Hwaro Hwokusarudza Kutonga

Nzira iyo vatongi vanosarudzwa nayo inoumba maitiro ose edare. Inotema kuti ndiani anodudzira mitemo, anogadzirisa kukakavadzana, uye anodzivirira kodzero dzebumbiro remitemo. Pane kuva mashoko okutonga akakwana, nzira yokusarudza inokanganisa zvakananga kuzvitonga, chivimbo chavose, uye kunaka kweruramisiro. MuUnited States moga, nzira yacho inosiyana zvikuru mumatare ehurumende nehurumende, uye gadziriro imwe neimwe inoratidzira zvinhu zvinokosha pamusoro pokuzvidavirira, kusasarura, uye unyanzvi.

Kunzwisisa kuti vatongi vanosarudzwa sei kunoda kunzvera kusawirirana kukuru panzvimbo huru yechisarudzo chokutonga: dikanwo yokuti vatongi vave vakasununguka padzvinyiriro yezvamatongerwe enyika nepo vachiramba vachizvidavirira kuvoruzhinji. Iyi dzikamo inowanwa kupfurikidza nemiitiro yakasiana, imwe neimwe ine simba rayo imene nerokutengeserana. judiary yehurumende inotsamira pamuitiro wechisarudzo wenduramo wakagadzirirwa kusimbisa kuzvimirira, nepo matare mazhinji ehurumende anoshandisa sarudzo dzinoisa mutoro mukuru. Mamwe masangano anobatanidza mativi ose ari maviri enzira munhamburiko yokuwana betsero dzebasa rimwe nerimwe.

Muitiro wokusarudza unobatanidza zvikamu zvizhinji zvokuchengeta magedhi, kubatanidza kuongorora kwokutanga, kunyora kana kuti kuva munhu akatendeseka, kusimbisa kana kuti kusarudzwa, uye kuramba uchiyeuka. Padanho rimwe nerimwe, vakuru vakuru vanouraya vatambi ̬, mitumbi yemitemo, masangano ewirirano, masangano anoisa mashoko mumibatanidzwa, uye vhoti̬ ratidzira mabasa akasiyana. Kurongwa kwemabasa aya kunoratidza mashandiro ejudia murutivi rupi norupi norupi.

Mhindumupindu Yenhau Yemitoo Yokusarudza Nayo Kutonga

Mitoo yakashandiswa kusarudza vatongi yakashanduka zvikuru munguva. Mumakore apakuvamba eUnited States, gadziriro yehurumende yakagadzwa neBumbiro reMitemo yakapa purezidhendi simba rokutonga namazano nemvumo yeDare. Iyi muenzaniso wakanga wakaitirwa kudzivirira vatongi vehurumende mudzvinyiriro yakakurumbira apo yaivimbisa chekero pasimba rehurumende kupfurikidza nokusimbiswa kwemitemo. matare ehurumende akatevera mutoo wakafanana, navatongi vanogadza vatongi munyika dzakawanda.

Munguva yaJackson yema1830 na1840, mumwe mudzori wehurumende aipikisa kudzora kwevatongi akatungamirira nyika dzakawanda kuti dziende kuchisarudzo chakakurumbira chavatongi. Pakasvika nguva yeHondo yevagari vemo, ruzhinji rwehurumende rwakanga rwagamuchira sarudzo dzedare. Iyi chinjo yakasundwa nechitendero chokuti kuita kuti vatongi vazvidavirire zvakananga kuvhota vaizoderedza uori uye kuva nechokwadi chokuti vatongi vairatidza tsika dzinosarudzwa nehurumende. Zvisinei, zvakaitika zvakaratidza kuti pane zvakakanganiswa, kubatanidza kupesvedzera kwevezvematongerwe enyika uye kuoma kwevatongi mukuongorora vatongi.

Zana remakore rechimakumi maviri rakatanga kuunza kumwe kuchinja, senhau dzokupindira mune zvematongerwe enyika mumatare ehurumende akasarudzwa vakatungamirira kukutangwa kwegadziriro dzokusarudza dzinoyera. American Judicature Society yakatsigira zvakazozivikanwa seMissouri Plan, yakatanga kugamuchirwa muhurumende iyoyo muna 1940. Iyi nzira inobatanidza zvinhu zvokugadzwa nokusarudzwa, ichishandisa basa rokuongorora vanhu vanoenda kudare vasati vaita mutongo, unoteverwa neSangano rePriciation. Iyi purofiti yakateverwa neyakasiyana - siyana kubva panguva iyoyo yatogamuchirwa mumatare avo anopfuura makumi matatu.

Muitiro Wokugadzwa Wechikamu III chavatongi

Kugadzwa kwavatongi vehurumende pasi peChikamu III cheBumbiro reMitemo ̬ kubatanidza vatongi veDare Rapamusorosoro, vatongi vedare redunhu, uye dare roruwa vatongi ̬ kunotevera muitiro wenhano dzakawanda zvikuru uyo unowanzotora mwedzi inoverengeka kupedza. uyu muitiro unobatanidza zvose zviri zviviri mapazi makuru neanotonga uye unobatanidza kurwisa kukuru kwavada kubhapatidzwa.

Kusarudzwa naPurezidhendi

Muitiro unovamba apo nzvimbo inoitika pabhenji rehurumende. Purezidhendi, kazhinji kazhinji anoshanda parumbidzo kubva kuBato reRuramisiro, zano reWhite House, vatenator vanobva kuhurumende ine chokuita, kana kuti mapoka ezviwanwa zviri kunze, anosarudza mutengi. Nokuda kwenzvimbo dzedare roruwa, tsika yetsika yetsika yedare redare rinoyera inopa pesvedzero huru kuvagadziri vebato rapurezidhendi vachibva kuruwa apo nzvimbo iripo. Ava vasonganisi vanogona kuvhara nenzira inobudirira shatiso kupfurikidza nokuramba kudzorera shati yebhuruu, vachiratidzira kuramba kwavo kunzvimbo yeburuungwe.

Mapurezidhendi anotsvaka chaizvoizvo vawirirani vanogoverana uzivi hwavo hwedare uye vane zvikwaniriso zvakasimba. Vatongi vazhinjisa vehurumende vane ruzivo rwokuzviwanira rwapamberi pezvisarudzo, vachuchisi, kana kuti vabiyavo pamafemu makuru emitemo. American Bar Association’s Stavid Committee paFederal Judiciary inoyera munzvero mumwe nomumwe uye inovaisa vakwaniriswa zvakanaka, vakakwaniriswa, kana kuti vasina kukwaniriswa, kunyange zvazvo uku kunzvera kuri kupesana panzvimbo pokubatira.

Kuongorora Nezvemamiriro Ezvinhu Acho

Dare risati rarangarira kunyorwa kwenhau, Federal Bureau of Investigation inonzvera zvikuru nhau yomunhu oga, nyanzvi, uye yemari. Dare reDare reDare reDzidziro rinotumirawo vabvunzi vane udzame hwenhau dzavo dzapamutemo, manyoro anobudiswa, hurukuro, uye nzvimbo panhau dzakasiana - siana dzemitemo. Nomines vanofanira kuzivisa kuva kwavo nenhau dzemari, rwisano dzinobvira dzefariro, uye nhau dzipi nedzipi dzekare dzinobatanidza mufambiro wavo webasa.

Dare Rinotonga Romudare Rine Mibvunzo

Dare reDare reDare reSangano rinotonga vanhu apo vamirimo vanopupurira pasi pemhiko nemibvunzo inobva kumitezo yedare. Nokuda kweDare Rapamusorosoro, uku kutonga kunowana kuziviswa kukuru kwezvinobudisa nhau uye kunogona kugara mazuva anoverengeka. Mitezo yeDare inobvunza pamusoro pouzivi hwedare, kududzira mipimo mikuru, mirangariro panhau dzebumbiro remitemo, uye zvisarudzo zvekare kana kuti manyoro. Nomine vanofanira kunzvera uku kunzwa nokungwarira, vachigovera mashoko akakwana kugutsa mitezo yedare apo inodzivisa misengwaro panhau dzakananga dzingauya pamberi pavo kana dzikasimbiswa.

Kusimbisa Mubatanidzwa weDare Nedare Rakazara

Pashure pokutonga, Dare reDare reChijudha rinovhota kana richifanira kushuma kumbiriso kuDare rakazara. Vhoti mudare inogona kudzivisa kuiswa kwechikwata pakufambira mberi, kunyange zvazvo gadziriro dzemiitiro iripo kuti irege kudzorwa nedare mumamiriro ezvinhu akati. Dare rakazara ipapo rinokakavadzana pamusoro pokuzvimirira nokuvhota pakusimbiswa. Kudare rakaderera rinovhota vanhu vakawanda. Kudare reSikurusa reDare rinonamine, vhoti inotendera kutodawo voruzhinji, kunyange zvazvo mitemo yeDare reHurumende namagamuchidzanwa pamusoro pevakinaibhiri yakashanduka - chinja munguva.

Mugariro uyu woupenyu unorongedzerwa kudzivirira kuzvitonga kupfurikidza nokubvisa tyisidziro yokubviswa kwezvisarudzo zvisingafarirwi. Vatongi veFederal vanogona bedzi kubviswa kupfurikidza nomuitiro wokusateererwa, uyo House of Screaders inovamba neDare.

Mitoo Yokusarudza Dare reHurumende

Dare rehurumende rinoshandisa nzira dzakasiyana- siyana dzokusarudza, rinoratidzira magamuchidzanwa akasiyana- siyana enhau nezvisarudzo zvemiitiro. Hakuna mutoo mumwe, uye nyika dzakawanda dzinoshandisa mitoo yakasiana - siana nokuda kwemipimo yakasiana- siyana yemiitiro yadzo yedare. Nhevedzo huru dzinobatanidza kusarudza kwapaburitiki, kusarudza kusingatsaurwi, kuranga kwemitemo, uye kusarudza kwakafanirwa nokusarudza kwokurangarira.

Kusarudza Kwokutonga Kwepamativi

Mugadziriro dzezvisarudzo zvinovhota, vatendi vanotonga vanobatira pamwe nemhiko dzakajeka dzebato. Uku kuita, kuchingoshandiswa munyika dzinoverengeka nokuda kweanenge matare, kunoita kuti sarudzo dzedare rifanane nemadzinza ebasa remitemo kana kuti rehurumende. Vanoita kuti vatsigiri vatsive mumibato yedare uye sarudzo, kazhinji kazhinji nendyiko yenhimbe huru. Vatsigiri vanotaura kuti mapepa anopa vavhoti mashoko anobetsera pamusoro peuzivi hwemutengi, nepo vanopikisa kuti zvisarudzo zvedare zvinofanira kuitwa pasina kurangarira ruvimbiko rwebato uye kuti zvisarudzo zvinodzo dzinodzorwa zvinoderedza kuvimbika.

Sezvo nhimbe dzakakwira, vatongi vangamanikidzwa kutonga zvakanaka vapi kana kuti vangafunga kuti zvisarudzo zvichaita sei panhimbe yavo inotevera yesarudzo. Dare Repamusorosoro reUnited States rakataura zvimwe zveizvi zvinetso mumhaka dzakadai seCaparton v. Massey, apo Dare rakataura kuti mutongi anofanira kudzokorora apo mipiro yebato rinoita kuti pave nechero.

Kusarudza Kunotonga Kusingatori Mubatanidzwa

Sarudzo inobvisa mapepa ebato muvhota, inokarakadza kubvumira vavhoti kuyera vanoda kutora vakavakirwa pazvikwaniriso panzvimbo pebato. Vadai vanowanzooneka pabhorati pasina ratidziro ipi neipi yebato ravo rezvematongerwe enyika. Zvisinei, vavhoti kazhinji kazhinji vanoziva zvishomanene pamusoro pavatendi vedare mukusarudza kusati kuri kwapapapatiti, uko kunogona kutungamirira kukuderera kwokuvhota kwakavakirwa pakuzivikanwa kwezita, nzvimbo yebhorati, kana kuti zvimwe zvinhu zvisina kufanira.

Miitiro isingachinji haisati ichibvisa pesvedzero yamapoka echimuko kana kuti nhimbe. Vatsigiri vangagamuchirazve kutsigirwa namasangano ezvamatongerwe enyika nemipiro inobva kumagweta, mafemu emitemo, uye fariro dzebhizimisi. Dzimwe nyika dzakashandisa piro yavose nokuda kwesarudzo dzokutonga kuti dzideredze pesvedzero yemari yomunhu oga, asi kutora rutivi mumapurogiramu akadaro kunosiyana.

Kuronga Kutora Mirayiro

Vashomanene vehurumende vanopa gavhuna simba rokugadza vatongi, kazhinji kazhinji nesimbiso nedare remitemo kana kuti dare. Uku kuita kwakafanana nomuenzaniso wehurumende ndokusimbisa mutoro mukuru wokusarudza dare. Vatongi vakagadzwa muidzi nyika vanobatira nokuda kwamashoko akatsiga panzvimbo poupenyu, uye vanofanira kutsvaka kugadzazve kana kuti kutarisana nechisarudzo pakupera kwenhambo yavo. Kugadzwa kwapamutemo, uko dare rehurumende rinosarudza vatongi, rinoshandiswa muchiverengero chiduku chenyika, zvikurukuru South Carolina ne Virginia.

Kusarudza Kwakavakirwa paMurit uye Kuronga kwaMissouri

Gadziriro yokusarudza inowirirana neyakavakirwa patsika, inowanzozivikanwa seMissouri Plan, inomirira kubvumirana kwemaune pakati pokugadzwa nesarudzo. Iyi nzira inovavarira kubatanidza kurongeka nokuzvidavirira kwesarudzo. Yave ichigamuchirwa muzvimiro zvakasiyana- siyana nenyika dzinopfuura makumi matatu, kazhinji kazhinji nokuda kwematare edare kana kuti matare okutonga munharaunda dzomumaguta.

Kushanda Kunoita Missouri Rokuronga

MuMissouri Plan, dare rinosuma magweta, vatongi, uye mitezowo zvayo vanorangarirwa kuva vamiriri nokuda kwenzvimbo dzedare. Komishoni inoyera vakwiri vakavakirwa pazvikwaniriso zvavo, ruzivo rwokuzviwanira, mukurumbira, uye chimiro, ipapo inopa ndaza yavakwaniri vakakwaniriswa zvikurusa kuna gavhuna. Gavhuna anofanira kusarudza muiyi ndaza, achiganhurira chisarudzo chomukuru mukuru mukuru wehurumende uye achideredza basa romuteveri wezvamatongerwe enyika wakakwana.

Komishinari inobatanidza mitezo inogadzwa nagavhuna, sangano renzvimbo yehurumende, uye pane dzimwe nguva ruramisiro huru yedare rapamusorosoro rehurumende. Iyi rondedzero yakarongedzerwa kuva nechokwadi chemifungo yakasiana - siana apo inenge ichichengeta mipimo yenyanzvi. Kunyorwa kwakarurama nomuitiro wokugadza nokuda kwemibato inosiana nehurumende, kuchiparira misiano ine revo mumashandire etsika yacho.

Pashure pokubatira nhambo yokutanga, vatongi vakasarudzwa kupfurikidza neSarudzo yeMissouri Plan vanotarisana nesarudzo yokusarudza. Mukusarudza kwokusazvidzora, vavhoti vanobvunzwa kana mutongi achifanira kuramba ari muhofisi, asi pasina mushori anorwisana nomutongi. Kana voruzhinji vavhota hungu, mutongi anoshanda rimwe shoko rakazara. Kana voruzhinji vachivhota, mutongi anobviswa, uye muitiro wokubvisa unotangazve kuzadza nzvimbo.

Betsero Netsoropodzo Dzokusarudza Kwoune

Vatsigiri vechisarudzo chakafanira vanotaura kuti chinoparira vatongi vanokwanisa zviri nani kupfuura zvimwe kugadzwa kwakachena kana kuti kusarudzwa kwakachena. Kuongorora kunovimbisa kuti vanosarudzwa bedzi vane unyanzvi nekutendeseka zvinorangarirwa, nepo sarudzo dzokuzviisa pasi dzichigovera nzvero mukurwisana nokusashanda kwakakomba kana kuti kusazvibata. Sangano inoderedza pesvedzero yezvamatongerwe enyika zvechitsotsi uye mipiro yenhimbe mukusarudzwa kwedare.

Vatsoropodzi vanopesana kuti chisarudzo chakafanira chinogona kuva chokusarudza, nemitezo yesangano rakagara uye bhawa inodzora muitiro wacho. Dzimwe nzvero dzinokarakadza kuti mhatsa pabhenji ingatambura mugadziriro dzakafanira dzokusarudza, sezvo masangano anodudza angada vatengi vanobva mumafemu emitemo akagadzwa kana kuti migariro yagara. Vamwe vanopanikira kana sarudzo yokuchengeta ichigovera kuzvidavirira kune revo, sezvo vatongi vasingawanzovhotirwi muhofisi uye vavhoti kazhinji kazhinji kazhinji vanoshaiwa mashoko pamusoro pokuita dare.

Zvinodiwa uye Mipimo Inopesana

Pasinei zvapo nemutoo wokusarudza, mativi ose ane zvikwaniriso zviduku zvebasa rokutonga. izvozvi zvinowanzobatanidza zvinodikanwa zvine chokuita nezera, ugari hwemo, nzvimbo yokugara, mitezo yebhawa, uye makore oruzivo rwokuzviwanira rwapamutemo. Vatongi veFederal vanofanira kugadzwa, nepo zvinodikanwa zvehurumende zvichisiyana zvikuru.

Dzidzo Nezvinodikanwa Zvoruzivo rwokuzviwanira

Mutongi ari wose muUnited States anofanira kupiwa mvumo yokushandisa mutemo muhurumende kwaanoshanda.Izvi zvinoda kupedza kufunda pachikoro chemitemo chapamutemo uye kupfura bhero. Vatongi vazhinjisa vane anenge makore gumi kusvikira kugumi namashanu oruzivo rwokuzviwanira rwapamutemo vasati vakwira kubhenji, kazhinji kazhinji vanowanwa kupfurikidza nebasa somuroveri wemhaka, murevereri wavose, murapi, kana kuti mabharani womutemo wedare rapamusoro.

Mimwe miganhu inoda kuti vatongi vave vanoshandisa mutemo kwenhambo duku zvikuru. Somuenzaniso, vatongi vedare reruwa rehurumende vanofanira kuva vakashandisa mutemo kwaanenge makore mashanu, kunyange zvazvo mukuita zvakawanda zvikurusa vane ruzivo rwokuzviwanira rukuru zvikuru. Zvinodikanwa zvehurumende zvinosiana, nedzimwe nyika dzinoda makore mashomanene saaviri okushandisa kwapamutemo nokuda kwenzvimbo dzakati dzedare dzakaderera.

Kuongorora Kwakaitika Munzvimbo Yacho uye Kuongorora Unhu Hwacho

Kunyatsoongorora vatongi kunosanganisira kuzivisa mari, kurwisana kwezvirongwa zvokuda kuongorora mafaro, uye kuongorora unhu hwevatambi. FBI inoongorora mabhii ehurumende anoongorora zvinyorwa zvematsotsi, nhau dzechikwereti, nhau dzebasa, uye zvinonyorwa nomunhu oga. Miitiro yokusarudza hurumende ingabatanidza kuongorora kwakafanana, kunyange zvazvo ukuru hwacho huchisiyana zvichitsamira pazviwanikwa uye pamwero wedare.

Sangano dzebhari dzinowanzoita basa mukuyera vanoda kutongwa nematare ehurumende.Idzi nzvero dzomwero sedzakakwaniriswa zvikuru, dzakakwaniriswa, kana kuti dzisina kukwaniriswa dzakavakirwa panzvero dzamagweta akaoneka pamberi pomubhadhari, hwirudzuro dzebasa rakanyorwa, uye bvunzurudzo. nepo idzi dzisiri kusungirwa, dzinogona kupesvedzera zvikuru muitiro wokusarudza kupfurikidza nokugovera mashoko kugadza zviremera kana kuti muvhoti.

Zvinetso uye Kukurukurirana Nezvakachinjwa

Vatsoropodzi venzira imwe neimwe vakaona zvinetso zvakati, uye masangano anoramba achiedza kugadziridza zvinhu zvaanoshandisa. Kunzwisisa nyaya idzi kunokosha pakuongorora kuti zvirongwa zvichachinja.

Kuchinja Zvematongerwe Enyika Nokusimbisa

Mugadziriro yehurumende, kupesana kwezvamatongerwe enyika kunowedzera kwakaita mutoo wokusimbisa gakava zvikuru uye kunonoka. Kuvharwa pabhenji rehurumende kunogona kuramba kwakazaruka kwenhambo dzakarebesa apo vaminei vanomirira kunzwa kana kuti mavhoti. Ikoku kunoparira dzvinyiriro dzinoiswa mudare pavatongi varipo uye kunogona kunonotsa ruramisiro nokuda kwevatsigiri. Zvimwe zvikarakadzo zvokuvandudza zvakatsvaka kutsigira, nepo zvimwe zvakanangidzira pakuderedza pesvedzero yemhindu muchisarudzo chokutonga.

Kushandiswa kwevanasekuru uye dzimwe nzira dzemaziviro ari muDare kwachinja nokufamba kwenguva. Kubviswa kwedare repasi muna 2013 uye kwedare repamusorosoro muna 2017 kwakaderedza mano ebato vashoma kumisa vaminei asi kwakawedzerawo kusawirirana kwevaduku pane zvinosimbiswa.

Kupa Musangano Wemari Nokusasarura

Vatongi vakasarudzwa vanotaura kuti, kukwira kwemibato yokutonga kwakaparira itiro hanya huru.Vanopa mhaka dzematare makurusa zvino vanosimudzira nguva dzose mamiriyoni amadhora, akawanda awo kubva kumagweta, makambani emitemo, uye fariro dzebhizimisi idzo gare gare dzingaoneka pamberi peaya matare.Izvi zvinoparira kuoneka kwerwisano yefariro uye zvakatungamirira kuhondo dzemhosva mumhaka dzinobatanidza vagoveri vakuru venhimbedzo.

Dare Rapamusoro reUnited States rakakurukura mamwe mativi enhau iyi mumhaka dzakadai seRepublican Party of Minnesota vhiri White, iyo yakakurira ganhuriro pane izvo varapi vaigona kutaura mukati menhimbe. ichi chisarudzo chakazarura suo kukutaurwa kwakajeka zvikuru kwouzivi hwokutonga munhimbe, sezvingabvira kuchiwedzera kuitwa kwokuitwa kwesarudzo dzokutonga. Dzimwe nyika dzakagamuchira gadziriro dzemari dzavose nokuda kwemiitiro yokutonga kana kuti kusimbisa mitemo yemitemo.

Kusiyana - siyana Kwenzvimbo Dzinochengeterwa Mhuka

Kuwanda kwevatongi kwazova kuongorora kunowedzera kuzivikanwa mukusarudza kutonga. Nzvero dzakaratidza kuti mhatsa yavatongi pamusoro pedzinza, dzinza, dzinza, uye mamiriro ezvinhu ebasa zvinogona kutapura kuita chisarudzo chedare uye kuvimba navanhu vose mumatare. Mitoo yokusarudza inogona kuita kuti zvive nyore kana kuti kuvhiringidza nhamburiko dzokuita mumiririri mukuru.

Miitiro yokusarudza pane dzimwe nguva yakatsoropodzwa nokuda kwokugadzira mabhenji mashoma akasiana, zvikurukuru apo chiremera chinogadza chinobva mudziva duku ravada kubhapatidzwa. Masangano okusarudza anogona kutaura ikoku kupfurikidza nokutsvaka nokushingaira vadaviri vakasiana - siana uye kubatanidza mhatsa serangariro mukunzvera kwavo. Sarudzo dzedare dzakabudisa miuyo yakavhengana pamhatsa, nefundo dzinoratidza kuti vakadzi navapamberi vashomanene vangatarisana nedenho dzakasiana - siana mumiitiro yokusarudza.

Mirangariro Yamarudzi Ose Pachisarudzo Chokutonga

Kuenzanisa mitoo yokusarudza yokutonga munyika dzakawanda kunoratidza nzira dzinobvira dzokuita zvinhu uye mipimo iyo gadziriro dzemitemo dzakasiyana - siyana dzinoisa pakutanga. Nepo United States iri yechienzi mukutsamira kwayo pasarudzo dzokutonga pamwero wenyika, dzimwe nyika dzakatanga mitoo yakasiana yokusarudza nayo vatongi.

Miitiro Yomutemo Wavagari Vemo

Munyika dzakawanda dzehurumende, dzakadai seFrance, Germany, uye Japan, vatongi vashandi vebasa vehurumende vanopinda mubasa redare pakuvamba mumabasa avo kupfurikidza nenzvero dzemakwikwi. Vanowana rovedzo chaiyo muzvikoro zvedare uye kufambira mberi kupfurikidza nokukwidziridzwa kwakavakirwa pakunzvera mashandiro. Iyi gadziriro inosimbisa unyanzvi uye kuzvimirira kwounyanzvi, asi yakashorwa nokuda kwokuita vatongi vanofurirwa kubva mumifungo yenzanga uye vanodzivisa kushambadzwa.

Mitemo Yavose

Dzimwe nyika dzinozivikanwa navose, dzakadai seUnited Kingdom, Canada, uye Australia, dzinoshandisa gadziriro dzokuranga idzo dzinobatanidza zvirongwa zvinowanzozvimirira. United Kingdom, somuenzaniso, yakatanga Judicial Stuancils Commission muna 2006 kusarudza vatongi vakavakirwa pafanidzo, nevavariro yokuwedzera kuoneka nokusiyana. Komishinari iyi inoshandisa kubvunzurudza nokuongorora kunotsigirwa nemhizha dzinobva mumakwikwikwidzano panzvimbo pomuitiro wezvamatongerwe enyika wakawanda wakashandiswa muUnited States.

Miitiro Inokura

Zvimiro zvakasiana - siana mukusarudza kutonga zvinooneka munyika dzakawanda. Nyika zhinji dzakatamira kukushandiswa kukuru kwamasangano akazvimirira kuti dzideredze pesvedzero yezvamatongerwe enyika mugadziriro dzokutonga. Kune ngwariro inowedzera kumhatsa semupimo wokusarudza, nedzimwe nyika dzichiisa zvinoda kusarura zvinojeka. Kujeka mumuitiro wokusarudza kwazovawo kunokosha zvikuru, nenzvimbo dzakawanda dzinobudisa mipimo yokusarudza uye kugovera zvikonzero zvokugadza.

Dzimwe nyika dzakatarisana nerwisano pakati pevatungamiriri uye vatongi pamusoro pezvisarudzo zvokugadza, dzichisimbisa kusarudzwa kwedare kwematongerwe enyika kunyange mumasangano akagadzirirwa kuderedza kupesvedzera kwevatongi.

Mugumisiro: Kudzikamisa Kuzvimirira Nokuzvidavirira

Kusarudzwa kwavatongi haisi nhau inongoitwa bedzi asi chisarudzo chinokosha chebumbiro remitemo chinoumba vara redare nebasa raro mugadziriro yemitemo. Mutoo mumwe nomumwe wokusarudza unobatanidza kusatora pakati pemipimo inokwikwikwidzana: mav. kuzvidavirira, kugona kudzora kwoutongi hwehurumende nenzvimbo. Kuchinja kwehurumende yegutsaruzhinji, uye kudzikama. Hapana kusvika kumwero wakakwana inodzikamisa iyi mipimo, uye dzikamo yakafanira ingasiana zvichitsamira pamwero wedare netsika yapamutemo youtongi.

Gadziriro yesangano rokugadza inogovera dziviriro dzakasimba nokuda kwokuzvimirira kwokutonga kupfurikidza noupenyu hwose asi yazova inodzorwa nenzira inowedzera. Sarudzo yedare rinotonga inopa kuzvidavirira kwakananga kuvavhoti asi inomutsa funganyo pamusoro pepesvedzero yemipiro yenhimbe namatongerwe enyika. Gadziriro dzakavakirwa paMirit dzinoedza kubata betsero dzenzira dzose dziri mbiri asi dzinotarisana nedenho dzadzo dzimene mukuwana ujekedzo nemhatsa. Kunzwisisa uku kushambadza kunokosha nokuda kwekurukurirano inozivikanwa pamusoro pechinjo yedare uye kuchengeta chivimbo chavose mumatare.

Sezvo vafundisi vapamutemo navanhu vanopfuurira kukurukura mitoo yakanakisisa yokusarudza nayo vatongi, nharidzano huru inoramba iri imwe cheteyo: kuva nechokwadi chokuti varume navakadzi vanogara pabhenji vanokwanisa, havasaruri, uye vakazvimirira, vanokwanisa nokutendeka kushandisa mutemo pasina rutyo kana kuti nyasha. Mitoo yokuwana iyi nharidzano ichapfuurira kushanduka - shanduka sedenho itsva dzinobuda uye sezvo kunzwisisa kwedu kunoita kuti judiciary ive huru inobudirira.