Kunzwisisa Rwendo Rwacho: Kuchinja Kunoita Pfungwa

Muitiro wokushandura pfungwa yose kuva murairo unomanikidzirwa ndimumwe wemabasa akaoma zvikurusa naanokosha ehurumende yazvino uno. Nepo vanhu vazhinji vachibatira pamwe nemirairo zuva nezuva (kuvambira pamitemo yemotokari kusvikira kumipimo yekotsekano yezvokudya (_fow) vanonzwisisa nzira yakaoma iyo iyi mitemo inofamba kubva pakunamba kuenda kukuchengetwa. Nokuda kwavadzidzi, vadzidzisi, uye vagari vemo vakaronzedza urwu rwendo runokosha nokuda kwokunzwisisa kuti muitiro wavose unoumba sei nzanga uye kuti vanogona sei kutora rutivi sei mumuitiro wacho.

Iyi nhungamiro yakakudzwa inoputsa chikamu chimwe nechimwe chebhasikoro roupenyu, inonzvera vatambi vakuru vanobatanidzwa, uye inonzvera denho chaidzoidzo dzenyika dzinoita mirau iri yose iri miviri iri madikanwa neinokakavara. Pamugumo, uchava nemepu inoshanda, ine udzame yenzira yokuti pfungwa inova sei mutemo unofanira kutevera.

Mitemo Chii uye Nei Iripo?

Mitemo inosungisa zviri pamutemo inopiwa nemasangano ebazu makuru kana kuti masangano okuzvimirira. Yakasiyana nemirau inopfuudzwa nemitemo yakadai seCongress kana kuti gungano rehurumende(maganhu) anotsanangura nokushandisa mitemo iyoyo. Somuenzaniso, Clean Air Act (a mutemo) inobvumira Environmental Protection Agency kugadza miganhu pazvinosvibisa mhepo; mipimo yakananga yokubudisa mipimo mitemo imirau.

Mitemo iripo kuti izadze misiyano inosiyiwa nomutemo wakafara. Inopa udzame hwezvoruzivo, nguva dzinotevedzerwa, uye miitiro yokuita kuti mutemo ushande. Pasina mirau, mitemo icharamba isina kujeka uye isingashandisiki. Gadziriro inogadzirirwa kudzikamisa fariro dzinokwikwidzana: kudzivirira utano hwavanhu, chengeteko, uye mhoteredzo nepo ichibvumira kukura kwemari nokuvandudza.

Nokuda kwokunzvera zvikuru basa remirau muchaunga chedemocracy, ona Administrative Conference of the United States[[FLT: 1]].

Gadziriro Yokutungamirira Nhano Nenhanho

Rwendo rwokuenda kumitemo inomanikidzirwa runowanzotevera muitiro wakarongeka, wakawanda. Nepo nhevedzo chaiyoiyo inogona kusiana nenyika kana kuti sangano, mwero yapakati inoramba iri inowirirana.

Chikamu 1: Kuziva Kudiwa Kwokudzorera

Chinetso ichi chingazivikanwa ne:

  • [ Chirevo chapamutemo: Mutemo unopfuudzwa neCongress ungaraira sangano kuita mitemo panhambo yakati.
  • Dzvinyiriro yePublic: Mapoka okusatendeseka, vagari vemo, kana kuti vanobudisa nhau vanogona kukwevera ngwariro kunhau inoda chiito chehurumende.
  • [ Nzvero yokusangwarira kana kuti shoo: Zvirongwa zvinounganidza nguva dzose mashoko pamusoro poutano, chengeteko, kunaka kwemhoteredzo, uye migariro yemari. Apo mashoko anozivisa mukaha kana kuti ngozi, murairo ungarangarirwa.
  • [[FOLT:0] mirau yedare: Dzimwe nguva matare anorova mirau iripo kana kuti kududzira mutemo nenzira inoda kugadzwa kutsva.

Padanho rino, sangano rinofanira kuitisa nzvero yokutanga kuona kana murairo uri chishandiso chakanakisisa. Misiano yokutsiva yakadai senhungamiro dzokuzvidira, kurudziro dzemitero, kana kuti mitoo yakavakirwa pamusika ingarangarirwa. Chinokosha ndechokururamisa chikonzero nei mutemo wakafanira uchidikanwa.

Chivako 2: Kutsvakurudza Nokubudirira Kwechirongwa

Kana zvataurwa kuti zvinokosha, sangano racho rinotanga kutsvakurudza zvakadzama.

  • Kunzvera kwapamutemo: Kuhwirudzura mutemo unogonesa kuva nechokwadi chesangano rine chiremera chapamutemo chokudzora.
  • Fundo dzesayenzi nedzemari: Kuunganidza nzvero yezera razvinoonekwa, kuitisa mirangariro yengozi, uye kuenzanisira ndyiko nebetsero dzinobvira dzemirairo.
  • Kuvimbisana kubatanidzwa: kurukurirano dzamasanga nenyanzvi dzemaindasitiri, mapoka avatengi, hurumende dzomunzvimbomo, uye mamwe masangano ehurumende.
  • [ Kurangarira mirau iripo: Kutsvaka nokuda kwokubatana kana kuti kurwisana nemimwe mirau.

Kubudiswa kweiyi nhano chikarakadzo chokuronga, chinowanzonzi Nhevedzano YeProced Rulegal (ANPRM) kana kuti kungonyora bedzi kokutanga. Papfundo rino, sangano racho ringavambawo kugadzirira kunzvera kwezvemari kunodikanwa nomutemo mumativi akawanda.

Chinotangira 3: Kuongorora Pachena uye Kudzorera Zvokudya

Kutora rutivi kwavose ibwe renheyo yapamutemo. MuUnited States, Administrative Procedure Act (APA) inoda masangano kubudisa Chiziviso Chokuita Ruramisiro (NPRM) mu [[FLT:] FREDA REG REGENT. Chiziviso chinobatanidza:

  • Mutemo wataurwa.
  • Chiremera chapamutemo icho chinokarakadzwa pasi pacho.
  • Kutaura kwechinangwa chomutemo wacho uye migumisiro inobvira.
  • Mirayiridzo yokupa mhinduro dzavose.

Nhambo yetsinhiro dzavose inowanzogara mazuva 30 kusvikira ku90, kunyange zvazvo mitemo yakaoma ingabvumira mazuva 180. Munhu upi noupi(idivi rimwe nerimwe vagari vemo, makambani, masangano asingabetseri mhindu, nyanzvi dzezvokutengeserana(nzi dzinopa tsinhiro dzinonyorwa. Masangano anodikanirwa kurava ndokupindura tsinhiro dzinokosha mumurayiro wokupedzisira. Uyu muitiro hausi kungovawo zvawo pamutemo; mirau mizhinji yakachinjwa zvikurukuru nemhaka yerevo yavose.

Somuenzaniso, Food and Drug Administration's Nutrition Facts yakapesvedzerwa zvikuru netsinhiro dzinobva kumasangano outano namakambani ezvokudya. Kuona kuti tsinhiro dzinoshanda sei, shanyira [[FLT: 0] Regations.gov.

Chikamu 4: Kuchinja Kudzokororwa

Pashure pokunge nguva yetsinhiro yapera, sangano racho rinohwirudzura mashoko ose uye rinovamba kunyora mutemo wokupedzisira.

  • Kubatanidza kana kuti kupa tsinhiro: Sangano racho rinofanira kutsanangura chikonzero nei zvikarakadzo zvakati zvakagamuchirwa kana kuti zvakarambwa.
  • [[NHAU: 0] Kunzvera rugwaro:[ Vagadziri vemitemo vanonatsa mutauro kuva wakarurama uye unomanikidzirwa. Tsananguro dzinojekeswa, mipimo yenguva yokuteerera inogadzwa, uye zvirango zvinodudzwa.
  • Kunzvera ndyiko yemari: mitemo yakawanda inoitwa nzvero yokudzokororwa kuti ione kana betsero dzichiruramisa ndyiko.
  • Tsvenence: MuU.S., Hofisi yeInformation neRegatoriast Affairs (OIRA) inowanzohwirudzura mitemo inokosha kuva nechokwadi chetsinhirano nezvinokosha zvapurezidhendi.

Kunyora kunogona kutora mwedzi kana kuti kunyange makore, zvichitsamira pakuoma kwomutemo wacho uye kuwanda kwetsinhiro. Vavariro ndeyokubudisa mutemo unonzwika zviri pamutemo, wakarurama, uye unoshanda mune zvamatongerwe enyika.

Chivako 5: Ongorora Uye Rumbidzo

Kana angonyorwa, mutemo wacho unopinda mugadziriro yakarongwa yokuhwirudzura nokutendera.

  • [ Tsigiro yemisoro yapamberi: Mutungamiriri wesangano (umh., Mutungamiriri weEPA) anofanira kusaina.
  • [[[NHAU]] hwirudzuro yemari: magweta eArhente anovimbisa kuti mutemo uri mukati mechiremera chemitemo uye unosvitsa zvinodikanwa zvetsika.
  • [[FLT: 0] Kuhwirudzurwa kweChibvumirano (muU.S.): mirau mikuru inofanira kuiswa kuCongress, ine nhambo (inowanzova mazuva 60 emitemo) yokuishandura kupfurikidza nechisarudzo chakabatana chokusatendera. Zvisinei, ikoku hakuwanzoitiki.
  • Murairo wokupedzisira unobudiswa nomusi unobudirira, kazhinji kazhinji mazuva 30 kusvikira ku 90 pashure pokubudiswa kubvumira kugadzirira kwokuteerera.

Mune zvimwe zviitiko, mutemo ungava pasi pehwirudzuro ye usati wavapo kana kuti pashure payo. Dare rinogona kubvisa murairo kana ukapfuura chiremera chesangano, unoda hawo, kana kuti unoputsa maruramiro ebumbiro remitemo.

Chinotangira 6: Kushandiswa uye Kumanikidzwa

Kuzivisa hakusi kuguma. Sangano racho rinofanira zvino kuita kuti murau wacho uve chaiwo. Kushandiswa kunobatanidza:

  • Dzidzo nenhungamiro: Nhau dzezvirongwa dzinotungamirira, kubata magwenya, uye kugadzira zvishandiso zvokubetsera mabhizimisi navagari vemo kunzwisisa misengwa yavo.
  • Kunzvera nokutarira:[ APPPsChects shoo, mishumo, uye kuunganidza mashoko kuva nechokwadi chokuteerera.
  • Zviito zvokumanikidza: Kutyora mutemo kunogona kuguma nenyevero, faindi, mirairo, kana kuti kunyange zvirango zvoutsotsi nokuda kwemhosva dzakashata.
  • [ hwirudzuro yePuriodic: mitemo haisati iri yakaremara. Mitemo inofanira kuhwirudzura nguva dzose kuti ione kana inoramba ichishanda uye ichishanda zvakanaka.

Somuenzaniso, mutemo unoitirwa kuderedza kusvibiswa kwemhepo ungawedzera mapepa emabhizimisi maduku usingazivi.

Muenzaniso Wenyika Chaiwoiwo: Rwendo Rwokuchengeteka Kwezvokudya

Kuita gadziriro yemaod Safety Modernization Act Food Safety Savity Moderma)[FSMA] .Congress yakapfuudza FSMA muna 2011, ichitungamirira FDA kugadzira mitemo yokudzivisa hosha dzinokonzerwa nezvokudya. FDA yakapedzerwa kwerinopfuura gore kunzvera, kutungamirira mapurogiramu endege, uye kubvunza nemapoka ezvemari. Muna 2013, mutemo unokarakadzwa wakabudiswa netsinhiro yezuva 120-20. Tsitsiroo dzinopfuura 1 500 dzakapiwa. tsinhiro dzakadzokororwa mutemo wadzokororwa kakawanda, kunetsa zvaityikidzwa nemapurazi maduku pamusoro pezvitsara zvokuteerera. Mutemo wokupedzisira wakabudiswa muna 2015, nemisiano inoshanda zvakanaka mumabhizimisi maduku. Nhasi, FBSPN inodzoromedzoro dzinodzorwa dzinodzorwa dzinoteverwa panzvimbo dzinotevedzerwa.

Uyu muenzaniso unosimbisa kuti kutora rutivi kwapachena [[FLT: 1] kwakaumba sei murau wokupedzisira. Pasina tsinhiro, mutemo ungave wakaisa mitoro isingaenzaniswi pamapurazi maduku.

Kukosha Kwemitemo Munzanga Yazvino Uno

Mitemo inowanzotsoropodzwa sematepi matsvuku, asi inoshanda mabasa anokosha anobetsera munhu ari wose:

  • Kudzivirira utano hwavanhu nekotsekano:[[FT: 1]] ganhuriro dzekumhanya, kodi dzokuvaka, tendero yemishonga, uye mitemo yekotsekano yebasa zvinoponesa zviuru zvoupenyu gore negore.
  • P anochengeta mhoteredzo: Mhepo yakachena nemirau yemvura inobata nokushatiswa uko zviito zvimwe nezvimwe zvisingagoni kupedza. Creat Air Act yeU.S. yakaderedza zvinoshatisa zvikuru nainopfuura 70% chifo cha 1970.
  • [[[FLT: 0] Kuisa makwikwi akafanira: mirau inodzivisa mibato inodzorwa namamwe makwikwi anoparadza. Mitemo yapamutemo inodzivirira vatengi pakubiridzira.
  • Kudzivirira vatengi kuti vasarudze: Inotonga papepa rinonyorwa, chokwadi chiri kukweretesa, uye inoyeuka ichipa vatengi mashoko anodiwa kuti vasarudze zvavanoziva.
  • Mitemo yokubhangisa mari inobetsera kudzivisa zvinetso zvemari kupfurikidza nokuda nzvimbo dzakakwana dzinochengeterwa mari nedzinotarisirwa nengozi.

CD'S Policy Division inogovera mashoko makuru enyika yose anoratidza kuti mitemo yakasanorongwa inovandudza kushanda kwemari.

Zvinetso Zvinowanzoitika Mugadziriro Yokutungamirira

Pasinei zvapo nebetsero dzawo, mirau ine zvinetso.

Kudzikamisa Fariro Dzemabhizimisi

Mitemo iri yose inoparira vawiridziri navakundi. Mabhizimisi angadzivisa ndyiko dzinotevedzerwa; mapoka emhoteredzo angada miganhu yakaganhurirwa zvikuru; mubatanidzwa wavashandi ungamanikidzira nokuda kwedziviriro dzavashandi. Nhevedzo dzinofanira kutungamirira idzi rwisano dzichiramba dziri mukati memiganhu yemitemo. Muuyo kazhinji kazhinji idzodzodzo dzinorega munhu achigutsikana zvizere.

Kunonoka Kwehurumende Nokuoma Kunzwisisa

Chiratidzo cheavhareji chehurumende muU.S. chinotora anopfuura makore matatu kubva pamufungo kusvikira kuchinyorwa chokupedzisira. Mitemo yekurumidziro inogona kukurumidza kugadzirwa, asi mitemo mizhinjisa inofamba zvishoma nezvishoma. Uku kunonoka kunogona kuva kunodenha apo chiito chokukurumidza chinodikanwa, zvakadai sepanenge paine njodzi youtano hwavanhu. Zvisinei, kukwana kunoitirwa kudzivisa zvisarudzo zvokusafunga.

Kuona Zvakajeka uye Kuzvidavirira

Nepo gadziriro yetsinhiro dzavose ichigovera kujeka, kuchiri kungava kwakaoma kuti vagariwo zvavo vatsive nenzira inobudirira. Mapoka enzvimbo dzemaindasitiri anowanzopa tsinhiro dzakakwirira, nepo vanhu vamwe navamwe vangashaiwa nguva kana kuti unyanzvi. Vamwe vatsoropodzi vanotaura kuti masangano anopa ukoshi hukuru kuvatsi vanosanoiswa. Nhamburiko dzakadai se Agenda yeFederal Regaritation Actal na Deregatoriation Acts[[FLM:1]] kuedza kuita kuti muitiro wacho usvikiswe zvikuru.

Kuchinjira Kumamiriro Ezvinhu Anochinja

Mitemo yakanyorwa makumi amakore akapfuura ingasaratidzira sayenzi yazvino kana kuti ruzivo rwokugadzira zvinhu. Somuenzaniso, mipimo yekumhanya nokuda kwamadhiropu yakanga ichinonoka kubuda nemhaka yokuti ruzivo rwokugadzirwa kwezvinhu rwakapfuura muitiro wokuita mitemo. Zvirongwa zviri kushandisa nenzira inowedzera hwirudzuro [ youngwaru kuzivisa mitemo yakareruka, asi fambiro mberi haina kuenzana.

Matambudziko Epamutemo Neezvematongerwo Enyika

Mitemo inowanzodenhwa mudare. Chisarudzo cheWest Virginia v. EPA chakaganhurira mano eEPA okudzora magasi egreenhouse pasi peDengal Air Act, chinoratidza kuti kududzira kwedare kunogona sei kudzosa chiremera chokudzosa. Matongerwe enyika angamisawo nhau(a udzori hutsva kana kuti kudzosa mitemo iripo.

Vatambi Vanokosha Mugadziriro Yokudzora

Kunzwisisa uyo anopesvedzera murairo kunobetsera kubvisa muitiro wacho:

  • [ `[[FLT]]
  • Masangano anoshanda: Draft uye kumanikidzira mitemo (mutoo., EPA, OSH, SEC).
  • [[[NHAU]] Mabasa okuronga anotsamira pamunhu: akadai seFCC kana FTC; anoshanda nokuzvimirira kwakawanda kuna Purezidhendi.
  • [ Courtets:[ Mitemo yehwirudzuro nokuda kwepamutemo uye kushanda kwebumbiro remitemo.
  • Vatori:[ Mabhizimisi, asingabetseri, masangano okutengesa, mibatanidzwa, uye vagari vemo.
  • Media: Kuumba mifungo yavanhu uye kunogona kumanikidza nhau kurukuro.
  • [ Mitemo yenyika dzakawanda:[ Sangano reNyika Yebhizimisi kana kuti International Organization for Pergament inodzora mitemo yemhuri, zvikurukuru pamusoro pezvokutengeserana.

Kuchinja Kuri Kuita Kuchinja Kwekuchinja Kworuzivo

Unyanzvi hwokugadzira zvinhu huri kuchinja magadzirirwo emitemo uye kumanikidzwa kutevedzerwa:

  • .C. Online maparera akafanana nemirairo.gov ine tsinhiro dzinodzorwa nedemocrate. Ungwaru hunogadzirwa nahwo hunoshandiswa zvino kunzvera mavhoriyamu makuru etsinhiro.
  • Mabhokisi ejecha anodzora: Mamwe masangano anobvumira kusunungurwa kwechinguvana nokuda kwezvigadzirwa zvitsva (umh., Fitech) kuedza pfungwa itsva mumamiriro ezvinhu anodzorwa.
  • Kuchengetwa kwemitemo yezvemari: michina inoshanda ichishanda ichiita kuti iwirirane nemitemo yomutero kana kuti kushuma kwemhoteredzo.
  • statchain nokuda kwokuona: Mamwe mabasa okufambisa ndege anoshandisa blockchain kutevera kudzokororwa kwewirirano muketani.

Maturusi aya anovimbisa kudzora nokukurumidza, kunogamuchira, asi anomutsawo kunetseka pamusoro pokuva woga, kusasarura, uye zvakafanira.

mhedziso

Rwendo rwokuenda kumitemo inomanikidzirwa rurefu kure nomutsetse wakarurama. Runobatanidza nzvero yakakomba, murapi mukuru, kunyora kwavose kwokungwarira, mirwi mizhinji yehwirudzuro, uye kudzikamisa kunopfuurira. Nepo muitiro wacho unogona kuva unononoka uye unokakavadzana, wakarongedzerwa kubudisa mitemo yapamutemo yakanaka, yakavakirwa paufakazi, uye inogamuchira kuvanhu vavanotapura.

Vadzidzisi, vanonzwisisa rwendo urwu vanoshongedzera vadzidzi kuita zvine chinangwa muupenyu hwavo hwevagari vemo.

Kunzvera mirau yazvino inokarakadzwa ndokupa tsinhiro dzako umene, shanyira mirau. gov. Nokuda kwenhungamiro ine udzame pamuitiro wekutungamirira paU.S., ona mushumo weDare rePUPU] pamusoro pokuita mitemo.