavagari vemo, Purezidhendi Lincoln akaregeredza shongwe yehabeas corpues pasina tendero yedare. Iye akarangarira kuti mhiko yake yoku “chengetedza, kudzivirira, uye kudzivirira Bumbiro remitemo” yakamubvumira kuita matanho anoshamisa kuponesa Union. Mutongi mukuru Roger Taney, mu [[FLT]] Ex parate Merryman [1861]), akatonga kuti Congress aingress bedzi aigona kumisa writ. Lincoln haana kushora zvakananga kutonga asi akapfuuridzira mabasa ake apo aitsvaka kubatanidzwa. Chino chakakomba chinoratidzira kubatira pakati pemhikoso chapurezidhendi nemubatanidzwa kudzivirira rudzi nenzvimbo inodzoro inodzorwa. Chibvumirano chaparo chapamho chamadzodzodzodzodzodzodzodzo.

Franklin D. Roosevelt’s Court - Backing Plan

Muna 1937, Purezidhendi Franklin D. Roosevelt akakarakadza kufutunura Dare Rapamusoro kuvazhinji savatongi 15, sezvinooneka kuderedza basa ravatongi vakwegura asi chaizvoizvo kutsigira tsigiro yeNew Deal. Vatsoropodzi vakarangarira kuti gadziriro yacho yaiputsa mudzimu wemhiko nemhaka yokuti yaizosekesa kuzvimirira kwedare redare. Gadziriro yacho yakakundikana muCongress, kwete nemhaka yechisarudzo chedare, asi nemhaka yokuti mapazu ezvamatongerwe enyika akaziva kuti kuchinja chinyorwa cheDare nokuda kwezvikonzero zvine chitsauko chamatomupidhi. Chifungo charose choga cho “kuchengeta, kudzivirira, uye kudzivirira Bumbiro remitemo” chakadudzwa navashori sechisarudzo yokushora gadziriro.

Richard Nixon uye Kuurayana Kwemanheru eChitanhatu

Muna 1973, mukati menzvero yeWatergate, Purezidhendi Nixon akaraira kupfurwa kwePuresant Proseald Cox, kuchitungamirira kukurega kwaAttney General Elliot Richardson naSeander Attorney General William Ruckelshaus. Vatsoropodzi vakapomera kuti Nixon akanga achiedza kuvhiringidza ruramisiro uye kudzivisa kuzvidavirira kwechibvumirano chake kuputsa mitemo nenzira yokutendeka. Chiiti chakatungamirira zvakananga kukusatendisa nhau, uye Nixon pakupedzisira akasimbisa kuti purezidhendi haagoni kushandisa simba roukuru kuti azvidzivirire amene pakunzvera; kuita kudaro kupesana kwamasimba nemhaka yokuti anodzorwa nebasa rake rokutonga muutsotsi.

Mutambo weOath neJadhisi: Mutongi Mukuru saOath-Mupi weDhereri

Mutoo uyo mhiko inopiwa nawo unoratidzirawo kuparadzana kwamasimba. Bumbiro reMitemo haritauri kuti ndiani anoita mhiko yacho, asi chifo chaJohn Adams, yave iri gamuchidzanwa Mutongi Mukuru weUnited States. Ikoku kwokufananidzira: mutezo webazu rinotonga unopika mumusoro webazu guru, uchiyeuchidza munhu ari wose kuti mutongi anomira somutauriri akazvimirira werevo yebumbiro remitemo. Chiratidzo chikuru hachisi kuisa chipikirwa chapachivande asi musero unomanikidzirwa namatare.

Muori Ungamanikidzwa Here?

Nepo matare asati achizongova mavhoriyano echipiri, achapindira apo purezidhendi anoputsa zvakajeka basa rebumbiro remitemo kana kuti remitemo. Mu Zivofsky v. Kerry (2020: 15), Dare Rapamusoro rakataura simba rapurezidhendi chairo rokuziva hurumende dzokumwe, asi rakaganhurirwawo chiito chomukuru mukuru munharaunda dzakafanana nenzvimbo dzakafanana nedzokutamira (g., [FLT:]]] Arizora v. United States, 2012). Chipikiso chinogovera bhiza: kana chiito chapurezidhendi chikapesana neBumbiro remitemo, dare rinogona kuchizivisa nenzira inobudirira, kuva nomuteshinanwa wake.

Mutambo Nebazi Romutemo: Zano uye Kubvumirana

Mhiko yacho inosimbisawo ukama hwapurezidhendi neCongress. Purezidhendi anofanira “Kungwarira kuti Mitemo ipedzwe nenzira yakatendeka,” inobatanidza kusaina kana kuti kubvisa mabhiri, kupa Hurumende yeUnion, uye kurumbidza matanho. Asi mhiko inodzivisa purezidhendi kudzora gadziriro yemitemo. Somuenzaniso, purezidhendi haagoni kushandisa simba reveto kuraira kuti Mitemo ipfuure mitemo yakananga ine chokuita nomutemo wave wakarendwa, iyo ichava kushandiswa kwokunyengera kwesimba rehurumende. Nenzira yakafanana, purezidhendi haagoni kuramba kushandisa mari iyo Dare rakaraira (nhau yakasvika matare mukati mechiNixon naTrump). Chipikiso chinomira sechiyeuchidzo chokuti basa rapurezidhendi rinoita kuti basa rake rishande, kwete kuputsa.

Nhetembo Dzazvino Uno: Kuita Kuti Simba Rive Neoath

Munhambo yokuparadzaniswa kukuru kwechikwata, mhiko yapurezidhendi yakava noukoshi hutsva. Mapurezidhendi anobva kumativi ose ari maviri akapomerwa mhaka yokudarika miganhu yawo yebumbiro remitemo, kubva kukushandiswa kukuru kwemirairo yehurumende kusvikira kumabasa ehondo asiri ehurumende. Mhiko yacho inobatira sechidimbu chemhinduro nemitemo nokuda kwavatsoropodzi avo vanotaura kuti mukuru mukuru ari kuputsa kuparadzana kwamasimba.

Mirayiro Yakapiwa Chinzvimbo Chikuru Inopesana Nechiremera Chomutemo

Mapurezidhendi emisi ichangobva kupfuura iyi akabudisa mirairo yakatanhamara pamusoro penhau dzakadai sekupinda munyika (Chiito chapamutemo nokuda kwokusvika kwaVana, zvirambidzo zvokufamba), ganhuriro yemhoteredzo, uye chikwereti chavadzidzi. Vatsigiri vanopikisa kuti izvi zviito zviri muchisarudzo chapurezidhendi; vashori vanotaura kuti vanobvuta basa remitemo reCongress. Chipikiso chinogovera muedzo webumbiro remitemo: unoita murayiro wacho pamusoro pe “mutongenge mariri, kana kuti unoumba muitiro mutsva here? matare pane dzimwe nguva akarova mitemo yakadaro apo aipfuura chiremera chapurezidhendi, somu taxv. United States [FG]] (2020] pamusoro peDAC. Iyi mifungo inotonga kazhinji inodudza pamusoro pebasa rapurezidhendi pasi peCaeaieaiea uye kunongedzera kurumbiso.

Nzvimbo Yemaoath Nechengeteko Yenyika

Munhau dzechengeteko dzenyika, mapurezidhendi kazhinji kazhinji anotaura simba remitemo rinogarwa nhaka rakavakirwa pamhiko yavo yokudzivirira Bumbiro remitemo. Uku kutaura kwakashandiswa kururamisa kurovanya, kusingabvumirwi, uye kupindira kwehondo pasina kubvumirwa. Zvisinei, Simba Revo reHondo reGeneral re 1973 nenhau dzeDare rapamusoro-soro dzakasiyana- siyana (mr., ] Hamdi v. Rumsfeld[, 2004) rakadzorera, richisimbisa kuti kunyange munguva yenguva yehondo, masimba apurezidhendi haana kuganhurirwa. Chipikiso hachipi chiremera chinoraira chiito chakakomba mukati pamutemo, icho chinobatanidza simba reDare kuzivisa hondo nero.

Chikonzero Nei Muitiro Une Zvaunoita Kuvagari Vemo

Kunzwisisa mhiko yapurezidhendi seratidzirwo yeparadzano yamasimba kunobetsera vagari vemo kuisa vadzori vavo kuzvidavirira. Mhiko yacho haisati iri bedzi mutsetse mubhuku renhau − ibasa mhenyu rinodzvinyirira mupindi ari wose weOval Office. Apo purezidhendi anoita pasina donzo, anoramba mirau yokutonga, kana kuti masangano edare, mhiko yacho inova mwero wokuita kana purezidhendi iyeyo ari kuzadzika basa ravo remitemo. Vagari vamapepanhau, mapoka ezvinadzidzo zvemitemo, uye nyanzvi dzose dzemitemo dzinoshandisa mhiko sechiratidzo chemitemo yetsika yeboka.

Dzidzo Yemiviri Nenzvimbo Yemaoath

Zvikoro nemasangano ehurumende anowanzodzidzisa mhiko serutivi rwezvidzidzo zvehurumende, asi kubatana kwayo kukuru nokuparadzana kwemasimba dzimwe nguva kunofuratirwa. Kuziva kuti mhiko yacho inobatanidza purezidhendi negadziriro yehurumende yakakamukana kunogona kusimudzira kuvimbisana kukuru uye kutsoropodza. Kunosimbisawo kuti purezidhendi haasi mambo kana kuti mutungamiriri wehurumende yose, asi panzvimbo pezvo musoro webazi rimwe rinokwana vanhu vakawanda.

Mugumo: Murayiro Sechipikirwa Chinopfuurira

Chipikirwa chapurezidhendi chebasa kutaura kwakapfupikiswa asi kune simba kwokutendeka kwebumbiro remitemo.

Sezvo purezidhendi mutsva mumwe nomumwe anosimudza ruoko rwake ndokudzokorora mashoko iwayo makumi matatu namashanu, haasi kungotanga shoko rehofisi chete, ari kuvandudza kuzvipira kugadziriro yehurumende yave ichirarama kwamazana maviri amakore nemhaka chaiyo yokuti inoparadzanisa, inoganhurira, uye inodzikamisa. Mhiko ichipikirwa chinoita kuti gadziriro iyoyo ishande.