Kutanga: Chivako Chomutemo Chokuva Woga

Bumbiro reMitemo reUnited States, sezvarakatenderwa pakuvamba, rakaganhurira masimba ehurumende yehurumende yehurumende uye, kupfurikidza naBill of Rights, rakavimbisa rusununguko rwakati runokosha. Kunyange zvakadaro kuzhinjisa munhau yeAmerica, zvibvumikiso izvozvo hazvina kungodzorwa nehurumende yomunzvimbomo. Mugari wemo muVirginia aigona kudzorwa nokutsvaka kusina mufungo nemapurisa pasina dzidzo ipi neipi pasi peGramavhu, nemhaka yokuti Bill of Rights yakanzwisiswa kubatanidza hurumende yenyika bedzi. Yakachinja kupfurikidza nekamwe kapo, dare rapashure rinozivikanwa se Sangano yehurumende yehurumende [[FLT:]] [a] dzidziso ipi neipi inoshandisa muganhu weGeneti yeMitemo yeMitemo yeGod Reconstmentationstions, nokuti inotodadzosa yose yekodzero dzenyika dzenyika. Munhambo inosarudzwa, inotongerwa kumatare anosarudzwa, mudare rinoto kusarudza, rinofanira kurangarira kana kuti rinofanira kupfuudza maruramiro, kuti rinofanira kutongorongedzedzedzei, matare.

Nyaya ino inonzvera kuti kubatana kwakasarudzwa sei nekodzero dzakavanzika mugadziriro yazvino uno yemichina. Kunotanga nokupetwa kwedzidziso yacho imene, ipapo kunzvera zvisarudzo zvechiratidzo cheDare Gurusa izvo zvakaumba kuva woga kwemagedhoni, uye kugumisa kupfurikidza nokurangarira denho dzenguva yemberi dzinotangwa neruzivo rutsva. Kupfurikidza nokunzwisisa kubatanidzwa pakati pemitemo yemitemo nezvokwadi dzemitengo, varavi vanogona kunzwisisa zviri nani kuti mutemo weAmerica unopfuurira sei kudzivirira rusununguko rwomunhu oga nehurumende neruzivo rwokugadzira zvinhu.

Kunzwisisa Kusarudza Kuno mufungo

Nhoroondo Yacho

Bill of Rights, yakatenderwa muna 1791, yakagadzirirwa kudzora hurumende yehurumende ichangobva kuumbwa. Dare Rapamusorosoro rakasimbisa uku kuganhurirwa kwakaganhurirwa mu Barron v. Baltimore (1833), richirangarira kuti Bill of Rights haina kushanda kuhurumende. Kwamakumi amakore pashure pacho, hurumende dzakanga dzakasununguka kukodzero dzebhuroko dzakadai sokutaura kwakasununguka, kurovedza kworudzidziso, kana kuti dziviriro mukunzvera kusina pamutemo (8) kwenguva refu apo mabumbiro avo ehurumende vamene ekodzero akanga asingadzirambidzi.

Kuiswa kwamashoko kweChinjo ye 144th Amendment muna 1868 kwakasuma Gungano rapaAult neFequement Claus sezvipingamupinyi panzvimbo yehurumende. Zvisinei, kwakatora rinenge rimwe zana ramakore Dare risati ravamba kutsanangura Gwero Claus sezvipo zvakati kuti Bhinji reReformation of the State. Nguva yokuchinja yakauya mu [ Gwerow v. New York[[FL:] [FOL] [25], apo Dare rakafunga kuti (*) (pane "/3,[FF], yasimbiswa napa.[FFOct,[4], [F]

Kusarudza hachisi chiitiko chimwe asi muitiro wedare unopfuurira. Dare rinonzvera kodzero imwe neimwe kuti rione kana iri "yepfungwa kugadziriro yedare reAmerica reruramisiro" uye nokudaro ichikosha kumuitiro wakafanira. Kana kodzero yangorangarirwa bedzi kuva inokosha, inoshanda zvakaenzana kuhurumende yenyika. Iyi mhaka nechese yakasiyana nehwerengedzo yehumwe, iyo ingashandisa Bill of Rights panguva imwe chete(an) kusvika kweDare nguva dzose kwakaramba.

Basa Re Amendedzero Yechina

Kodzero dzakavanzika muUnited States dzinowana zvikuru muGadziro yeChina, iyo inodzivirira "kodzero yavanhu kuva vakachengeteka muvanhu vavo, dzimba, mapepa, uye miuyo, mukunzvera kusina mufungo nepfari. Kutsiva kwakabatanidzwa mu Walf v. Colorado, asi mutemo wetsoropodzo unodzivirira wakapiwa nenzira isiri yapamutemo mumatare ose, kunyange zvazvo madhudhudhu. [[FLT:]]

Kusvika kweDare reSuprement Court kuVendement yeChina kwachinja zvikuru. Mu Katz v. United States (1967), Dare rakatsiva muedzo wekare wezvinhu wakavakirwa ne "kariro ine mufungo yokuva woga" mupimo. Mu Katz[[[FLT]]], Gamendime rechina rinodzivirira vanhu, kwete nzvimbo, kuzarura suo nokuda kwezvirevo zvakavanzika munzvimbo dzavose nekurukurirano.

Kodzero Dzokuva Woga Munguva Yokushandiswa Kwemadhigirii

Ruzivo Rwokugadzira Zvinhu Rwunopedza Mutemo

Kuchinja kwemichina kwakaparira denho dzisina kumbobvira dzavapo nokuda kwemisikanzwa. Mashoko emunhu oga . . "Email", mameseji, nzvimbo dzinobudisa mashoko, mashoko enzvimbo, kunzvera nhau dzenhau dzoutano(nzi inounganidzwa, uye inowanzogoveranwa namakambani ehurumende. Boka nenzwisiso zveiyi mashoko zvinopfuura zvikuru chinhu chipi nechipi icho vaFramers vaigona kukarira.

Kwemakumi amakore, matare akashandisa Katz muedzo une mufungo wekukarirwa kwemashoko emishumo nemigumisiro yakavhengana. Nhau dzapakuvamba dzakataura kuti vanhu vakatumira nokuzvidira mashoko kumativi echitatu (akadai samakambani efoni kana kuti masangano eInternet) uye naizvozvo vakanga vasingatarisiri kuva voga mumashoko iwayo [[FLT:] nheyo inozivikanwa sedzidziso yetatu [. Iyi dzidziso, yakasimbiswa mu t]. Mary v.[FLT:] [5]] [6] [6] .6] United States.[FLD [FLD] [F:]

Dzidziso yechitatu yakava inonetsa zvikuru sezvo mabasa emichina akakura. Vanhu nguva dzose vanoronzesa zvitsama zvikuru zvamashoko akavanzika kumativi echitatu(search injini, nzvimbo dzinobudisa mashoko dzenzanga, nzvimbo dzokuchengetera zvinhu zvenzvimbo dzenzvimbo dzenzvimbo dzenzvimbo dzenzvimbo (kazhinji kazhinji pasina chinotsiva chaichoicho chipi nechipi. Vatsoropodzi vakapikisa kuti dzidziso yacho yakakundikana kutsanangura musiano wenhamba yefoni pakati penhamba yakanyorwa papepa uye giramu yemakombiyuta yakarongwa noupenyu hwomunhu nemetameta.

Zvisarudzo Zvokuva Wega Zvinoratidza Kuti Uri Munhu

Dare rapamusoro rakavamba kudzoserazve kudzosera muganhu mukuvamba kwama 2010. Mu United States v. Jones (2012), Dare rakaramba richirangarira kuti kubatanidza mutemi weGPS kumotokari yakabatanidza kunzvera muSwechina nemhaka yokuti yakakanganisa zvinhu zvapachivande. Asi murangariro unovapo wakaitwa neMutongi Sotomayor, wakabatanidzwa neMutongi Alito, wakakarakadza kuti kuongorora GPS kunoenderera mberi kungaputsa kariro ine mufungo yokuva akavanzika kunyange pasina kukanganisa kwomuviri, kuchikarakadza kutevedzerwa kwapakuchinja kwapanhau yemawa.

Makore maviri gare gare, mu California (2014, Dare rakabvumirana rakasarudza kuti mapurisa anowanzoda rugwaro rwokunzvera zviri mumichina yeserura kuti apedze chiitiko. Mutongi mukuru Roberts akanyora kuti serura dzemazuva ano "dzinochengeta masero echiNgezi echiAmerica 'Prigate' oupenyu' uye hadzina kuenzana nezviri mumuviri zvakafanana nechikwama kana kuti musuva. RY [FLT]] rakanga riri chiratidzo nemhaka yokuti raizivikanwa nefariro dzechienzi mumadhironiccara, kunyange zvazvo rugwaro rwechina rwakanga rusina kuchinja.

Chisarudzo chinokosha zvikurusa chezvigaro zvakavanzika zvemapikicha nokubatanidzwa kwakasarudzwa chakauya mu Carbated v. United States (2017). Hurumende yakanga yawana mwedzi yenzvimbo yesero-simasitiki mashoko (CSLI) kubva kuvatakuri vemichina isina pamutemo, vachitsamira padzidziso yechitatu. Dare, mu 5-4 revoodokeri naProfest Roberts , yairangarira kuti kupinza kwenhau CSSLI kuumba kunzvera pasi pePrejimendi yechina uye inoda maruramiro akavakirwa pachisakiso chinodikanwa. Dare rakatanhamara [[FLT:] . [FLT] , rakaita zvimwe zvinyorwa zvenguva dzose. [FLT]

Mu Karpeent, Dare Rapamusoro rakashandisa Pendement yeChina, iyo yakanga yatopinzwa mukurwisana nehurumende kupfurikidza ne Map[, kumashoko azvino uno. Chisarudzo chacho chinoratidzira kuti kubatanidzwa kunopfuurira sei kushanda: kururama kukuru kunorwisana nokunzvera kusina mufungo nehosha, zvino kunoshandiswa kumarudzi, zvino kunotambanudzira kuzvimiro zvitsva zvoufakazi hwemichina.

Kuchinja Kunoita Kusarudza Mashandiro Anoita Zvinhu Zvinozivikanwa Nevanhu

Kubva Pamipimo Yehurumende Kuenda Kumipimo

Nemhaka yokuti Mutezo weChina weFirst unobatanidzwa zvizere, chisarudzo chipi nechipi cheDare Rapamusorosaicho icho chinogadza dziviriro itsva yakavanzika muJereday Amendment chinobatanidza hurumende yose nokuchengetwa kwomutemo womunzvimbomo. Somuenzaniso, pashure pe Carcenter[, mapurisa ehurumende muCalifornia, Texas, kana kuti imwe hurumende ipi neipi inofanira kuwana maruramiro pamberi pokupinda mumijeko yenzvimbo yesero yenhau, kutoti kutoti kwashanda. Iyi yunifomu inodzivisa basa redziviriro yechivande chechivande munyika yose, ichivimbisa kuti kodzero huru dzevagari vemo hadzitsamiri pamugariro wavo wokugara.

Kubatanidza kunorevawo kuti matare ehurumende nedzimba dzapamutemo zvakasununguka kugovera zvikuru dziviriro dzakavanzika mubumbiro remitemo razvo zvimene kana kuti mirau, asi hazvigoni kugovera zvishoma. Dzimwe nyika, dzakadai seCalifornia neElectronic Communications Lescs Act (CECPA), uye Washington nemitemo yayo yeFinic Act, dzakatoita mitemo inopfuura Pendement yeChina. Iyi mipimo mikuru inogona kupesvedzera matare omubatanidzwa panguva iyeyo, iyo ingatarira kunzvera semipimo yebumbiro renyika pamusoro pezvakavanzika.

Basa Regadziriro Yakadiwa yaClaus

Kupfuura First Amendment yeChina, kubatanidzwa kwezvimwe zvirongwa zveBill of Rights kunotapurawo kuva woga kwemagedhoni. First Amendment, yakabatanidzwa mu Gitlow[, inodzivirira kutaura kwepaIndaneti nokuwadzana. Kudzivirira kweFindmer pahana inomanikidzirwa kuzviita, kwakabatanidzwa mu [[FLT]] Malloy[, inomutsa mibvunzo pamusoro pokuti munhu anogona kumanikidzwa kubudisa kombiyuta kana kuti kugovera shoko revo. Dare harina kupedza zvizere nhau idzi, asi matare akaderera anorwisana nokuparidza uchapupu hwemazati neropafadzo yokuzvishandisira.

Nhevedzo yeChibvumirano chaClaus pachayo, iyo iri motokari yokubatanidza, ine simba rakazvimirirawo. Inovimbisa kururama kukuru muzvinoitika zvapamutemo, izvo zvinogona kubatanidza maruramiro okunangana noufakazi hwemichina kana kuti kudenha kururama kwemitemo inoshandiswa mukunzvera kwoutsotsi. Somuenzaniso, mu Brady v. Maryland [1963] muitiro wakafanira unoda kuti vachurichuri vazivi vazivi vabudise ufakazi hwokunzvera, uye musengwa iwoyo zvino unotambanurira kuufakazi hwemishumo yemichina yepopurisa yapapurisa neyafoni.

Zvinetso Nemibvunzo Isingagadziriswi

Pasinei zvapo nefambiro mberi inoitwa mu Karpeent uye , nhau dzakawanda dzemichina dzezvakavanzika dzinoramba dzisina kugadziriswa. Dzidziso yechitatu, nepo yakatetepa, ichiri kushanda kumarudzi akawanda emashoko, akadai sezvinyorwa zvebhangi, mametameta mana, uye mashoko enzanga anofambidzana nechikuva. Dare rakachengeta zvakajeka rutongeso pamusoro pokuti vanhu vane kariro ine mufungo yezvakavanzika mumashoko inobatwa namabasa ebasa, maInternet, kana kuti makambani enzanga.

Ungwaru hwokugadzira nemichina zvinopa denho itsva. Kushandiswa kwehurumende yeruzivo rwekuziva chiso, maalgorith anoona nezvemapurisa, uye varavi verezenisi vanodzorwa nemotokari vanogona kugadzira mashoko akawanda zvikuru pasina "nzvero". Fourterment ingada maruramiro kana kuti kunyumwirwa kune mufungo nokuda kweizvi zvishandiso zvokunzvera, asi Dare harisati ratonga nhau yacho. Nenzira yakafanana, kuunganidzwa kweDNA kubva kuvasungwa, yakamboganhurirwa kumabasa echisimba, kwakakudziridza kubatanidza mhaka duku zvikuru, kukwidza funganyo dzeDNA dzeDNA dzeChine Chigadziko chechina mudziviriro.

Mitemo yenyika yose inodzokororwawo. Kunzvera kweChina kunowanzoshanda bedzi kukuitwa navakuru vakuru veU.S. kana kuti pamuganhu. Tsitsi dzakachengetwa mhiri kwemakungwa dzingava pasi pemitemo yakasiana, sezvinoonekwa mugakava pakati pehurumende yeU.S. naMicrosoft pamusoro pemaemail akachengetwa muIreland ( United States v. Microsoft Corp], 2018). Dare pakupedzisira rakapfuudza CLOUD Act kupedza nhau dzokuwana mashoko ezvokupindwa kwapaza panzvimbo yegore, asi mibvunzo pamusoro pokusvika kwedziviriro kweGene kugura miganhuro yeGene.

Nhungamiro Dzomunguva Yemberi: Kusarudza uye Kudzidza Kubva Mukuchinja

Indaneti Nemisha Yakanaka

Michina inoshanda (kubva kumichina inoshandiswa kusvika kumisuo) kusvika kuvanoridza manzwi kuidza vabetseri . Gamende reChina rinodzivirira musha se "kadhi," asi kana musha iwoyo wazadzwa nerezaniso dzinopfuudzira mashoko kumakambani uye kuhurumende, maradhisi. Kyllo v. United States[FLT] [2001], Dare rakafunga kuti kushandisa magetsi anopisa kuzivisa kupisa mukati momusha usina mvumo pamutemo kwaiva kunzvera, nokuti ruzivo rwekugadzirwa rwezvinhu rwakanga rusati ruri "mushandisirwo rwepachena" uye rwaigona kuzivisa udzame. Sezvidzo dzinova matare epamusha dzinova dzinova vhinzi unioctive, matare achadaidza kusarudza kana zvichiumba kupinza mashoko mutevedzero.

Kuzivikanwa Kwezvinhu Zvipenyu Nezvinhu Zvipenyu

Zvitinhiko, zvikamu zvechiso, mascan eziso, uye kunyange kuzivikanwa kwemichina zvinoshandiswa zvikuru kuzivisa nokuongorora. Kudzivirira kweGavhura kweshanu kungasashanda pamitengo nemhaka yokuti zvinorangarirwa kuti "zvinhu zvenyama" zvisinei, zvinodiwa neDNDSM yeChina yokunzwisisa zvingaganhurira kuunganidzwa kusingabvumiki uye kuenzaniswa kwemazita ezvipenyu. Chisarudzo cheDare rePromension mu Marthaland v. King[FLT:] (2013) anotsigira kuunganidzwa kweDNA kunobva muvaidziko, asi kurangarira kwakanga kuri kwapamhene. Nguva yemberi kuchaedza kana kuunganidzwa kuchibva kuvanhu vasina kupomerwa utsotsi, kana kuti mapoka airwiswa mukodzero dzouganda.

Kutanga Kwehurumende Nemitemo Yehurumende

Nemhaka yokuti kuvhota kunogovera bedzi uriri hwebumbiro remitemo, masangano ari kuzadza nenzira inowedzera miganhu yemitemo yavo vamene yakavanzika. California Consumershing Act (CPA) neVirginia Consumer Data Protection Act (VCDPA) inopa vagari vamo maruramiro enhau dzavo vamene dzinochengetwa namakambani emunhu oga. Iyi mitemo haisati ichitauri kunzvera kwakananga kwehurumende, asi inoparira tsika dzezvakavanzika dzingapesvedzera kududzirwa kwemipimo yeGenese Amendment. Somuenzaniso, kana mupainama wehurumende akazivisa kuti vanhu vane kariro ine mufungo yezvakavanzika munhau yavo yeInternetic , dare ringada kuwana kuputswa kwakananga kana hurumende ikawana nhau yokuti inowana pamutemo.

Panzvimbo imwe chete, Congress yakarangarira mutemo wakakwana wakavanzika, wakadai seAmerican Data Accy and Protection Act, asi usati waupfuura. Kusvikira pazviito zveCongress, kubatanidzwa kwokusarudza kunoramba kuri mutoo mukuru wokuvimbisa dziviriro dzakavanzika dzebumbiro remitemo pahurumende yenyika.

Kuramba Kuchiitika Kwesirivha Kwegadziriro Inononoka

Kusarudza kubatanidzwa kunowanzotsoropodzwa nokuda kwokuva anononoka uye akavanzika. Bva mugariro wako wokuwedzera unobvumira Dare kurangarira revo dzinoshanda dzoruzivo rutsva rumwe norumwe. Kupfurikidza nokusarudza mhaka imwe panguva, Dare rinogona kuvaka mubatanidzwa unowirirana womutemo unodzikamisa kuva woga, kuchengetwa kwomutemo kunoda, uye chinhu chaichoicho. Kuremekedzawo urongwa hwehurumende: mashoko anogona kuedza nedziviriro dzakakura, uye mipimo yenyika inobuda bedzi apo bvumirano inova nesimba kuti maruramiro ndiwo anokosha.

Kupedzisa: Kuva woga sekodzero yokurarama uri woga

Kusarudza kwabvumikisa kuva kunochinjika nenzira inoshamisa kunopfuura mazana maviri amakore. Kubva pakutaura kwakasununguka kusvikira kukodzero dzepfuti kuenda kumaruramiro ezano, Mutemo Classias wakatambanudza Bhishopu yekodzero dzavanhu vose veAmerica zvishoma nezvishoma kudzivirira vanhu vose, pasinei zvapo nehurumende yavanodaidza kumusha. Munhambo yemitengo, muitiro mumwe chetewo uri kutamba nokuda kwekodzero dzakavanzika. Zvisarudzo zveDare Rapamusorosoro mu [FLT: 0] Riley na[FLT] Carpartent [[FL:3] zvinoratidza kuti gadziriro yemitemo inorongwa munyika 1791] inogona kupindura zvinetso zvenyika umo mashoko edu akaisvonaka zvikurusa anochengetwa pahomwero.

Asi basa harisati rapera. Dzidziso yechitatu inoramba iri mhinganidzo inokosha yezvimiro zvakawanda zvemashoko. Kubatanidza ruzivo rwakafanana neAl, mabhayori, uye Indaneti yezvinhu kuchaedza ganhuriro dze Katz[ Nzvero ine mufungo. Vaiti vemitemo, nyanzvi, uye vatongi vanofanira kupfuurira kubatanidzwa nomubvunzo mukuru: chii chinorehwa nokuchengeteka mu‘mwana, imba, mapepa, uye miuyo" muzana ramakore makumi maviri namashanu?

Nokuda kwaavo vanofunda iyi nzvimbo ine simba yomutemo, kunzwisisa kubatanidzwa kunokosha. Kunogovera gadziriro kupfurikidza nayo maruramiro egamuchidzanwa ebumbiro remitemo anoshandisirwa kumigariro mitsva. Sezvo nzvimbo yemichina inochinja, saizvozvowo revo yekodzero dzakavanzika dzinokosha (asi Groce Claus Expressia icharamba iri motokari iyo maruramiro iwayo anotambanudzirwa kumugariro uri wose.

Kudzidza zvakawanda pamusoro pezvinoitika zvakakurukurwa munyaya ino, varavi vanogona kunzvera zviwanikwa zvinobva Cornell Information Institute pa Karpaent v. United States, , basa remasvomhuro remitengo yemarikari yemarikari [, uye kunzvera kwavose[FLT:][FLT:].[FLT:]]