Kunzwisisa Makakatanwa Efariro Mukutonga Kwehurumende

Gadziriro dzinodzorwa ikokudzorwa kwokuzvidavirira, kuva nechokwadi chokuti zvisarudzo zvinotapura vanhu namabhizimisi zvinoitwa nenzira yakarurama, nenzira yakajeka, uye mukati memiganhu yomutemo. Kubva paraisenzi dzinobetsera rwisano, idzi zvinoitika zvinova nesimba guru pamusoro pezviraramiso nokuvimbwa navanhu. Kunyange zvakadaro gadziriro yose iri pambiru imwe isingatani kushatiswa: kusasarura. Nyaya ino inopfuudzira fariro dzomunhu oga dzomunhu oga / "finacina, wirirano, kana kuti kudzorwa kwezviito zvehurumende, magakava apamutemo. Makakatanwa okunzwa, angave chaiwoiwo, anobvira, kana kuti anooneka zvawo, anofanira kudzokororwa zvakarurama. Iyi nyaya inowedzera pamusoro peziviso, kuzivisa, uye kutarisirwa kwezviito, kugovera vagoveranwa kutendeka kutendeka kuperera kutendeka.

Kusikwa Kwakaita Kusawirirana Nekusawirirana

Gakava refariro rinomuka apo fariro dzomunhu oga − monetary, familial, kana kuti nyanzvi(zvingapesvedzera zvisina kufanira kuitwa kwemitoro yavo yapamutemo. Mumitemo yokutarisira, idzi rwisano hadzisati dziri dzakakwana nguva dzose; dziripo mumativi. Kunzwisisa mapoka matatu anozivikanwa kunokosha:

  • Kukakavadzana kwefariro: Muiti wechisarudzo ane fariro yakananga, inotapurika mumiuyo yokunzwa. Somuenzaniso, mukuru mukuru anonzwa anova nekamuri resangano riri boka rinoenda mberi.
  • rwisano huru dzefariro:[ Migariro iripo iyo inogona kutungamirira kurwisano munguva yemberi. Muenzaniso mutsivi ane mukwanyina akakumbira makwikwi nokuda kwebvumirano ingatapurwa nemuuyo wekunzwa.
  • rwisano iri pachena yefariro: Kunyange kana pasina rusaruro chairwoirwo, mucherekedzi ane mufungo anogona kugumisa kuti kusasarura kungabvumiraniswa pane zvisina kufanira. Mutezo weboka wakagadzwa uyo aibatira somupi wezano anobhadharwa nokuda kwomumwe wemapati acho unoparira chitarisiko chefungira mano yakaipa, pasinei zvapo nokutendeseka kwomunhu oga.

Mitongo yavakuru vakuru inowanzobatanidza zvisarudzo zvakakwirira zvakadai sokupa mvumo, bhurusa, kana kuti kunyima betsero. Rutsuwa rwerwisano rwakafara: misungo yemari (muridzi, mari inopinzwa mari, zvikwereti), ukama hwomunhu oga (vaputi, shamwari dzapedyo, vatsigiri vezvamatongerwe enyika), pamberi pezviito mumhaka (somupurisa, mutsigiri, kana kuti pupuri), kana kuti kunyange nzvimbo dzendangariro dzakasimba dzinotorwa pachena pamusoro penhau yacho. Vatungamiriri vanofanirawo kutarira nokuda kwe “kupesana” uko mugadziri wechisarudzo anomira kubetserwa kana boka rikarasikirwa nekurukurirano yebasa yomunguva yemberi.

Kushanda Mumutemo Nemipimo Yakarurama

Kudzikamiswa kwerwisano dzefariro hakusati kuri nhau yemiitiro yakanaka; inongova zvayo murairo wapamutemo netsika. Kumativi ose emitemo, mitemo nemitemo yomufambiro zvinogadza miganhu yetsika dzinogamuchirika. MuUnited States, Administrative Procediture Act yehurumende Procedure Act (APA) inogadza zvinodikanwa zvenheyo, asi masangano akawanda anoshanda mumirayiro ine udzame zvikuru. Somuenzaniso, U.S. Office of Government Ethics inogovera nhungamiro huru pasi pe 5 C.F.R. chikamu 2635, icho chinobatanidza rwisano dzemari, kusasarura, uye kushandiswa zvisina kufanira kwenzvimbo. Hurumende, seS. California Factorial Political Political Comssionssions kana kuti New York State Comment on Publictics, inogadza mise miserongwiro yakafanana.

Mitemo inokosha yepamutemo inosanganisira:

  • Mitemo yakawanda inoda kutsiva kwokuzviitikira apo rwisano inoziviswa. Kukundikana kuita saizvozvo kunogona kupfupikisa chisarudzo ndokuratidzira sangano kujekeswa.
  • Mipimo yeApponational: Kunyange apo rusaruro chairwoirwo rusingabvumiki, chitarisiko chokusasarura chinogona kuva hwaro hwokuputsa chisarudzo. Madare anowanzoshandisa “munhu ane mufungo” kuedza.
  • [ Nhevedzo nokuda kwokusawirirana: Vanhu vamwe navamwe vangatarisana nechiito chokuranga, faindi, kana kuti kubviswa muhofisi. Zvirongwa zvingarairwa kuhwirudzurazve nhau pandyiko huru yavose.
  • Rovedzo yetsika dzinoraira: mativi mazhinji anoda dzidzo yetsika yegore negore nokuda kwavakuru vakuru vose vehurumende.

Nokuda kwenzwisiso yakadzama yerwisano yehurumende yemubatanidzwa, bvunza U. Hofisi yeMitemo yeHurumende kana Code yeMitemo yeFederal, Umutwe 5, Chikamu 2635.

Kuziva Kusawirirana Kwefariro: Nhungamiro Inoshanda

Kuzivikanwa kwokutanga ndiwo mutsetse wokutanga wedziviriro. (__Kubatanidza vamiriri, vatsigiri, zvapupu, uye vashandi vamasangano) kunofanira kuva kupfuurira. Kunze kwezvisungo zvemari zviri pachena, zviratidzo zvamanomano zvinowanzonzvenga chiziviso. Rangarira nzvero inotevera:

  • Mhuri uye ukama hwapedyo hwomunhu oga:[[[FL: 1] Mukoma, mwana, kana kuti mukwanyina wepamba anobatanidzwa sebato, zano, kana kuti uchapupu hunokosha?
  • [ Nhaka dzemari: [ Iwe, mukwanyina wako, kana kuti vana vako vaduku vane zvikwereti, nzvimbo, kana kuti zvimwe zvinhu zvingagona kutapurwa nomuuyo here? Ko pane papati ine ngava yokukwereta mari, kana kuti wakambokwereta here?
  • [[FT:0] Kuwirirana neukama hwebasa: Wati washandira mumwe wamapati mumakore mashanu apfuura? Une gadziriro yakamirira yebasa kana kuti yokubvunza here? Uri mutezo wesangano rimwe chetero rebasa here?
  • Kubatanidzwa kworuzhinji: Wakatora rutivi mukunzvera, kuronga zviremera, kana kuti danho rapakuvamba renhau imwe cheteyo here? Wati wataura murangariro wavose panhau yacho here?
  • [ intergatations: Uri mutezo weboka wemubato usingatsigiri purofiti iyo inotsigira kana kuti inorwisana nefariro dzebato here?
  • [ Tsvakano kana kuti pfungwa:[[FT: 1] Wakaita nhimbe nokuda kwomutungamiriri webato here?

Masangano akawanda anoda kuti vatori vesangano vapedze fomu rokuzivisa purogiramu yacho isati yaitwa. Chinyorwa ichi chinofanira kuongororwa nomukuru mukuru wemitemo kana kuti mukuru mukuru akasarudzwa asingasaruri.

Maravi Matsvuku Anozivikanwa Navose Mugadziriro Chaidzo

Marudzi akasiana - siana ekutonga ane ngozi dzerwisano. Somuenzaniso:

  • Kugamuchira uye mabhodhi echirango ane unyanzvi: mitezo yeBhodhi kazhinji kazhinji iri mubasa rimwe chetero nerezinesi. Mukwikwidzi angava nefariro yemari mukuona raisensi yabviswa. Kunyange makwikwi anorangarirwa anogona kushatisa zvisarudzo.
  • Kuzvinyima nokunzwa kwevhu: vaongorori vokuronga kana kuti vanzwi vangava nezvinhu pedyo nechiitiko chakarakadzwa, kuchiparira mhindu yemari kana kuti kurasikirwa. Haughtary mipiro yakaitwa nomukwidziridziri kudonzo raanoda zvikuru mumirimowo mitsvuku.
  • Bhenefits (muremara, urovha): [ Mumiriri aimirira kare vatauriri kana kuti vashandirwi mumuitiro womunhu oga angachengeta shanje. Ukama hwenzanga pakati pavakuru vakuru vanonzwa namapoka egweta vomunzvimbomo hunogona kuvawo chinetso.

Kutarisira Nokugadzirisa

Kana hondo yangozivikanwa bedzi (kana kuti inofungidzirwa kuti) chiito chinodikanwa. Kuperera kwekunotsamira pakutarisira zvinhu zvinooneka uye zvinosarudza. Strategis inovambira pakuzivisa kusvikira pakupazve mhaka, uye chisarudzo chakafanira chinotsamira parudzi noukombi hwerwisano yacho.

Dhividirence neWaiver

Kuwanwa kwakazara uye kwakakodzera idikanwo duku. Munhu anokakavadzana anofanira kuzivisa vanhu vose nemukuru mukuru anotungamirira nezvorudzi rwefariro. Mune zvimwe zviitiko, kana kukakavadzana kwacho kuri kuduku uye vanhu vose vachibvumirana mukunyora, murambi angabvumirwa. Zvisinei, varapi havafaniri kurumbidzwa kuti kurwisana kwacho kuve kukuru kana kuti apo chitarisiko chekusarura chingasekesa chivimbo chavose. Kunyorwa kweapomendi, kubatanidza kutaura kwakajeka kwemaidi nebvumirano yebato, kunofanira kuchengetwa muchinyorwa.

Kupomera uye Kutsiva

Mushonga unokotsekana zvikurusa uye unozivikanwa zvikurusa. Munhu anokakavadzana anongobvisa bedzi kutora rutivi rwose munhau yacho. Kunzwa ipapo kunoitiswa nomumwe muiti wechisarudzo. Uko mirau inobvumidza, masangano angagadza mutsivi kana kuti kupinda mutongi womutemo wehurumende kubva kune rimwe dhipatimendi. Recusal anofanira kunyorwa, uye chikonzero chinofanira kunyorwa pachinyorwa pasina kuzivisa udzame husiri madikanwa hwomunhu oga.

Kutsiviwa Kwemhosva

Apo rwisano yacho inobatanidza boka rose kana kuti boka, kutumira nhau kune rimwe boka kazhinji kazhinji kuri madikanwa. Somuenzaniso, kana mutezo wedare rezvokurapa rehurumende wakaroora chiremba mukunzvera, dare rose ringada kuzvipa rimene mhaka. Mumigariro yakadaro, mukuru mukuru anonzwa chaiye kana kuti boka roruwa angagadzwa. Vatongi vedare rehurumende vanobva kuhofisi iri pakati vanowanzoshandiswa savatongi vasingatori rutivi.

Kushandiswa Kwemapofu Kana Kuti Kwezvinhu Zvinonyengetedza

Muzviitiko zvisingawanzoitiki apo kupomera kunoitwazve kunenge kuchikonzera mutoro mukuru wokutarisira, matanho akaganhurirwa anogona kuderedza ngozi yokusasarura. Somuenzaniso, mukuru mukuru anonzwa ane purofiti duku yemari angapa zvimwe zviitiko zvechisarudzo chacho kumunhu asingasaruri, kana kuti chinyorwa chacho chingaiswa pachishandiswa chibvumirano chebato rinorwisana.

Basa Revakuru Vakuru Nevatungamiriri Vetsika

Vatori rutivi vasina chokwadi kana mugariro uchiumba rwisano yacho vanofanira kutsvaka zano rakadaro pamberi pokuvamba kwokunzwa. Vakuru vakuru vemitemo vanogona kubetsera kuyera migariro, kurumbidza kuzivisa kana kuti kupomera, uye kuva nechokwadi chokuti chiito chinoitwa chinowirirana nemitemo inoshanda.

Mienzaniso Inoshanda Nenzvero Yehosha

Kunzwisisa nheyo dzisina kujeka kunokosha, asi mienzaniso chaiyo inosimbisa nzira iyo rwisano dzinooneka nayo mumirangariro chaiyoiyo.

Fundo Yokutanga: Nzvimbo Yenhengo Yeboka Rinoronga Kuronga

John anoshanda padare rokuronga riri kurangarira kurongwazve kwokutsvaka kunobva kumuvaki. Asingazivi kuna vanhu, John ane pasuru yenyika iri pedyo nefambiro mberi inokarakadzwa. Kana kuvakazve kuchitenderwa, ukoshi hwezvinhu zvaJohn huchawedzera ne20 muzana inofungidzirwa kuva 20 muzana. Mukati mokutonga, Johane anotora rutivi nokushingaira mukubvunzurudza nokuvhota mukutsigira kukumbira. Pashure pechisarudzo, boka romunzvimbomo rinorinda rinowana unani hwemari nemhosho. Dare rinobvisa kuvakazve, richidudza rwisano chaiyoiyo yefariro pasi pomutemo. Boka rinomanikidzirwa kunzwazve pasina Johane, richibhadhara mwedzi yekunonoka nokubhadharwa kwemitemo.

[[[FOL:0]Lesson:[ Mubereko upi noupi wakananga, pasinei hapo nokuti muduku sei, unoda kufurwa. Johane anofanira kuva akazivisa vokwake pamberi pokunzwa ndokutsauka.

Fundo Yechinetso Chavaviri: Kutanga Kuzivikanwa Kwemurwi Anonzwa

Maria mutongi wehurumende anopiwa basa rokunzwa nharo pamusoro pechiremarara chairambidzwa.Kare, Maria aishanda segweta reyamuro yepamutemo raimirira vamiririri vanorwisana nesangano rimwe chetero. Kunyange zvazvo iye asina kubata zvakananga mhaka iyi, aichimbova vatariri vake navashandi biyake vanoonekwa sazvapupu. Mitemo yegweta yesangano racho, ichitaura kuti basa raMaria raakatanga kuita rinoita kuti pave netsvedzero. Maria anobvuma kunetseka kwacho uye anozvipa mhosva.

[Lesson: Basa kana kuti ukama hwokuva mubereki, kunyange kana husati hwananga, zvinogona kuparira kunzwisisa kune mufungo kwerusaruro. Kuzivisa kwakazara uye kuchengetedza perero yenzeve.

Fundo Yechitatu: Kubatana Kukuru Mugakava Renharo

Dare rokuwana mari rehurumende nderokunzwa chikumbiro chinobva kumunhu akarambwa. Imwe nhengo yedare, Chen, ine mushandi anoshanda mushandi anokwikwidza bhizimisi.Chen haarangariri kunetsa ukama hwacho, achidavira kuti basa rake rakazvimirira zvachose. Zvisinei, gweta remubatanidzwa rinorasikirwa nenhau yacho. Pashure pokubvunza hofisi yetsika, Chen anoziva kuti angave akafarira zvikuru mushandirwi wake. Iye pachake anozviita, uye nhengo dzedare dzinosara dzinoita kuti anzwe nenzira yokuchinjana.

[Lesson:[ Rwisano hadzidi rusaruro chairwoirwo; kuoneka kworusaruro kwakakwana. Kuzvinyima kwaChen kwakanga kuri nhano yakarurama, kunyange zvazvo iye ainzwa asingasaruri.

Miitiro Yakanakisisa Nokuda Kwavatori Mumibato Vose

Kuchengeta mhoteredzo isina rwisano mutoro mumwe chete. Mabasa akasiyana - siyana anoda zviito zvakasiyana.

Nokuda Kwavatongi Nemitezo Yeboka

  • Ongorora fariro dzako dzemari, ukama, uye kubatanidzwa kwapamberi pezvi pakutanga kwomugove uri wose.
  • Rovedzo yakakwana yetsika inodikanwa gore negore uye vambirana nechinjo mumutemo unoshanda.
  • Kana usina chokwadi, taura uye tsvaka mazano kumukuru wezvetsika.
  • Pepa pose paunoudzwa, nyorazve, uye nyora zvawasarudza, kusanganisira zvawataura.

Nokuda Kwavatsigiri Nevatakuri Vezvinhu Vanozvishandisa

  • Bvunza mushandisi wako nezvoukama hunobvira nomugadziri wechisarudzo kana kuti mupokani asati avamba kutonga.
  • Kana ukafungidzira kuti pane dambudziko, kurumidza kubvunza nyaya yacho uchiremekedza.
  • Kana ukawana rwisano mukati mokutongwa, rega uende kundopazve pachinyorwa.
  • Usaedza kushandisa nenzira younyanzvi kurwisana kuduku kuti uvhiringidze chinoitika; ikoku kunoderedza chivimbo mutsika.

Nokuda Kwavatungamiriri Vamagen’ant Navakuru - vakuru Vamatsika

  • Iva nefomu rakarongwa rokudzivirira rwisano nokuda kwomutori rutivi ari wose anonzwa.
  • Govera nhungamiro yakajeka, yakanyorwa pamusoro pechinoumba rwisano uye nzira yokuizivisa nayo.
  • Chengeta zvinyorwa zvakavanzika zvokutaura nokuzivisa kuti uzive mitoo ipi.
  • Kuongorora kwepanhambo nenhambo kuti pave nechokwadi chemitemo inowirirana uye yokuvandudza mukupindura nhau dziri kubuda.

Nokuda KweZvapupu Nemapati

  • Ziva kuti unogona kumutsa dambudziko chero panguva ipi zvayo, uye usafunga kuti mumwe munhu achakunetsa.
  • Kana ukaziva pashure pokutongwa kuti mugadziri wechisarudzo akava nerwisano isina kutaurwa, bvunza gweta pamusoro pechisarudzo chako.
  • Iva akatendeseka apo unobvunzwa pamusoro poukama nemunhu — kuwirirana kunogona kushatisa miuyo.

Kuvaka Tsika Yokutendeseka

Kuteerera mumwe nomumwe kuri madikanwa asi hakuna kukwana. Zvirongwa zvinofanira kusimudzira nokushingaira mhoteredzo umo rwisano dzinooneka ndokukurukurwa pasina kutya kutsiva. Ikoku kunoda kuzvipira kwoutungamiriri, rovedzo yenguva dzose, uye miuyo yakajeka nokuda kwokuputsa. Zvikamu zvikuru zvinosanganisira:

  • [ dzidzo yetsika nokuda kwavashandi vose vangatora rutivi mukutongwa kwehurumende, inodzokororwa anenge makore maviri ari ose.
  • [ Mitemo yapaimba yakazaruka [ inokurudzira vashandi kushuma kuitira hanya kusingazivikanwi kana kuchidikanwa.
  • [ Matare etsika anotsamira pamunhu [[[FLT: 1] anotarisira nhau dzinotapurika uye anogovera zano risina rusaruro.
  • [ Tsika mukuita zvisarudzo(--palfish zvikwangwani uye rwisano mirau inogona kuwedzera chivimbo chavanhu.

Nokuda kwokuraviwazve pamusoro pokuvaka gadziriro dzakasimba dzetsika muhurumende, National Conference of State Legislatures [[FLT: 1] inopa zviwanikwa pamasangano etsika ehurumende nemiitiro yakanakisisa.

mhedziso

Makakatanwa efariro mukutonga haasati ari echienzi mukutonga; injodzi dzetsika dzinofanira kutarisirwa nenzira inopfuurira. Perero yomuitiro wose wokuvimbisa inotsamira pakudisa kwavatori rutivi vose kuziva, kuzivisa, uye kukurukura rwisano nokukurumidza uye zvakakwana. Gadziriro dzemitemo dzinogovera musiyano, asi kusasarura kwechokwadi kunobva mutsika inokoshesa kuoneka zviri nani pamusoro pokuvandudzika. Kupfurikidza nokushandisa miitiro yokunzvera yapanguva yakafanira, kuronda, uye kunyora chiito chiri chose, masangano anogona kudzivirira zvose zviri zviviri zvisarudzo zvavo nokutenda kwavo mukutonga kwavose. Kunzwa kuri mukana wokuratidzira kuti ruramisiro kunoramba kuri kusingaoni ruramisiro kusinganzwisisiki.