United States Constitution, yakatenderwa muna 1788, haina kutongova chinyorwa chakabatana. Vagadziri vayo vakavakwa mugadziriro yokuchinja kupfurikidza nokugadziridzwa, vachibvumira Bumbiro reMitemo kuchinjira kumipimo nezvinoda kuvambirana. Mumazana amakore maviri, idzi gadziridzo dzazova chiteshi chekodzero dzemitengo yeAmerica yevhu nerusununguko zvinodzivirira vanhu chaidzoidzo nerusununguko zvinodzivirira vanhu kupfurikidza. Kubva kurusununguko rwokutaura nokunamata kuvimbiso yedziviriro yakaenzana negadziriro yakafanira, kugadziridza mativi ose oupenyu hwehurumende. Vadzidzisi uye vadzidzi zvakafanana, nzwisiso huru yeidzidzidzo dzamashoko haisiwo haisi hayo yoruzivo rwokuva nohugaro. Iyi nyaya inonzvera, inonzvera gadziriro yapamhinde yeGene yeGenetic Rights, inonzvera Dare renhau rehurumende nazvinopfupikisa basa rehurumende.

Chii Chiri Mitemo Yebumbiro reMitemo?

Kugadziridzwa kwebumbiro-mitemo igadziridzo yetsika kana kuti kuwedzera kurugwaro rweBumbiro reMitemo. Kugadziridzwa, kwakarongwa mu Article V , kunoda namaune kunzvimbo dzose dziri mbiri nedzine nharaunda. Kugadziriswa kunofanira kutanga kurongwa nenhimbe dzehurumende kana kuti nzvimbo mbiri kunoitwa kuti pave nokuvhotera kwakafara. Kubvira muna 179, kupfuura kokorodzano yakazonzi nembiri dzezvigaro zvehurumende. Ipapo kunofanira kutenderwa nedzitatu-na dzezvigaro zvehurumende kana kuti nekokorodzano dzehurumende. Zvikamu zvakakwirira izvi zvinovimbisa kuti kubvumiranwa kwakafara uye zvinodzivisa kuchinja nokukurumidza. Kubva muna 179, kupfuura 11 000 zvakaziviswa muChibvumirano, asi zvave zvinongozivikanwa bedzi, zvaziviswa naMagumo anosvika makore gumi maviri, zvanziri zvinozivikanwa, zvanziri zvinonziridzwa. Chitsarudzorero chamakore anopfumisika zvikuru, chitsa kupfumirirwa pashure pamakore 200, anopfupikisana. Chitsaichiduku zvikuru, chitsa kupfumiteveri

Bhuku Rekodzero Dzevanhu: Mavambo Okusunungurwa Kwevagari Vomunyika

Bhuku rinonzi Bill of Rights ($10 rokutanga kugadziriswa) rakaberekwa muAnti-Fedalist kuitira hanya kuti hurumende itsva yehurumende yaizotsika rusununguko rwomunhu oga. Idzi bvumirano dzinoganhurira zvakajeka simba rehurumende ndokudzivirira chiverengero chakati chorusununguko rwomunhu oga. Kugadziriswa kumwe nokumwe kune chokuita nenharaunda yakananga yorusununguko rwevagari vemo, uye revo dzave dzichiumbwa namazana amakore okududzirwa kwedare.

Kugadziridzwa Kwokutanga: Chivako Chokuratidzira Kwedemocratic

First Amendment inorambidza kuita mitemo “inoremekedza kutangwa kwechitendero, kana kuti kurambidza kushandiswa kwarwo kwakasununguka; kana kuti kuganhurira rusununguko rwokutaura, kana kuti rwokubudisa nhau; kana kuti kodzero yevanhu yokuungana norugare, uye kukumbira Hurumende nokuda kwezvichemo. Iyi gadziridzo inobatanidza rusununguko rukuru rwezvisaririra: rudzidziso, kutaura, dare, uye kukumbira. Iyi dziviriro haisati iri yakakwana; somuenzaniso, kutaura kunonyandura masimba masimba kana kuti kuita kuti zvishatiso zvingaganhurirwa. Nhau dzakadai se [[FLT:]] [5] [10]. United [FL.FL:] [19] [19]

Kuchinja Kwechipiri: Kodzero Yokuchengeta Nokutakura Zvombo

Second Amendment inoti: “Chisarudzo chinodzorwa zvakanaka cheMilitia, chichiva chiri madikanwa kuchengeteko yeHurumende yakasununguka, maruramiro avanhu kuchengeta nokutakura Zvombo, hachisati chichizodziviswa.” Nokuda kwenhau zhinji dzeAmerica, matare ehurumende akadudzira iyi gadziriro zvikurukuru seyakabatana nebasa rehondo. Chicago[[FLT:] (20]) (20) maruramiro eDare rapamusoro mu ] Hurumende yeCount [FOLD]] [FLT] v v.[FLT] [5] inova nekakava kurukurirano huru pamusoro pokudzora pfuti, uye maruramiro adzorwa nemitemo yedare yakaderera. Zvino, Chicago.[FLD] (20) inosimbisa muganhu worudyi wokuva nechengedzero.

Kugadziridzwa Kwechitatu Nekwechina: Kuva Wega uye Kuchengeteka Mumusha

Third Amendment, inorambidza varwi vanosvika zvina mumisha yavanhu pasina bvumirano, haina kutongopiwa pembedzo asi inoratidzira itiro hanya huru nokuda kwechivande chomumba. Gamende yeChina inoshingaira zvikuru mumutemo wazvino uno. Inodzivirira pa “nzvero ine mufungo nepfari” uye inoda zvibvumikiso zvinobva paingabvira. Kutonga kwechinotangira, kwakagadzwa mu . Ohio [1961], ufakazi hunowanwa mukuputswa kweRendement yeChina pakutongwa. Nhasi, zvinyorwa zvemitengo zvemitengo zvehurumende zvakadai sokusvika panzvimbo yeserura yeserura, manyuko, manyuko, uye ruzivo rwemipiyuro. Chisarusarudzo cha 2018 mu [FLPT][5]

Kugadziridzwa Kwezvibvumirano Zvechishanu Nezvechitanhatu: Ururami Mukufambira Mberi

Gadziriro yeFindreFment inogovera dziviriro dzakawanda: mhaka huru yedare rinobetsera vatongi nokuda kwemhosva dzakakomba, dziviriro panjodzi dzakapetwa kaviri, kodzero inopesana nokuzvitonga, uye vimbiso yemuitiro wakafanira womutemo. Chitsama chakakurumbira chinoti “kutora cheshanu” chinobva muropafadzo yokuzvidzivisa iwe umene. Mutezo weSandement unovimbisa kodzero yokutonga kwapamhene uye wevoruzhinji, mutongi asingasaruri, kodzero yokuziviswa nezvepomero, kutarisana nechapupu, uye kuva nebetsero yezano. Mhaka yechiratidzo [[FLT: 0] Gadeon v. Wainight Reformation inovimbisa kodzero yedare rapa mhaka dzapamutemo mumikwikwidza. Zvisarudzo zvakati kuti zviitwe zvisina kururama kunyange pamberi pekutongwa.

Kugadziridzwa Kwemitemo Kwechinomwe Nekusere: Kurangwa Nechirango

Seventh Amendment inochengeta maruramiro okutonga mhaka dzavagari vemo mumhaka dzehurumende umo ukoshi mugakava hunopfuura $2. Eighth Amendment inorambidza bhero, faindi yakanyanyisa, uye zvirango zvoutsinye nezvisingawanzo. Kurambidzwa kwechirango choutsinye nechisina kurovedzeka kwave kuri chinhu kumutsa nharo pamusoro pechirango chorufu, migariro yejeri, uye dare ramatongerwe emitemo. Dare rakaramba kuti kuurawa kwevanhu vane upenzi (] maatkins v. Virginia, 2002) uye majaya ([FLT:].[FLD] rGURG. v.[FFM][FF:3], 2005],).

Mvudziro Yechina Neyechigumi: Kodzero Dzakachengetwa Nesimba

Ninth Amendment inotaura kuti kuiswa kwekodzero dzakati muBumbiro reMitemo hakufaniri “kudzosa kana kuparadzanisa vamwe vanochengetwa navanhu.” Iyi gadziriro inoziva kuti vaAmerica vane maruramiro makuru kupfuura ayo akarongwa zvakananga. Tenth Standardivement ichengeterwa kuhurumende kana kuti vanhu masimba ose asina kupiwa kuhurumende. Pamwe chete, idzi gadziriso dzinosimbisa nheyo yechiremera chehurumende chakaganhurirwa uye kuvapo kwerusununguko dzinonyorwa asi dzakadzivirirwa. Nightenetic Amendment, zvikurukuru, yave ichikumbirwa munharo pamusoro pezvakavanzika, zvechirema, uye kubvisa kodzero dzakaiswa mumashoko e [FLT].[FLD] [FLD] [FLT] [12]

Kuchinja Kwekodzero Dzevanhu Kunopfuura Kuchinja

Nepo Bhizi Rekodzero richiumba musimboti werusununguko rwevagari vemo, kugadziridzwa kwapashure kwakakudza zvinoshamisa mwero wedziviriro dzebumbiro remitemo, zvikurukuru mumativi okuenzana, kodzero dzokuvhota, uye muitiro wakafanira.

Kugadziridza Kuchinjira Kunzvimbo: Kuderedza Rusununguko Nougari

Dare reHarth Amendment rakaparadza uranda nokubatira vamwe kusingazvidziwi, kunze kwechirango nokuda kwemhosva. Iwenath Amendment (168) yakapa kuva mugari wemo kuvanhu vose vakaberekwa kana kuti vakasikwa muUnited States ndokurambidza kunyima munhu upi noupi “upenyu, rusununguko, kana kuti zvinhu, pasina muitiro wakafanira womutemo. kana kuti kuramba“ dziviriro yemitemo. [Garamende re15) (170 (1870) rakarambidza rusaruro rwedzinza mukuvhota. Irefectionment, zvikurukuru, yazova chishandiso chikuru chokushandisa Bill wekodzero dzapamutemo nehurumende dzomunzvimbomo kuhurumende kupfurikidza ne “dzidziso inodzorwa. Yavewo hwaro yezviito zvetsika patsika ([FL:]BN.[FFF], Fitex], Firse.[5],[3]

Kuwedzera Kwavakadzi Nokugovera Kodzero

Dare reMitemo rechi 199 (1920) rakazivisa kuti kodzero yokuvhota “haisati ichizorambwa kana kurambidzwa neUnited States kana kuti neHurumende ipi neipi nemhaka yevatano.” Iyi rukundo yakatevera makumi amakore echiito nesangano ravakadzi. Amakumi maviri namane eMitemo yokuvhota (1964) yakabvisa mitero yokuvhota mukuvhota, kubvisa bhoshoro iyo yakatapurwa nokuvhota kuduku. Hurumende ye65 (61) yakaderedza kuvhotera kusvika zera ramakore 18, inopindura kunharo dzokuti avo vakura zvakakwana nokuda kwebasa rehondo vanofanira kuva nekodzero yokuvhota. Pamwe chete izvi zvinoratidzira kurwisa kupfuurira kuita kuti vavhoti vavhoti vasarurwe vapfudzei vai vai.

Kuchinja Kwenguva Kunofambira Mberi uye Kwemazuva Ano

Suminth Amendment (1913) yakabvumira mutero wemari wakaitwa nehurumende, nepo Seventententh Amendment (1913) yakatanga Sarudzo yakananga yeU.S. Senegate Amendment. Seminth Amendment (191919) yakatanga Projistation, kuzongodzorwa bedzi neAmakumi maviri okutanga Endement (1933). Mitemo yesekondari yapurezidhendi yakaganhurirwa, uye Mitemo makumi maviri ne2 yechipfuvanhu (1967) yakajekesa kutevedzana kwapurezidhendi nourema. Kunyange zvazvo yakanga yakabatana zvakananga nerusununguko rwevagari vemo mupfungwa yegamuchidzanwa, aya magadzirirwo akaumba magariro ehurumende nechiyero.

Basa reDare Rapamusoro Zvikuru Mukuzvidza Kusunungurwa Kwehurumende

Rugwaro rweBumbiro reMitemo runogovera gadziriro, asi iDare rapamusoro zvikurusa rinofemera upenyu mukugadziridzwa kupfurikidza nokududzira. Zvisarudzo zveDare zvinogadza mienzaniso inorondedzera ukuru neganhuriro zvorusununguko rwevagari vemo kwezvizvarwa. Zvisarudzo zvikuru kupfuura izvo zvakatodudzwa zvinobatanidza:

  • Miranda v. Arizona (1966): mapurisa akada kuzivisa vanonyumwira kodzero dzavo dzokuramba vakanyarara uye kuva negweta mukati mokubvunzurudzwa kwekodzero.
  • [FLT]] .[FOL:1]ker v. Des Moiconpendent School District [1969] Akaidza kuti vadzidzi hava “pikisi maruramiro avo ebumbiro remitemo kurusununguko rwokutaura kana kuti kutaura pasuo rechikoro.”
  • . [[FLT] [773]] Akaziva maruramiro ebumbiro remitemo kubvisa pamuviri, gare gare akatendeutswa ne Dobs v. Jackson Basi’s Health Organization [2022], iyo yakadzorera nhau yacho kuzvinhu.
  • Citamizens United v.FEC (2010): Anosimbisa kuti mari yebhizimisi yemashoko ezvamatongerwe enyika akazvimirira haigoni kuganhurirwa muFirst Amendment.
  • bergefell v. Hodges (2015) ( yakasimbiswa kuti varoorani voutere vane maruramiro ebumbiro remitemo okuroora mumuitiro weMitemo weMineiMitemo yeFindment uye zvitsama zvakaenzana.

Shoko rimwe nerimwe, Dare rinoita mhosho dzinoedza miganhu yedziviriro dzebumbiro remitemo. Zvisarudzo zvaro zvinowanzokamuraniswa zvikuru uye zvinoratidza uzivi hunokwikwidzana pamusoro perevo yapakuvamba, muenzaniso, uye chinjo yenzanga. Nokuda kwavadzidzi verusununguko rwavagari vemo, kutevera zviteshi zveDare Rapamusorosare uye mirangariro muitiro unokosha mukunzwisisa kuti maruramiro asina mufungo anoshandiswa sei kurwisano dzenyika chaiyoiyo.

Zvinetso Zvokusunungurwa Nevanhu Vose Munguva Ino

Mazuva ano, rusununguko rwevanhu rune zvimwe zvinhu zvitsva uye zvakaoma zvinovhiringidza.

Kuva Wega Nekuwedzera Kwehurumende

Kukwira kweInternet, mafoni, uye zvigadzirwa zvakaisvonaka zvakaparira zvitsama zvisina kumboenzana zvemashoko emunhu oga. Kukwanisa kwehurumende kuunganidza, kuchengeta, uye kunzvera iyi data inomutsa mibvunzo yakakomba yeGavhura-misime yeChina. USA PARITIOTTT Act (2001) uye mamwe masangano akadenha purogiramu idzi mudare pashure pa 9/11, zvichitungamirira kunhau pamusoro pemiunganidzwa yemitengo mizhinji nedare risina mvumo. [[FLT:] [[FLT]] .[FLT] [1] [20] 2016] .[208] .[FLT]

Kutaura Wakasununguka Munguva Ino Yemazuva Ano

Masangano enzanga ava nzvimbo yavose yazvino uno, asi ndeyevoga. Nharo dzinoshatirwa pamusoro pokuti makambani akadai seFacebook, Twitter, uye YouTube anogona kuganhurira kutaura kwomushandisi pasina kuputsa Gadziriro Yokutanga yehurumende bedzi. Chikamu 230 cheMitemo yeNhevedzo yeNhengo inopa dziviriro pamitengo yevashandi, asi inobvumirawo kuti vazvigutsikane. Kutonga kwakadaro sokupesana kwaEARN IT neUN Sarect yeSarefety zvakakarakadza kuchinja kwaigona kutapura kutaura kwepaipi. Packham v. North, (2017]), Dare guru redare rinoziva kuti vanhu vazive sechinhu chinokosha nokuda kwokutaura. Kunyange zvakadaro, kuvengana, kurwisana, nokudzivirira, apo kudzivirira kudzivirira kushatiswa.

Kupa Kodzero

Kusvika kunzvimbo inoiswa mashoko kudivi rimwe redivi rehurumende. Voting Rights Act ya1965, yakamiswa pasi pePramende ye15, yakarambidza rusaruro rwedzinza mukuvhota. Zvisinei, chisarudzo cheDare Gurusa re 2013 mu Shelby County v. Raker[[FL:1] yakaputsa gadziriro inokosha inoda kuti nyika dzakati dziite nhau yorusaruro kuti dziwane mitemo yokuvhotera yehurumende isati yachinja. Kubvira panguva iyoyo, nyika dzakawanda dzakapa mitemo yevhotera, dzakaderedza kuvhota, dzakabvisa mavhotera, uye maruwa akashorwa akashorwa kuti ave ezvokuvhotera. Kurwisa pamusoro pekodzero dzokuvhotera kunoenderera mberi muDare uye muhurumende, uye kutsigira kudzorodza kwevagari vehurumende.

Kodzero Dzokuberekana Nekuzvigadzira

Kuparadzwa kwe Roe v. muna 2022 kwakatungamirira kubasa remitemo yenyika, nokurambidzwa kubvisa mimba kwakananga uye mimwe kuidzivirira. Irenath Amendment’s vimbiso dzebasa rakafanira nedziviriro yakaenzana zviri kurondedzerwazve mumatare enyika. Matsotsi ari kubudawo pamusoro pokuwana kubereka, muchiingiziridzo, uye kutsigira kuva murume kana mukadzi. National Center yeMitemo yeYouth Law[ uye mamwe mapoka ari kupfuudza idzi nhau pamharadzano dzoga, rusununguko, uye kuenzana.

Nei Dzidzo Yakakosha?

Kunzwisisa kugadziridzwa kwebumbiro remitemo nerusununguko rwevagari vemo hazvisi nyaya yevadzidzi vemitemo. Kunokosha kuvagari vemo vose vari munzanga inongozvidzora. Kana vanhu vachiziva kodzero dzavo, vanogona kushongedzerwa zviri nani kuti vavadzivirire(//na kuziva apo kodzero idzodzo dziri kudzorwa. Dzidzo yeCBIC inofanira kupfuura kungobata nomusoro kugadziriswa; inofanira kubatanidza kuvimbisana kwokushingaira nemashoko enhau, kurangarira kwedare, uye zvinoitika zvazvino. Vadzidzisi vanogona kushandisa nzira dzinotevera kuti vanzwisise mudzidzi zvikuru:

  • Nzvera manyuko makuru akadai seFederalist Papers, zvinyorwa zvekokorodzano dzehurumende dzinoita kuti varerutsirwe, uye mifungo yeDare Rapamusoro Zvikurusa.
  • Gakavai nenharo dzakarongwa panhau dzinomutsa nharo dzakadai sokutaura makasununguka pachikoro, kuongorora, uye kodzero dzokuvhota.
  • Magungano ebumbiro remitemo umo vadzidzi vanokarakadza ndokukurukura gadziridzo itsva.
  • Kokera vakurukuri vaenzi vakadai samagweta erusununguko rwavagari vemo, vatongi, uye varongi venzanga.
  • Kurudzira vadzidzi kuronda nhau dzeDare reProject yeOyez ndokukurukura zvadzinoreva.

Masangano akadai se Bhill of Rights Institute ne Nhevedzo yeMarudzi inopa zvishandiso zvapachena, gadziriro dzefundo, uye zvishandiso zvinobatanidzwa nokuda kwekirasi. Nokushandisa dzidzo yehurumende, tinovimbisa kuti chizvarwa chinotevera chinonzwisisa zvose zviri zviviri zvipikirwa neganhuriro dzebumbiro remitemo.

mhedziso

Kugadziridzwa kweBumbiro reMitemo zvikamu zvipenyu zvechinyorwa chakagadzirirwa kutsungirira mumazana amakore echinjo. Kuvambira paBill of Rights kusvikira kuwedzero dzemisi ichangobva kupfuura iyi, kugadziridzwa kumwe nokumwe kunomirira bvumirano yakaoma pamusoro pekodzero dzinodzivirira vanhu pakushandiswa zvisina kufanira kwehurumende. Asi revo yeidzi gadziridzo hadzitongovi dzakagadziriswa kamwe chete uye nokuda kwezvose. Dare repamusoro, mapazi ezvamatongerwe enyika, uye vanhu vamene vanoramba vachidudzira, kudenha, uye kusimbisazve rusununguko rwevagari vemo. Munhambo yokuchinja kwokukurumidza kweruzivo rwokugadzirwa kwezvinhu, kuwedzerwa kwenhau dzekuchengeteka, uye kukamukana kukuru kwezvamatongerwe enyika, kunzwisiswa kwemitemo yemitemo kunokosha zvikuru kupfuura nakare kose. Nokuda kwavadzidzi, kubatanidzwa nezviripo hazvisi kushandiswa, kuvakwa kuzivikanwa, kuvakwa kuzivikanwa nokuzivikanwa nomugariro woruzvigaro. Kufunda chizvarwa chimwe nechimwe chenguva yakapfuura, kubetsera kupfurikidza nokubatanidzwa mune mamiriro chomunguva yemberi cheAmerica.